Which minority festival is Shangyuan Festival?

It's not from ethnic minorities, it's from Han nationality.

Lantern Festival

The Historical Origin and Cultural Background of Lantern Festival

Lantern Festival is also called Shangyuan Festival, and Yuanxiao is also called Yuanxiao and Yuanxiao. The Lantern Festival on the fifteenth day of the first lunar month is the end of the Spring Festival. That night, the bright moon hung high, people gathered together, ate the hot, sweet and delicious Yuanxiao, and went out, pushing the "carnival" of the Chinese nation to the final climax. Colored lights, fireworks, solve riddles on the lanterns, social fire, welcoming the moon, stepping on the bridge ... Gorgeous lights set off the light blue Leng Xue, echoing the rare relaxed laughter in a year. ...

Traditional festivals in China, like its myths and legends, often have different opinions and are difficult to trace back to the source, but the Lantern Festival is a rare and clear development context.

At the beginning of the Western Han Dynasty, Emperor Wendi ascended the throne after Zhou Bo's "Zhulv Rebellion" was put down. He was deeply impressed by the hard-won peace and prosperity, and set the 15th day of the first month to quell the "Zhulu Rebellion" as a day to have fun with the people. The first month is January, and the ancients called the night "Xiao", so Emperor China named this fate "Lantern Festival". However, there was no custom of turning on the lights at that time.

By the time of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the sacrificial activities of "Taiyi God" were also scheduled for the fifteenth day of the first month (the Han Dynasty, which inherited Chu culture in large quantities, regarded Taiyi God as the god who dominated the universe), which deepened the grand atmosphere of this festival. When Sima Qian founded the "taichu calendar Law", the Lantern Festival has been identified as a major festival.

When Emperor Wu of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Cai Cheng obtained Buddhism from India. Ming Di issued a decree to light lanterns during the Lantern Festival, not only in palaces and monasteries to "light lanterns to show Buddha", but also to let the whole people hang lanterns-this is the origin of lanterns and the Buddhist cultural background of the Lantern Festival.

In the Tang Dynasty, Taoism was regarded as the state religion. According to the ternary theory of Taoism, Shang Yuan, Zhong Yuan and He correspond to the birthdays of Tian Guan (Yao), Di Guan (Shun) and Shui Guan (Yu) respectively. In order to celebrate the birth of the 15th day of the first month, the Lantern Festival was named Shangyuan Festival. Since then, Lantern Festival has become a folk festival with Buddhist and Taoist characteristics. Festive customs such as lighting lanterns, setting off fireworks and eating Yuanxiao are gradually fixed.

Second, holiday customs

"There are thousands of trees in the east wind night, the wind blows down, and the stars are like rain. The BMW carving car is full of fragrance, the phoenix flute moves, the jade pot turns, and the fish dragon dances all night. "

-Xin Qiji's Jade Case Yuan Xi

The festival customs of Lantern Festival are very distinctive. Festivals and custom activities also extend and expand with the development of history. As far as the length of festivals is concerned, there is only one day in Han Dynasty, three days in Tang Dynasty and five days in Song Dynasty. In the Ming Dynasty, the Lantern Festival lasted from the eighth day to the seventeenth night of the first month. For ten days, it was connected with the Spring Festival. It is a city during the day, which is very lively; It's spectacular to light the lights at night. Especially the exquisite and colorful lights make it the climax of entertainment activities during the Spring Festival. In the Qing Dynasty, when Manchus entered the Central Plains, the imperial court no longer held lantern festivals, but the folk lantern festivals were still spectacular. The date was shortened to five days and continues to this day. There are also "hundred plays" such as dragon dance, lion dance, dry boat, walking on stilts and yangko.

Speaking of festival customs, I want to say a few more words: Throughout history, we will find that all kinds of festivals, regardless of their own background, often only precipitate excitement and celebration in later generations, especially in the Qing Dynasty. This probably started with the gradual decline of China culture. Lost grace, a little more secular laughter, a little less historical romance ... Let's carefully review the common customs of this festival in past dynasties:

1. Pray for our ancestors

One of the main duties of these gods is to bless, whether it is the Taiyi God who sacrificed in the Lantern Festival in the Han Dynasty or the Tianguan who celebrated the birthday in the Yuan Dynasty in the Tang Dynasty. Later, Taiyi God was gradually ignored. With the development of Taoism, the folk custom of praying and offering sacrifices to Emperor Tianguan in the morning is prevalent. In our traditional customs, festivals are also days to worship ancestors. On the fifteenth day of the first month, after the Lantern Festival is cooked, a bowl is placed in front of the ancestral tablet, and then the family is reunited to taste the sweet Lantern Festival.

