Shaanxi Photography Wang Jianying

Lin Jianming, evaluating Qin Shihuang.

Historical Evaluation How did the Emperor evaluate the first feudal emperor in China? To this day, Wu Qin is still a different OEA. Praise for his collection of "Emperors through the ages (Li Zan)" and "Catalogue" (Volume II). Some people say that the first emperor "Huang San, the emperor of 465, was not as good as Bilong (Qin Zhengji by Zhang Taiyan), and praised the emperor's unified cause: Qin Wang swept Liuhe, and Hu Shihao's men were holy" (Li Bai, Wang Qin swept Liuhe). They talked about the achievements of Qin Shihuang and highly affirmed its history. Curse the first emperor of OC ∞ "The Heart of Waitanbi, Strive for Wisdom" and "Depressed Beginning" (by Jia Yi, Guo Qin); "The first emperor oppressed his descendants and died" (Zhenguan politician "Da"), "The first emperor had profound music, resolutely tortured and killed guards, and any parent was worried because of boredom at home" (quoted from Chen's old news with a long history in the country). They condemned the brutal tyrant ruled by Qin Shihuang. These viewpoints all have some truth, but they are different, because the position and starting point of the annotation are one-sided.

We should look at the historical conditions of the first emperor in history to analyze our strengths and weaknesses, and learn from his contributions and sins. The environment in which the emperor lived for a long time not only paid attention to the general trend of historical development in the late Warring States period, but also paid special attention to the historical characteristics of Qin since it claimed to be emperor. The latter point is the evaluation of Qin Shihuang. Most people ignore this problem. We study Qin Shihuang in history and re-evaluate him, hoping to avoid the one-sidedness of the past, which is actually more in line with the historical conclusion.

Based on this observation, it should be said that Qin Shihuang was an outstanding historical figure in the history of China and made great contributions to development, but he was also cruel. His performance is the main aspect, but we can't cover up their sins. His sin is serious, and they should not deny the great historical achievements.

The most important historical achievement of the emperor is to take the lead in completing the tyrant. Establish a unified centralized feudal country.

Of course, the inevitable trend of the historical development of Qin unification and the objective situation under the unified conditions led to Qin Shihuang's coming to the orchard to ripen his fruit. But doesn't the inevitability of history refer to individuals? Can be ignored. Why? Qin achieved reunification, why 202 BC1was a completely unified emperor, and the role of individuals in these aspects.

After Qin began to develop, the emerging feudal system showed great vitality in all aspects. The later period of the king's rule has gradually taken shape. In terms of electricity, Qin Shihuang and Lv Buwei ruled the Qin Dynasty in China, annexed six countries and caused a massacre. Although there are differences, they all eliminate the basic principles of the development of feudal countries in the eastern region. He always adhered to the established policy, and Qin did not waver or hesitate. He admitted that under favorable circumstances, he took decisive action to complete the explosion of the great cause of the motherland's reunification. As long as you look at the timetable of the emperor who made the ruling, you can see that in 2305, there was almost no stop:

In 238 BC, Qin continued to attack in Zhao and Wei, and the vassal States were wiped out on a large scale.

Since 2305 BC, almost every year, a country has eliminated them:

Close Korea before 2305

BR/>； Attack Zhao in 2029

Guan 2028, Zhao

2027 attack Yan

It was first closed in 2026.

Guan Wei br/> 2025;

Attack Chu in 2024

Intimate Chu

The first two times were two to three years ago, 120 years ago.

& gt before Sarkozy 202 1

Qin Shihuang's unified spirit can be seen from the pace of marching and the speed of vision. Jia Yi said that he realized that "I have a long-term strategy to strengthen the vibration, and" (quoted from Qin's Record of the Emperor) has played a role to some extent. Qin Shihuang's unification of the first emperor of China was the decisive driving force of the disunity war in the Warring States Period BC. At the end of 202 1, I think this is a problem.

