Traditional Culture Encyclopedia - Photography and portraiture - Why is Jianshui in Yunnan built in a remote multi-ethnic area?
Why is Jianshui in Yunnan built in a remote multi-ethnic area?
Jianshui Confucian Temple Photography: Lu Qingguo
Jianshui Confucian Temple is located in Jianshui County, northwest of Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan Province. It is one of the few large Confucius temples in China. Founded in 22 AD (1285), it is the second temple in Yunnan Province to be established at the same time as Dali Temple Studies after Zhongqing Temple Studies. The four golden characters "Taihe Yuan Qi" on the door praise Confucius' thoughts, as if everything in the world was born of him.
According to historical records, there were 1560 Confucian temples at the national, state and county levels in the Ming Dynasty, and about 1867 in the Qing Dynasty. Jianshui Confucian Temple not only covers a vast area (1.654,38+0.4 mu), but also has a huge building scale, second only to the Confucius Temple in Qufu, Shandong Province in China.
Jianshui Confucian Temple Photography: Lu Qingguo
Walking into the "Taihe Yuan Qi" Square, a bronze statue of Confucius more than 3 meters high is awe-inspiring.
Why is the largest local Confucian temple in China built here?
Maybe you will ask, why not build a large Confucian temple in Kunming and Dali, which is one of the best in China? But settled in Jianshui, a remote multi-ethnic area. According to the research of experts and scholars, the rise of Jianshui Confucian Temple is closely related to many factors such as politics, economy and culture at that time, and has a profound historical background.
First of all, as far as political factors are concerned, after Kublai Khan led the Mongolian army to wipe out Dali in A.D. 1253, in order to strengthen control over southern Yunnan, the Yuan government adopted the form of Mongolian tribal military organization, and set up thousands of households, with local ethnic chiefs as the leaders. Especially in the 17th year of the Yuan Dynasty (1280), after the establishment of Guangxi Daoxuan government office in Lin 'an, a water city under construction, military camps, post roads, post-horse stations, Confucian temples and temple studies were set up as the center, which opened the curtain of cultural exchanges between the Central Plains and the border areas. In the 15th year of Hongwu in Ming Dynasty (1382), in order to consolidate its political rule, the Ming court adopted the policy of "wooing" and "imprisoning" local forces of all ethnic groups, and awarded hereditary positions to leaders of all ethnic groups who led the land to join the army. Since the Qing Dynasty, feudal rulers have set up counties, abolished the system of local officials and implemented local government reforms in order to strengthen their rule. However, due to the incomplete reform, feudal system and feudal Lord system still coexist.
Jianshui Confucian Temple Photography: Lu Qingguo
Secondly, from the economic background, in the early Ming Dynasty, Jianshui had a large number of Han immigrants besides military camps. The migration of Han population has brought advanced construction technology and farming technology in the Central Plains, developed a large area of fertile land and built water conservancy projects. The development of agriculture has led to the rise of commerce and the formation of many fixed and semi-fixed markets. At this time, Jianshui is rich in products, "copper and tin mines are everywhere, merchants gather", and it is rich and prosperous, known as "Linda Jinan, Silver Dali".
Jianshui Confucian Temple Photography: Lu Qingguo
Thirdly, as far as the cultural background is concerned, the feudal rulers of past dynasties, while maintaining political stability and economic development, strongly advocated the benevolence and righteousness thought with Confucius Temple as the carrier, which not only received dozens of maintenance and protection, but also integrated the temple with learning, making the educational function more prominent. Due to the long-term influence of Confucian culture, "Lin 'an Shangzi is diligent in giving lectures, with a large number of talents and flourishing counties". It is under the above historical background that Jianshui Confucian Temple is getting larger and larger and more beautifully decorated, forming an architectural pattern of one hall, one pavilion, two temples, four doors, five shrines and eight squares. In addition, the establishment of temple science and the activities of offering sacrifices to Confucius eventually became a cultural palace with huge building scale and profound cultural accumulation.