2. Eat Yuanxiao.

Lantern Festival, called Prison Pill in Tang Dynasty (as mentioned in Qing Dynasty). In Song Dynasty, it was called Zi Yuan (also called Zi Yuan). Because of the Lantern Festival cooking, it was later called Yuanxiao, and now it is also called Tangyuan. It is made of glutinous rice flour wrapped with sweet or salty stuffing and boiled in boiling water. There are also non-stuffing, such as today's jiaozi. Zi Yuan, a poem written by Zhu in Song Dynasty, has a vivid taste: "Light round is better than chicken head meat, and cream is better than crab eye soup. Even if there is nowhere to talk about love, I have lost the soup cake to try Helang. " There is a story about Yuanxiao: Emperor Chongzhen of the Ming Dynasty sent a message to buy Yuanxiao, and then he was responsible for supervising the grain. Chongzhen asked how much it was and replied, "It's always money." When Chongzhen was a prince, he liked to visit the market and knew the market price very well. However, he was gentle and just smiled and said, "When I was in San Francisco, I spent thirty pence on a bowl. Is it consistent now? " Still let the steward collect the usual money, and the director of the restaurant was nervous for several days.

Today's Lantern Festival includes sugar, roses, sesame seeds, red bean paste, cinnamon, walnuts, nuts, jujube paste and so on. , or boiled or fried in soup, there are many cooking methods. Whether they are called "Zi Yuan", "Tangyuan" or "Yuanxiao", these names are similar to "Reunion" and all mean reunion, symbolizing family reunion, harmony and happiness.

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3. lanterns.

After the fall of China people's suspected star, the building was like a hanging moon.

-Lu, "Fifteen Nights Watching Lights"

Lantern Festival custom began in the Eastern Han Dynasty, flourished in the Tang Dynasty and reached its peak in the Song Dynasty. From the end of the twelfth month to the beginning of the first month, there have been various colorful lanterns among the people, which are called "Lantern Market". Later generations follow suit. Generally speaking, 13 is called "lighting", 14 is called "test light", 15 is called "main light" and 17 is called "stop light", which is also called "residual light" and "stop light". The days 14, 15 and 16 are magic lamp, human lamp and ghost lamp respectively. In ancient times, Lantern Festival was also a festival celebrated by the royal family and people. Tang Xuanzong's lantern market in Chang 'an is very large, with 50,000 lanterns and various patterns. Huge lamp building, 20 rooms wide, 150 feet high, dazzling with golden light.

There are many kinds of lamps, which are dizzying in ancient books. The characters are Laozi, Beauty, Zhong Kui, Moonlight Prostitute, Liu Hai and Toad. Flowers and plants include seeds, grapes, bayberry, persimmon, orange and so on. Birds and insects include deer, cranes, fish, shrimps and horses.

The lights of the flower market are like day, illuminating the ancient literati. Lu Zeng, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, described it in "Watching Lights at Fifteen Nights": "The stars in the Han Dynasty fell like a moon hanging on the ground." Cui Ye, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, said: "There is no hurry to leak the copper pot, and the iron gate is locked all night;" Who can sit idle when he sees the moon, and where can he smell the incense? " Dong and Yu Yizheng's A Brief Introduction to the Scenery of Jingshi. Spring Festival ":"From the 8th to the 18th, we will meet outside Donghuamen, which is called Lantern Festival. The rich and the poor trade with each other. "Song annotated the poem" Yuan Night ":"Ten miles of spring scenery is strong, and thousands of lights are bright at night. Jade Box of Song Xin's Poems on Qi Ji. Yuan Xi says, "Thousands of trees are blooming in the east wind night, and the stars are like rain. The BMW car is full of incense, the phoenix flute moves, the jade pot turns and the fish dragon dances all night. "

"solve riddles on the lanterns" is an activity originated from the Lantern Festival, which appeared in the Song Dynasty. At first, it was probably a busybody who wrote riddles on paper and pasted them on colorful lanterns. In the Southern Song Dynasty, Lin 'an, the capital city, made lantern riddles every Lantern Festival. There were many people in solve riddles on the lanterns, so this custom was handed down.