Another decision with great historical significance, Qin Shihuang's contribution to reunification lies in his good use of personnel and courage to take responsibility, and some critics praised the emperor's military commanders. There is not much basis for such evaluation. Compared with his predecessor, and Qin's evil workers have repeatedly said that the first emperor personally directed military operations and almost did not directly direct wars, but Qin Shihuang made more brilliant achievements, which brought him more luck from history than his predecessor. On the eve of being good at employing people, Qin unified China and collected almost all first-class military strategists and politicians. Wang Jian, Wang Benzhong and Liao Wei are weak in Reese, Yao Jia and Dunhou, so most of them are not in Qin State, and they are dedicated to Qin State. All offensive military and political strategies are planned to defeat the enemy through development and implementation. Play the role of obedience and be brave enough to change your admonition mistakes. During the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, he began to insult Li, who was on the expedition, and failed to rescue the friendly troops who had surrendered to the country immediately, achieving a win-win result with Wang Jian. In this case, I don't believe that Li Mu and Guo Jun, the monarchs of Zhao, believe that the negative model of China can be regarded as the first Qin Emperor who ruled the world, and his subordinates have better courage and more important historical development than you.

Qin's contribution to consolidating the Yellow River laid the foundation of a multi-ethnic feudal country. The implementation of policies and measures for the unification of Qin dynasty had a certain impact. After all, in the feudal society of more than two thousand years, unified writing is an example. The unified measures and systems adopted by Qin Shihuang in his development history are a bold innovation. The division of political culture in feudal social and economic development is not the only change, so it is stable. Qin's inherent historical tradition and many changes, such as Asian countries in the backward areas of Qin and the Central Plains, are also conducive to the distress of the West, and Wang entered the Central Plains. However, whether the basic rule in its main fields has gone through the motions or not, Qin Shihuang made Qin Li Qin Shihuang, and Qin Shihuang's rule mainly achieved an unprecedented majority in the soil. Faced with this situation, we should find another way, not limited to Qin's inherent position and their political vision. These systems of Qin Shihuang's political foresight, if not beyond the limitations of Qin in the west, are difficult to do this.

Today, Qin Mugong, Shang Yang and Qin Shihuang are important figures in the development of Qin State in history. In the history of China, Qin Shihuang also created a representative of an era.

But Qin, Qin Shihuang, was still a rare tyrant. Qin Shihuang is a cruel landlord class, which is a general reason that cannot be explained only. Tang Zhen once said, "Since the Qin Dynasty, two thieves have belonged to the emperor" (Hidden Book σ Room Language), which is true, but Qin Shihuang's "thieves" seem to be more evil and tyrannical than any other empire. He is not only extravagant, but also makes the broad masses of people miserable. Taking some measures to help reunification was conducive to the long-term development of society at that time, which turned into a disaster, such as the Great Wall, which caused hundreds of extremely heavy long-term labor. Corv√ The record of the terrible suffering caused to people exceeds the following record in Qingyang Tinglie's Room: People with long hair said that their ancestors were enslaved porters who escaped from Qin Shihuang's construction of the Great Wall and hid in the deep mountains and forests. After a long period of aging, their long hair met the legendary hair. He asks you first: "The Great Wall is almost finished?" Is Qin Huang still there? The answer is: Qin Shihuang's unfinished construction of the Great Wall in Wan Li is still a record that Mao will scare away. Of course, it can only be regarded as the legend of overseas education allowance for a group of people, not history. However, the cruel reality will never be a terrible legend. It reflects that the emperor was founded on the most cruel exploitation of staff and journalists. The degree of development and extrusion far exceeds the commitment to society. It is difficult to maintain in a simple reproduction society.

Qin Shihuang's rule over the cruel Qin Dynasty is closely related to the historical tradition. Qin is a nomadic country. Since the establishment of the Qin environment, the "serious cruelty" of the Jin Dynasty has also been a cruel war in line with reality. From Qin Xianggong to Qin Shihuang of Shang Yang, the verdict meant that it was always cruel: "barbarians" and "Yi aborigines" were extremely rare in other vassal states. Hundreds of martyrs only found the plan of the first emperor, Qin Shihuang, to unify Qin and China in the documents, and the development of Qin, a country ruled by cruel means, reached an unprecedented level. However, emphasizing Qin's tradition does not mean exempting Qin Shihuang from personal guilt. He is cruel and ambitious, especially self-righteous, arbitrary and entertaining in unification, which aggravated the disaster area. For this reason, and because his social economy was pushed to the brink of collapse, Qin became a very dark dynasty in history.

Huang Guangyu is a historical figure: he is a great politician and a tyrant.

(Selected from Tony: Qin Manuscripts, Shanghai People's Publishing House, 198 1 year).

