What famous scientists and works were there in Ming and Qing Dynasties?

Representative figures and their works:

Natural and technical scientist: Song & Heavenly Creations.

Chemist: Li Shizhen-Compendium of Materia Medica.

Physician: Chen Shigong-Authentic Surgery

Physicians:-Jing Lei, Fu Yi, Jing Yue Quanshu.

Mathematician: Wang Wensu-Ancient and Modern Arithmetic Collection in New Synopsis.

Mathematician: Cheng Dawei-algorithm unification.

Geologist, Traveler and Explorer: Xu Xiake —— Xu Xiake's Travel Notes

Mathematics and scientist, agronomist: Xu Guangqi.

Veterinarians: Man and Yu Jie —— The Complete Works of Yuan Heng's Treatment of Horses, Cattle and Camels

Botanist: Zhu-a disaster relief herb

Botanist: Yu Zongben-Tree Planting Ben

Botanist: Ma Yilong —— On Agriculture

Botanist: Tu Benjun (Jun)-A Miscellany of Fujian and China.

In addition, there are thinkers, historians and linguists such as Gu, Wang Fuzhi and Huang Zongxi.

Qing dynasty part

During the reign of Yiganlong, the official revised 90 volumes of Jin Jian of Medical Zong, which collected many new cheats and experience prescriptions, and made many textual researches on synopsis of golden chamber and treatise on febrile diseases. It is an important book to introduce the clinical experience of traditional Chinese medicine. Wang Qingren, a famous doctor in the Qing Dynasty, made outstanding achievements in medicine, and wrote a book "Medical Forest Errors". He emphasized the importance of anatomical knowledge to medical treatment and questioned the records of zang-fu organs in ancient books. Through the study of autopsy, he made 25 kinds of "visceral correction maps", corrected some mistakes of predecessors and made beneficial contributions to the development of anatomy in the motherland.

Wang Xichan of Calendar and Mathematics, from Yin Ruins, nicknamed Xiao 'an, from Wujiang, Suzhou. He has written more than a dozen astronomical works, such as the New Law of Xiao 'an and the Interpretation of Five Elements.

Mei Wending was born in Xuancheng, with the word "Nine" and the nickname "Buan". He devoted his life to sorting out and expounding the ancient calendar science in China, and also studied and introduced western science. Among them, there are 86 books on astronomy, calendar and mathematics, which have made great contributions to the collation of Chinese and foreign scientific knowledge. His General Examination of Ancient and Modern Calendars is the first history book in China.

His magnum opus General Theory of Chinese and Western Mathematics summed up almost all the mathematical knowledge in the world at that time and reached the highest level of mathematical research in China at that time. In the "Equation Theory" part of the book, he clarified the originality of China's ancient equations and pointed out that this algorithm is not available in the West. He also carried forward the achievements of China's ancient algorithm in Pythagorean measurement and ancient preservation of nine numbers. In addition, in the sections of "block measurement" and "geometric correction", he introduced the western sphericity and discussed and developed the western solid geometry. In the preparation, calculation and proportional number solution, the western logarithm and Galileo's proportional gauge are explained and introduced.

Minggatu is a famous Mongolian calendar mathematician. When he was in Qianlong, he was a Qin Tianjian. At that time, three analytic formulas about trigonometric functions were introduced from Europe, namely, the three methods of tangent circle (finding the circumference of a circle, finding the sine of a solitary back, and finding the positive vector of a chord back), but there were only formulas, but there was no proof method of the formulas. China scholars have been trying to know what they know for a long time, but they don't know why. This situation brought some difficulties to mathematicians at that time to master and apply this knowledge. After more than 30 years' in-depth research, Mingatou wrote the four-volume Secant Circle Density Method, which not only proved three formulas with the Secant Circle Connection Proportion Method, but also created a series of new formulas for finding chord through arc back, arc back through chord and arc back through normal vector. This is Mingatou's outstanding contribution to mathematics. He was the first person in China to study pi by analytical method.

During the Kangxi period of geographical surveying and mapping, manpower was organized to carry out national geodetic survey. After more than 30 years of planning and mapping, the "Panorama of the Forbidden City" was made. This map is "not only the best of all the maps in Asia at that time, but also better and more accurate than all the maps in Europe at that time" (The History of Science and Technology of Needham China, Volume V). During the Qianlong period, Minggatu and others were sent to Xinjiang and other places for surveying and mapping twice. Finally, according to the panorama of the Forbidden City and the new surveying and mapping data, the panorama of the Forbidden City in Ganlong was made. In this map, the Xinjiang region of China is drawn in detail for the first time. These two pictures are still of great reference value. The territory map of Qing Dynasty drawn in the 15th year of Jiaxuye (1820) basically reflected the territory of China at that time.