Folklores about Lantern Festival are also full of beautiful things, so you might as well appreciate them in elegance and vulgarity:

First of all, it is said that Emperor Yang Di was addicted to sex and wanted to marry his sister. My sister can't get married unless there is a miracle on the fifteenth day of the first month. Emperor Yang Di ordered people around the capital to light lamps in every household on the evening of 15, and those who disobeyed the orders would be beheaded. /kloc-On the evening of 0/5, my sister went upstairs and saw lights everywhere. She mistakenly thought that the stars really landed, so she threw herself into the river. In order to commemorate this woman who is unwilling to be humiliated, the people light up on the fifteenth day of the first month;

Secondly, it is said that Lantern Festival originated from Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty. At that time, there was a maid-in-waiting named Yuanxiao who missed her parents and sisters at home after the first month. It was strictly forbidden in the palace. How can she go out to meet? The resourceful Dong Fangshuo sympathized with the ladies-in-waiting, so he designed them perfectly. First, he spread rumors that Vulcan would send someone to burn Chang 'an, and the palace in the city was in a panic. Later, he offered a plan to Emperor Wu, and all the court personnel went out to avoid disaster on the fifteenth night. Red lights are hung on the streets and courtyard doors in the city, just like the fire in the city, in order to deceive Vulcan who is watching and monitoring in the sky. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty promised that the ladies-in-waiting would take the opportunity to meet their families during the Lantern Festival. Since then, lights have been lit on the fifteenth day of the first month every year.

There are also legends that the Lantern Festival originated from folk farming habits such as "keeping fire". Every year around the 15th day of the first month, spring ploughing is coming, and farmers all over the country are busy preparing for ploughing. Farmers in some areas went to the fields that night to pick up dead branches and weeds and set fire to kill pests.

Stay away from all diseases

The capital lights Man Chun, everyone in the same season. Aunt always leads her sister-in-law and encourages her to dress well and stay away from all diseases.

-Tomorrow, use "walk with all diseases"

In some places, the Lantern Festival also has the custom of "walking all kinds of diseases", which is also called "roasting all kinds of diseases", "spreading all kinds of diseases", "walking the bridge" and "touching the lights". Most of the participants are women. They wear white silk clothes, walk in groups or against the wall, or cross the bridge and walk in the suburbs in order to drive away diseases and disasters. Walking in front, holding incense to clear the way, and other women following, crossing the bridge at the same speed, this is called "ying". It is said that people who cross the bridge can keep their waist and legs disease-free for one year and live a long and healthy life. After crossing the bridge, women have to go to the gate hole to touch the copper nail on the gate, calling it "suitable for men" and giving birth to boys.

Dong Liu and Yu Yi in the Ming Dynasty said in "A Brief Introduction to the Scenery of the Imperial Capital": "From the 8th to the 18th, women wore white silk shirts and walked at night, saying that they had no waist or legs and walked on the bridge." This custom also spread to the Qing Dynasty. Qing Gulu's "Jia Qinglu Walks Three Bridges in the First Month": "In Yuan Dynasty, women walked at night to avoid diseases. To cross three bridges, that is, to walk three bridges. "

5. Sacrifice to the silkworm god

On the fifteenth day of the first month, there is a folk custom of offering sacrifices to the silkworm god. According to the Chronicle of Jingchu, on the fifteenth day of the first month, people cooked porridge to pray for the silkworm god, covered it with meat, and went to the door to read sacrificial words to offer porridge to the silkworm god. Some researchers believe that Yuanxiao originated from cooking cocoons and offering sacrifices to the silkworm god.

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6 Yingzigu

People greet the goddess Zigu on Lunar New Year's Eve, predict the upcoming silkworm event, and ask other good or bad things. Zi Gu is a kind and poor girl in folklore. On the fifteenth day of the first month, Zi Gu died of poverty. People sympathize with her and miss her. In some places, it is convenient to have the custom of "welcoming the daughter-in-law on the fifteenth day of the first month". Every night, people tie a life-size portrait of purple aunt with straw and cloth heads. Women have stood beside the toilet, pigsty and kitchen where Zigu often works to meet her, holding her hand like sisters, telling her sweet words and comforting her with tears. The scene is very vivid, reflecting the simple feelings of kindness, loyalty and sympathy for the weak.

Thirdly, the female feelings of Lantern Festival.

Last January, the flower market was brightly lit;

The moon rose to the willow tree, and he met me at dusk.

In January this year, the moon and the lights were still there.

I will never see my old friend last year again, and my tears are soaked through my clothes.