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White head? Editor, editor-in-chief of China History.

"Discuss historical conditions under the historical conditions of the prosperous Western Han Dynasty.

Men in the prosperous Western Han Dynasty created their own history, but they didn't do so. Instead, they wanted to establish a direct connection and create an objective material basis in the heyday of the Western Han Dynasty under the condition of inheriting the past. In the early days of the establishment of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the country had sufficient economic strength because of continuing to implement policies, resuming production and the rest of resources. History: BR/& gt；;

Digital years old, Han Xing 70 years old, regardless of the country's flood and drought, China left enough rural barns with financial bonds on them. Jingshi has always been bad, not a school. Chen Xiang, the millet in Taicang, is full of exposed plots, and the corrupt OEA Shu Hutong horses flock among the buildings, but they are enjoying themselves. Lu Yanshou? Really? Good and soft food, long descendant, official surname.

In the early years of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, this kind of economy was rich, and women were the best people, not the party. The social neglect in the early Han dynasty was different, and its vigorous development broke the early Han dynasty under the historical conditions at that time.

The feudal situation of consolidating the unification of the country's Emperor Gaozu under another basic historical condition in the prosperous period of the Western Han Dynasty. Since the beginning of the year, Han and Wang have been eliminated, but it has also weakened the hill of vassal States under the rule of the king and vassal of separatist forces, rather than governing the people. The feudal court can effectively control the whole country and strengthen national unity. In addition, the long-term rule of Emperor Xiong Mu Xi 'an, together with many other factors, promoted the golden age of feudal rule.

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"Art is enlightened, enlightened"

The political development of "the last emperor" was formed on the basis of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. Its basic policy was to use literature to support Taoism and to "create and attack", and its core was to "learn from Confucianism"

Before Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, it was not institutionalized to propose talents. Previously, in 2002 (BC 178), Zhao Jian, the founder of philosophy and social sciences, chose the current official mentioned above. Shortly after the accession to the throne, a large-scale recruitment was carried out, and the first winter of that year was built in January. The art of imperial history as prime minister, imperial history, prince and vassal & the founder bluntly remonstrated with Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, and Han held hands to make scholars. 1 1 "In May, this kind of grading and refining was held. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty said," Now, Wang Shi is in charge of policy, and the police began to ask about the paper of salty books. At this time, I am "strictly pro-table". Dong Zhongshu and Gongsun Hongzhi's Spring and Autumn Annals Dong Zhongshu suggested countermeasures, and Zhu Liehou chose sages. Talents aged 20, collectively referred to as "elites" or "saints", are actually a commendable aspect about the time concentration of the disabled and the measurement standard of feudal ethics. They are also called Xiao Lin's suggestion, a scrap in the elevator. Ma Duanlin said: "To reverse this trend, the barrel of the gun is made of wool and refined by Dong Zhongshu. In the fifth year of Yuanguang (BC 130), "People with small profits, contemporary works, academic kings, always eat in the county era: anti-enlightenment.

It is not effective to observe the early expulsion of guns, which is not recommended in some counties. In the first year of the Han Dynasty (128 BC), in winter, 165438+ October issued a decree, which was very strict. The scholar said, "I am Su Xing and Ye Mei. The old people in the brigade reuse things like respecting election heroes, politics on the ground, praying for support, deep deacons, advocating honesty and filial piety, and Shao Shengxiu's thread may be full ... And in Yin Meng, Jinxian County, tourism is obvious, sheltering and killing replace 2,000 polite officials, while when Bo Shi, Yi Dao did not mention those crimes. " The courtiers negotiated and stipulated severe punishment: "No filial piety, no tide, or exemption, meanness and incompetence." During this period, Dr. GongSunHong continued to improve, and served as Prime Minister, making him Hou. He established the Xiangfu Hotel, opened a convenient east gate, and invited saints from all over the world to seek government affairs.

/& gt； According to Korean records, due to the first year of Yuan Dynasty and the fifth year of Yuan Feng (BC 140-106), there were many soldiers in the imperial court. In addition to national calls, suggestions, the situation of the Han Dynasty, wool materials, etc., I often reward and appoint outstanding talents in all aspects, which is an important reason for the prosperity of the dynasty.

BR/>； (Choose Bai Qinyu? Editor-in-Chief: General History of China, published by Shanghai People's Publishing House, 1995. )