Zou (18 19— 1869), also known as a native of Nanhai, Guangdong. Zou is a scientific generalist. He has made in-depth research in mathematics, physics, astronomy, geography and instrument manufacturing, and has made considerable achievements. He was an outstanding inventor of science and technology in early modern China, that is, during the Opium War.

Zou made an in-depth study of optics under the harsh conditions at that time. He was the first person to make cameras in China. He wrote optical papers on the so-called "geometry" and "viewfinder" in ancient times. In the twenty-four years of Daoguang (1844), he was inspired to make a "viewfinder" with a mirror. On this basis, he added a shutter and a bottom plate and invented the camera. A photographic negative of his self-portrait has been preserved to this day, and a photo of himself is still on display in zhenhai tower Guangzhou Museum in Yuexiu Park, Guangzhou. In Europe, 1839 invented the silver plate photography, and Zou's invention was only a few years later than that in Europe. Some scientific instruments he invented are still well preserved. For example, the "day and night coffin" and "seven political instruments" invented by him are still preserved in the Guangzhou Cultural Management Association and the Guangzhou Museum. "Day and night horoscope" is a kind of timing instrument which uses sunlight to illuminate the projection during the day and uses solar terms and the positions of stars to determine the time at night. In this way, he worked out the "Day and Night Palace Map of Guangzhou". "Seven Political Instruments" should be called "Solar System Performer", which is a celestial instrument made by China in his early days to perform Copernicus and Heliocentrism. It was the first time that scientists in China put Copernicus's theory into practice. This instrument consists of a four-legged disc base and a planetary model in the solar system. A metal shaft stands upright in the center of the disc, and a big ball is installed at the upper end to represent the sun. Eight rings are installed on the shaft under the sun. A metal rod is connected to each horizontal plane outside each ring, and a planetary model is installed vertically upward at the end. Each model can rotate around the axis, which intuitively shows the laws of planets orbiting the sun in the solar system. Each of the eight rings has a group of planets, with a big ball in the middle representing "planet" and small balls around the big ball representing "satellite". This "The Cast of the Solar System" shows the real situation of the celestial solar system with vivid entities, which has played a positive role in breaking the long-standing misconceptions of "the sky is motionless" and "the sky is round and the stars go around the earth" in early modern China, so as to promote that "the sky is superior to the earth". It directly cooperated with Wei Yuan's compilation of Copernicus and Heliocentrism's related translations in Atlas of the Sea, and strongly criticized the above fallacies of some so-called scholars such as Ruan Yuan and Dai at that time. In addition, Zou also made a celestial globe (called "mud ball" or "mud celestial phenomenon" in ancient China), which is the second celestial globe designed and made by the Belgian missionary Ferdinand ferdinand verbiest during the Kangxi period and spread in China. This planetarium is compact and exquisitely designed. It is only 50 centimeters high, including the base. It has the characteristics of China in structure and form, which is different from that made by Ferdinand Verbist.

Zou is also good at geodesic mapping, and he is particularly creative in this respect. The map of the county annals of his hometown Nanhai County is an example of his "hands-on" and is evaluated as "approaching step by step and doing it without regret, although it is exquisite for westerners".

In the third year of Tongzhi (1864), when Guo Songtao was the governor of Guangdong and Guangxi, he "specially used birch as a count to commend the DPRK, so please make it a discussion for the Wentong Pavilion". The Qing court ordered local officials to send Zou to work in Beijing, but Zou insisted on using words despite his illness. At the same time, Zeng Guofan set up a school in Shanghai with the Governor of Liangjiang in Jiangnan Manufacturing General Administration to suppress the peasant movement in the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. "Ask Birch to teach students math, which belongs to former inspector Liu Xizai." Zou refused to find a job, stayed at home and adopted his mother, and persisted in living in poverty until his death a few years later.

The manuscript of Zou's works was compiled into Zou's suicide note by later generations, including mathematics, astronomy, geography, surveying and mapping, Confucian classics, history and so on. , a wide range.

Qi Yanhuai (1774— 184 1)

Qi Yanhuai, a famous scientist and writer in Qing Dynasty, was born in Tian Chong, Wuyuan. When I was young, I was smart in reading and wrote a chapter. In the thirteenth year of Jiaqing, he won the second place among examiners, and the following year, he was selected as a scholar.