-Zhu's "Life Chess"

Lantern Festival is the last day of the Spring Festival, which continues the excitement and celebration of the Spring Festival, but it has a different feeling. Fireworks on New Year's Eve and lanterns on the Lantern Festival-the celebration of firecrackers is somewhat masculine, while the celebration of lanterns and candles is full of feminine feelings. Dim lights, such as flowing streets, lights and flowers, wine and poetry ... Throughout the ages, I don't know how many people want to say goodbye, and there is a touch of sadness.

On the night of the Lantern Festival, both cities and villages are decorated with lanterns, and solve riddles on the lanterns is an unprecedented activity on lanterns. At that time, no matter the royal family, ordinary people and ladies, they could break the rules and follow the customs. Make lanterns to enjoy, travel and have fun. Lantern Festival is a romantic day, and ladies can go out to play together. Unfamiliar girls will only bring them beautiful memories buried in the bottom of their hearts, but some are unforgettable love, and even there are stories about their belts getting wider and their spirits are cool ... I don't know how many life dramas that make people cry have been staged on that dimly lit street corner. In Li Jing Ji, Chen San and Wu Niang met at the Lantern Festival and fell in love at first sight. Princess Lechang of Chen State in the Southern Dynasties and her husband Xu Deyan had supper for the second time. In "Spring Lantern Enigma", the Lantern Festival with ying niang and Xin Qiji's sentence "Looking back suddenly, people are in a dim state"-the colorful lights and noise of Yuanxi suddenly vanished. The sadness of Zhu's "Life Chess" still lingers for nearly a thousand years: "Last January, the flower market was brightly lit; The moon rose to the willow tree, and he met me at dusk. In January this year, the moon and the lights were still there. I didn't see it last year, tears wet the sleeves of the spring shirt. " ……

Contrary to most people's imagination, compared with the festive red in the Spring Festival, the Lantern Festival is actually a snow-white color in the Song Dynasty-which is a little different from our usual understanding of traditional culture. In fact, the ancients were not as we thought, and all the celebrations were popular in the end. Festivals in Song Dynasty are still white —— Song Zhou Mi's Old Wulin Stories. "Yuanxi" said: "On Yuanxi Festival, women wear pearls, moths, jade plums, snow willows ... and their clothes are still white, which is suitable for shielding the moon." .

Jade plum, snow willow, lamp ball, moth, etc. It is the jewelry worn by women in the Lantern Festival since the Song Dynasty. Most of them are made of white silk or white silk, and they will be sold in the streets and alleys. This custom continued after the Song Dynasty. In the Song Dynasty, Li Taihou wrote the word "The Female Crown Son": "Where you go from east to west, buy jade plum, and it will be fragrant slowly." Song Mengyuan's Tokyo Dream of China. On the 16th day of the first month: "People in the city sell jade plums, moths, snow willows and bodhi leaves." Song Xin Qi Ji's poem Jade Box. "Yuanxi" says: "A moth and willow are golden strands, and laughter is faint." Song Fan Chengda's poem "Bodhisattva Man" says: "Leave a ray of golden streamer, and moths will watch."

Jade plum and snow willow are made of white silk or silk, and jade plum is regarded as plum blossom. Snow willow is in the shape of willow, inserted in the bun as decoration; Noctuidae and moths are noisy moths and noisy geese. The shape of moths is slightly more complicated. Flowers are usually made of bamboo strips, silk, etc. In addition, cut the paper into the shape of butterflies and moths, stick it on thin bamboo strips and stick it around the flowers. When in use, insert them into the bun. When the breeze blows, it shakes flowers when walking, which affects bamboo. The butterfly beside the flower trembled slightly, just like flying around the flower. Compared with Yumei and Xueliu, this ornament is dynamic.

Fourthly, the realistic conception of the revival of Shangyuan Festival.

"Who can do nothing on the moon? Where can I smell the lights? " The biggest difference between Lunar New Year's Eve and New Year's Eve is people's participation in public festivals. The theme of New Year's Eve is reunion, so we should stay at home. Last night, people in China chose to go out with their families and hold a party in the city. Lunar New Year's Eve is a day for people to pursue happiness and romance. Colorful dresses, gorgeous lights, snow reflecting the moon, singing and laughing, the Lunar New Year will be "lively", which is the most fully released festival of the Chinese nation. At the end of the Yuan Dynasty, although we had passed beginning of spring, most places were still very cold. However, the colder the weather, the more people can feel the temperature brought by joy.