Jianshui Confucian Temple Photography: Lu Qingguo
The autumn water in front of us is Chi Pan, commonly known as Xue Hai. According to the excavation system of Guxue Palace in Chenghua period of Ming Dynasty, it was widened into an oval shape during Hongzhi period, with a water surface of more than 40 mu. There is an island in the pool, which is connected with the bridge by a dike. Aoting, also known as Le Siting, was built on the island, which means "there is no limit to learning the sea, and it is hard to make a boat". It encourages students to study hard and make great achievements in the future, just like looking for a needle in a haystack.
Jianshui Confucian Temple Photography: Lu Qingguo
Starting from the Ma Xia Monument, enter the semi-circular platform square in front of Li Men Square, Lu Yi Square and Zhu Siyuan Garden Square, which is the largest recreational activity and garden courtyard environment space of Jianshui Confucian Temple. Here, you can get a panoramic view of distant mountains and near water, which makes people admire the exquisiteness and magnificence of traditional gardens in China.
Jianshui Confucian Temple Photography: Lu Qingguo
"Ritual Gate" and "Lu Yi" Stone Workshop
The stone workshops of "Li Men" and "Lu Yi" are located on the east and west sides of the platform at the northern foot of Xue Hai. The name takes its meaning from the Book of Rites: "The handle of sage's righteousness, the order of ceremony, governs human feelings." Warn people that all actions should be based on propriety and righteousness. The two archways "Li Men" and "Louis" were originally made of wood, but they were destroyed by war in the fourth year of Qing Shunzhi (1647). In the 29th year of Qing Qianlong (1764), it was rebuilt as a stone archway. Both archways are carved with bluestone, and there is a "dismount sign" on one side of each archway. In the 29th year of Emperor Kangxi of Qing Dynasty (1609), after the Qing government promulgated that "officials, soldiers and people are equal to dismounting", it traveled all over the provinces. Since then, a "dismount monument" has been erected outside the Confucian Temple. Whenever a ceremony is held, officers and men from all walks of life will come to the monument, and civil servants and military officers will dismount to show their respect for Confucius.
Jianshui Confucian Temple Photography: Lu Qingguo
This semi-circular platform that enters the "Ritual Gate" and "Lu Yi" Square is called Lip Platform, also known as Platform. Standing on the lip platform, looking south, Xue Hai is rippling with blue waves and green mountains and waters, which are reflected in the pool, forming the landscape of "Wen Lan, Xue Hai" among the top ten ancient scenic spots in Jianshui, also known as "reflection around mountains". According to legend, on the night of "Torch Festival" on June 24 of the lunar calendar every year, the Yi people living around Wenshan will light torches and walk among the terraced fields in the mountains, praying for a bumper harvest and good weather in the coming year. Its red flame is dotted and reflected on the Chi Pan, which is in harmony with the stars in the sky. At this time, the students will stand on the lip platform and watch. It is said that the more stars you see, not only will it bring you good luck, but more people will get a bachelor's degree next year.
Jianshui Confucian Temple Photography: Lu Qingguo
Climbing a few stone steps from the edge of the platform behind Chi Pan, there is a 9-meter-high square with wood and stone structure called "Bamboo Silk Origin". Giant stone carvings of dragons, dragons, lions and elephants stand on the square seats, guarding the wooden archway.
The origin of "the origin of Jules"
There is an allusion to the origin of "Zhu Siyuan": In ancient times, Qufu, the capital of Lu, had two rivers, one called Zhushui and the other called Surabaya. The intersection of Zhushui and Surabaya is the birthplace of Confucius, which later became the place where Confucius gathered to give lectures and the birthplace of Confucianism. Later generations took "Zhu Si" as a synonym for Confucianism and Taoism.
The inscription on the front of the archway we see now is "the origin of Zhu Si", and the inscription on the back is "the masters of past dynasties". The existing building was rebuilt in the 43rd year of Qing Qianlong (1778). It is a typical seven-bay three-door ancient archway building, covering an area of180m2. Sumitomo, built of stone, is a rare architectural stone carving with giant dragons, forests, lions and elephants carved. The roof is a blue tile roof with a single eaves and a single peak.