Jishi Shu, academician courtyard, Jiangsu Jingui county magistrate, and Suzhou prefecture are both knowledgeable and magistrate. During his tenure, he devoted himself to making profits for the people, and the people called him "Qi Qingtian". In order to fight drought, we went deep into folk interviews and created dragon bone carts and rising carts to carry water to fight drought. An astronomical clock, Zhongxing Instrument (existing Chinese History Museum), has been carefully made, which can accurately understand the position and operation of the stars in the sky. At that time, it was called "no one has ever come before."

Zheng (1780 ~? )

China was a scientist in the Qing Dynasty. The word fu, the number Huan Xiang. Shexian County, Anhui Province. Guo Jian was born. The year of death is unknown. Zheng has made some achievements in mathematics and physics. He was good at integrating Chinese and western arithmetic, and often discussed natural arithmetic with famous mathematicians at that time, such as Li Rui, Wang Lai and Zhang Dunren. He was also good at using scientific principles to explain natural phenomena that easily caused people to think that disasters were strange at that time. During his twenty-two years in Daoguang (1842), he collected more than 200 articles and compiled Yin Fei and Lu Zhi, including astronomical, meteorological, chemical and physical phenomena in nature and daily life. Zheng's most outstanding research in science is in optics. After decades of observation, experiment and research, he finally summed up a unique set of geometric optics theory around the fifteenth year of Daoguang (1835), and wrote a book, Mirror Insanity, which was published in the twenty-sixth year of Daoguang (1846). The book ***5 volumes, about 70,000 words, briefly analyzes the quality and shape of various mirrors and refractors, and systematically discusses the imaging principle of light passing through various mirrors (mainly concave mirror, convex lens and lens group). Rich knowledge of optics. Some optical concepts and terms are created in the book to explain the manufacturing principle and usage of optical instruments. Some of these conceptual nouns are wrong. Mirror Idiot also discusses in detail the production of various bronze mirrors, the light transmission principle of copper transparent mirrors and the ignition of ice lenses. It is an important optical monograph of China in the first half of19th century, which represents the optical development level of China in the middle of Qing Dynasty.

Wang (1768- 1797), a female mathematician, is from Jiangning. She is the daughter of Wang Xichen, a scholar in Qing Dynasty. She wrote one volume, one volume, one volume, four volumes, five volumes, five volumes.

Wang Lai (1768- 18 13)

China mathematician. Born in the thirty-third year of Qianlong (1768) and died in the eighteenth year of Jiaqing (18 13). The word Xiaoying,No. Hengzhai, is from Shexian County, Anhui Province. Born in poverty, I didn't read much when I was a child, but I worked hard. "I don't need to be a master, I am complacent." Finally, I learned a lot of classics, history, astronomy and mathematics. As an adult, I took teaching as my profession and discussed astronomical mathematics with Jiao Xun and Li Rui. 1806 was used to measure the mouth of Liutang River, providing reference for river regulation. 1807, went to Beijing to attend the Eight Banners Official School and entered the National History Museum to compile folk yearbooks such as Tian Wen Zhi and Shi Xian Zhi. 1809 (in charge of culture and education) was elected to teach Confucianism in Shidai County (now shitai county, Anhui Province) until his early death. He is the author of seven volumes of Hengzhai Arithmetic (1796- 1805) and nine volumes of manuscript Hengzhai suicide note, which was compiled and published by student Xia Xie (see Hengzhai Arithmetic Suicide Note). His main contributions are as follows: he developed China's ancient equation theory, and put forward the existence and number of positive roots of high-order equations and the conditions that equation coefficients should have. When the roots of the equation are all positive roots, he gets the same result as Vieta's theorem of cubic equation; The solution of six basic problems of spherical triangle is discussed systematically, and the conditions of solution and no solution are obtained respectively. A series of combination formulas are obtained. He also has unique views on Pythagoras problem and P-ary system, and has written monographs such as Recursive Mathematical Theory and Reference of Two Calculations. Among them, Shen Liang Shu Jing is the first monograph on P-ary system in the history of Chinese mathematics, which has far-reaching significance. In addition, in order to observe and revise the calendar, astronomical instruments such as armillary sphere, simple level, side and colander were designed and manufactured.

Li Rui (1769 ~ 18 17)

China was a mathematician in the Qing Dynasty. The words are still there, and the number is four incense. Jiangsu Yuanhe (now Suzhou) was born. After studying in Qian Daxin, he went to Ruan Yuan shogunate to sort out mathematical classics. In fact, he presided over the compilation of the biography of the domain people. He has written Arithmetic Fine Grass, Pythagoras Arithmetic Fine Grass and Equation New Art Grass, and expounded the essence of ancient mathematics in China. He also annotated many calendars, conducted mathematical research, and wrote a textual research on the strength of Japan, France and Yu Shuo.