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14th floor

But interestingly, "noisy" and "quiet" collided and merged wonderfully in Yuanxi. The hustle and bustle of the Lunar New Year often brings people a sense of peace and harmony. Life is beautiful, proud and affectionate. On the Lantern Festival night, the warmth of reunion spreads among families, and the joy of other families sets off their own reunion. What people want is the warmth brought by the mutual transmission of emotions in this grand event. For thoughtful women and girls in Seeds of Love, what is deposited in their hearts on the night of the festival is a romantic feeling full of longing.

The noise of the Lantern Festival expresses people's stories about the joy of life. However, the Lantern Festival is not all noisy colors. The fifteenth day of the first month is a beautiful night, and the full moon hangs in the treetops. The silky connection between the moon and the world has also aroused people's soft and beautiful feelings. The color of Yuanxi is fiery red, but not spicy, warm and not irritating. Lantern is really a unique creation of the Chinese nation. Nothing can accurately express the exquisite and beautiful cultural mood of China people like the Lantern Festival and Mid-Autumn Festival. The pictures of Chinese New Year holidays in history have faded, but a major discovery in ancient Chinese is enough to make us feel indescribable. As mentioned above, women's clothing in Song Dynasty and Yuan Dynasty is still white, just as beautiful as the moon. The lighting market, like the sea, is white, elegant and beautiful in the moonlight. No wonder Jiaxuan "looks for her thousands of Baidu", and the great poet stands for the beautiful Yuan girl, and one stop is a thousand years.

The revival of Shangyuan actually has a good foundation. Many customs of Shangyuan Festival have been stubbornly passed down to today because of their beauty. The core problem of Shangyuan inheritance lies in two aspects. The first is the public cultural arrangement. The second is the artistic conception of folk festivals. For the former, the public authorities must make proper arrangements for the people, try their best to create the prosperity and atmosphere of festivals, spread splendid lanterns all over cities and villages, better dress up lanterns, and organize various lively and interesting "hundred plays" for the people. The latter is more critical. It requires people to truly understand the meaning of Shangyuan Festival, and prepare a beautiful mental state to discover, create and feel the happy, warm and quiet festive atmosphere of Shangyuan Festival.

Shangyuan Festival is a special festival, but now people are generally bored. In fact, it is the loss of this characteristic. Therefore, we should make great efforts to find the festive feeling of Shangyuan Festival. The government's organizational arrangements for the life of the Shangyuan Festival will not be detailed here. The following mainly talk about the folk aspects:

Festivals should highlight two words: "light" and "moon"

1. Pray for our ancestors.

It is advisable to prepare incense tables, flowers and fruits, and Lantern Festival, and hold a simple and solemn ceremony when climbing the treetops in jathyapple in Shangyuan to commemorate ancestors and deceased relatives.

2. Pack jiaozi, eat glutinous rice balls, and enjoy the Shangyuan banquet for the whole family.

Never buy the finished product of Yuanxiao. Let the whole family do it together, make Yuanxiao, cook glutinous rice balls, and prepare a night banquet for family reunion according to different eating customs in different places.

After the banquet, the whole family went out to watch the lantern festival in Hanfu. Girls can decorate with special ornaments.

After all, Lantern Festival as grand as in ancient times is not common. After the popularity of electric lights, lanterns became scarce and developed into a unique festival. When we were children, Lantern Festival was always accompanied by lanterns. Carrying a small stick, the hazy red light swayed in the snow with the child's footsteps. Sending lanterns to my uncle is also an established folk custom: "Playing lanterns, looking for my uncle, my uncle hiding behind the door ..." Nursery rhymes also sounded in the dark, and the immature children's voices were clear and sweet in the dark with small lights on.

Clothing suggestions The fifth part of this chapter will be specially elaborated.

The little sisters held a ceremony of "walking the bridge".

Apart from the superstitious elements in the traditional "walking all diseases", this ceremony is not worthless. It shows people's desire for a healthy body and a happy life. It is suggested that the girls wear beautiful white Hanfu, each with a lantern, walk hand in hand on the street and on the bridge, praying for themselves, their loved ones and their loved ones. I believe last night will be a beautiful scenery.

5 climb high to welcome the moon.

This kind of ceremony, which is unknown in the literature, seems to have existed in ancient Han nationality, but it was gradually lost. Today, Koreans who are closely related to the Han culture still have this custom on Shangyuan Festival. We think this is a happy and beautiful activity for Chinese New Year, which is suitable for men, women and children. It is suggested that men, women and children wear Hanfu dresses, carry lanterns, climb to the top of the mountain together, greet the moon and enjoy the bright moon.