Jianshui Confucian Temple Photography: Lu Qingguo
The eaves of the square are densely decorated with exquisite arches, which mainly play a decorative role, but they cannot bear the weight of the eaves of the square. The designers of ancient buildings are ingenious. They carved a kneeling stone figure on the foreheads of unicorns and lions, with a Shi Lian on the top of their heads. A slender wooden pillar carved with dragons was installed on the Shi Lian, and four wooden pillars supported the highest floor. On both sides of the archway, there is a mural of brick carving dragons and phoenixes, one is "Dragon Playing Pearl" and the other is "Twin Phoenix Facing the Sun", which is also very beautiful. The murals are made of bricks, covered with tiles, and combined with the roof of Sanjufang to form a pyramid-shaped triple eaves resting on the top of the mountain. The eaves fly up and are pleasing to the eye from a distance, such as flying over Panykono. On the lintel at the back of Zhu Siyuan Garden Square, the words "Masters of Past Dynasties" are written.
Jianshui Confucian Temple Photography: Lu Qingguo
Xingtan
Xingtan is said to be the place where Confucius gathered his disciples to give lectures. The Xingtan of Jianshui Confucian Temple was built in the Yuan Dynasty, rebuilt by Wang Zuo, Angela Hui and Zhifu Wanbiao in Shunshun six years (1464) and rebuilt again in Qingganlong fifty-seven years (1792). After being destroyed by the earthquake, the present building was rebuilt for the third time in 2000. The building form is a three-bay, flat, square and single-eave pavilion, with two-story high abutment, surrounded by stone fences and open on all sides. Each stone fence is carved with traditional auspicious patterns of China, including 65,438+02 high-relief Panlong stone pillars, a five-step arch, a cross-resting hilltop, glazed tile roofs, and bucket caissons, golden dragons and seal paintings. This building has a high standard, second only to Shixian Hall.
Jianshui Confucian Temple Photography: Lu Qingguo
On the stone fence around, Confucius and Mencius proverbs are engraved, all of which are famous sayings and epigrams, which are intriguing to read. Here, you can appreciate the profoundness of Confucius' thought and the far-reaching influence of Confucian cultural connotation. This is also the reason why Confucian culture has always occupied a dominant position in the cultural history of China for nearly 3,000 years.
Jianshui Confucian Temple Photography: Lu Qingguo
In the altar stands a stone tablet of "Confucius reciting sacred strings" in the Ming Dynasty. There is Kuixing Pavilion on the left front of Xingtan; On the left are Guanmiao and Jinmen, and on the right are Xiangxian Temple and Yuzhen Gate. Kuixing Pavilion and Wenchang Pavilion enshrine "Kuixing Jun, Wenchang Emperor Jun", which means "Zhu Kui's articles, Kuixing struggle, and literature flourishes". The ancestral hall of famous officials in rural areas is a special building in the local Confucian temple, which is built to worship the gentry and sages of Jianshui and to commemorate the celebrities who were officials in different places in ancient Jianshui.
Jianshui Confucian Temple Photography: Lu Qingguo
From the big gate to Shixian Hall, the courtyard space surrounded by two ears is the core and focus of the Confucian Temple. The courtyard consists of Dachengmen, Shixian Hall, East-West Pavilion, East-West Monument Pavilion and East-West Ear. It is a magnificent, elegant and resplendent square building complex, creating a unique architectural artistic conception of the Confucian Temple.
In front of the main hall is a bronze incense burner cast in Qianlong period, which is nearly three meters high. Its four feet are cast into elephant heads, and its curled trunk is supported on a lotus pedestal, symbolizing that this area was once the hometown of elephants in ancient times. There is a balcony above the incense burner, and more than ten incense burners are coiled around Youlong.
Jianshui Confucian Temple Photography: Lu Qingguo
Dacheng Hall, the Hall of the First Teacher, was named after the famous calligrapher Wang Wenzhi in Qing Dynasty inscribed the three characters "Hall of the First Teacher" when he was the magistrate of Lin 'an. Three gold-plated plaques are bold and vigorous, and the edges of the plaques are inlaid with exquisite wood carvings and dragons and phoenixes. . There are 22 carved doors in the five bays on the front of the main hall, of which six in the Ming Dynasty each carved a dragon, forming a "six dragons holding saints", which is arranged in front of the statue of Confucius in the main hall, symbolizing the supremacy of Confucianism founded by Confucius in the ancient ideological field.
Jianshui Confucian Temple Photography: Lu Qingguo
Dacheng Hall is located on the highest platform at the back of the longitudinal axis of the Confucian Temple building to highlight its core position in the whole building. It is the center of the Confucius Temple and the main hall for offering sacrifices to Confucius. The whole hall is made of solid and thick materials. * * * 28 columns are used as load-bearing frame columns, 20 of which are cut and polished with a whole bluestone axe, forming a very special stone-wood frame load-bearing structure in ancient buildings.
Jianshui Confucian Temple Photography: Lu Qingguo
Each fan between the second and the first one is a traditional auspicious pattern of China people, such as "Two Lions Divide Water", "Magpie Noisy Plum", "Three Sunrays Open Thailand", "The Rising Sun", "Bamboo Report Peace", "Lulu Blessing" and "Connecting with Family All the Way". * * * There are 100 kinds of animals and feather flowers carved with vivid shapes.
Jianshui Confucian Temple Photography: Lu Qingguo
There are eight gold plaques hanging in the hall, which were praised by the Qing emperor for Confucius. They are Kangxi's "Being a Teacher for All", Yongzheng's "No Life for the People", Qianlong's "Heavenly Land", Jiaqing's "Masterpiece of Heaven and Earth", Daoguang's "Harmony between Heaven and Earth" and Xianfeng's "Deqi".
Jianshui Confucian Temple Photography: Lu Qingguo
There is a shrine dedicated to the memorial tablet of Confucius in the temple. The pedestal is also carved with huge stones, and the feet are bent inward. There is a woodcarving pavilion on the seat. Confucius tablet is on the throne of carving dragons.
Jianshui Confucian Temple Photography: Lu Qingguo
Fu Xue Lobby
Fuxuetang is the largest school in Lin 'an Prefecture in the early Ming Dynasty, and it is also a place where students teach etiquette, lecture and learn arts. The previous educational contents and main textbooks were "Four Books" and "Five Classics". It is a classic of Confucianism, a masterpiece of ancient culture in the pre-Qin period, a crystallization of the wisdom of Confucian scholars represented by Kong Qiu and Mencius, and also the theoretical basis and spiritual pillar of the Chinese nation's benevolence and morality. Feudal dynasties in past dynasties listed the Four Books and the Five Classics as required books for Confucianism, and the topic of selecting scholars in imperial examinations and Confucian classics also came from the Four Books and the Five Classics. Familiarity with the "Four Books" and "Five Classics" became the ladder of feudal literati's career.
Jianshui Confucian Temple Photography: Lu Qingguo
Today, the decoration inside is the same as that of the school at that time. Every Saturday, the Confucian Temple Management Office will organize children to read classics, so that children can re-understand and learn traditional culture, educate people with the wisdom of sages, and make contributions to building harmony.
Jianshui Confucian Temple Photography: Lu Qingguo
The whole temple, full of green, is antique and solemn. Pine, cypress, bamboo and willow, all kinds of flowers compete for beauty and fragrance all the time. There are two trees in the west of Tingxi, one is cypress and the other is banyan. Hundreds of years of ups and downs, they have been closely intertwined. Some people jokingly call it "General Wan holds Miss Bai".
Jianshuicheng is the seat of the old Lin 'an mansion. Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties were the political, economic and cultural centers of southern Yunnan. In addition, the Confucian Temple is known as "Zou Lu in South Yunnan" because of its large scale and exquisite architecture. In the early years, Lin 'an Middle School was founded by the local Confucian Temple. Now it is Jianshui No.1 Middle School, and many teaching buildings have been built next to the Confucian Temple. In the past, the holy land of Confucius Temple has now become a place for young people to study. Because the government and schools pay attention to the preservation of historical sites, the Confucian temple has been well preserved so far.
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