What are the fields of science and technology?

0 1. information technology: refers to the activities of developing computer hardware, software, external equipment and communication network equipment, as well as the activities of using computer hardware, software and digital transmission network to identify characters, graphics, features, collect information, process and transmit information.

02. Biotechnology: including genetic engineering, cell engineering, enzyme engineering and fermentation engineering, refers to activities related to the development of the principles, technologies, special processes, experiments and instruments of biotechnology itself, as well as activities to provide new biotechnology products for agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, fisheries, medicine and health, chemistry, food and light industry. Life science research without specific goals or with specific goals but not to promote the development of biotechnology is not included in this classification.

03. New materials: refers to newly developed or under development materials with excellent performance or specific functions, such as new inorganic nonmetallic materials, new organic synthetic materials, new metals and alloy materials. Including activities related to the principles, technologies, new products, special processes and tests of developing new materials.

04. Energy technology: including the general theory of energy issues, the comprehensive development and utilization of regional energy, the development and utilization of oil, natural gas, coal and renewable energy, and the development and utilization of new energy sources (solar energy, bioenergy, nuclear energy, ocean energy, etc.). ), new energy-saving technologies, new energy conversion and storage technologies and other activities.

05. Laser technology: the development of laser and laser modulation technology, and the application of laser in industry, agriculture, medicine, national defense and other fields.

06. Automation technology: refers to activities in the fields of control system, application of automation technology, automation components, instruments and devices, artificial intelligence automation, robots, etc.

07. Space technology: activities related to research on launch vehicles and artificial satellites, as well as research on ground equipment for tracking and communication. Does not include astronomical and meteorological observations.

08. Marine technology: including technical research on safeguarding maritime rights and interests and public welfare services, development, utilization and industrialization of marine living resources, marine oil and gas exploration and development technology, marine environmental factor monitoring technology and other activities.

09. Other technical fields: other technical activities that belong to the technical field but cannot be classified into the above eight categories.

Extended data:

Society is used to linking science and technology together, collectively known as science and technology. In fact, there are both close ties and important differences between them. Science solves theoretical problems and technology solves practical problems. The problem to be solved by science is to discover the relationship between facts and phenomena in nature and establish a theory linking facts and phenomena; The task of technology is to apply scientific achievements to practical problems.

Science mainly deals with unknown fields, and its progress, especially major breakthroughs, is unpredictable; Technology works in a relatively mature field and can make more accurate planning.

nature

The essence of science and technology: discovering or inventing the connection between things, through which various substances form a specific system and realize specific functions.

How to realize the function

Try to be safe, easy to realize, low in consumption and high in output, efficient, stable, monitorable and controllable.

The connection of things

The connection of things can be divided into system connection and event connection. System connection can be divided into superior-subordinate connection (ownership relationship) and peer connection. Event connection can be divided into cause and effect, premise and trigger condition, and purpose.

Matter is the basis of events, and events are the changes of matter. Matter is the structure of the system, and events are the changes of the system.

1. The upper and lower levels and peers of the system:

For example, the nucleus contains protons and neutrons, the nucleus is an upper energy level, protons and neutrons are lower energy levels, the upper energy level contains lower energy levels, and protons and neutrons are the same energy level.

For example, the digestive system and the stomach are the connections between superior and subordinate things, and the stomach and the small intestine are the connections between the same level things.

2. Contact at the same level:

(1) The relationship between things at the same level can be divided into accumulation, complementarity, opening or strengthening, closing or weakening.

Accumulation: substances with the same effect, and the effects are accumulated together.

For example, the same small light bulbs make up a strong flashlight.

Complementarity: For example, substances with different functions complement each other and depend on each other, while * * * realizes the same function.

For example, the workers needed for different processing steps on the assembly line.

The difference between accumulation and complementarity: in some cases, accumulation is the interaction of the same substance, only one can produce effect, but the effect is low, while complementarity is the interaction of different substances, which is complementary and interdependent, and only one may have no effect.

Regulations:

Turn on or enhance: For example, one substance activates or enhances the function of another.

Turn off or weaken: For example, one substance turns off or weakens the function of another.

For example, the functions of the three blades of the fan are cumulative, and the functions of the blades and the motor are complementary. The fan switch can turn the fan on and off to increase the speed and decrease the speed.

(2) According to the structure, the relationship of things at the same level can be divided into: sequence (linear), juxtaposition (parallel), cycle (circular), tree, star and net.

Order: for example, pass A first, then B.

Parallel: such as through a and b at the same time.

Cycle: for example, from a to b, from b to a, and so on.

Trees: for example, a to b and c, b to d and e, c to f and g.

Stellar: For example, A is centered, and A emits to B, C and D ... Stars are like star rays, which are special trees.

Grid: for example, a to b, c, d, b to a, c, d.

3. Level correspondence:

For example, if X is divided into A, B, C and Y is divided into D, E and F, then the relationship between X and Y is specifically the relationship between A, B, C and D, E and F. ..

4. The basic characteristics of the system:

Holistic characteristics: the whole system has the holistic characteristics beyond the individuals in the system.

Personality: the individual in the system is the element that constitutes the system. Without individuals, there is no system.

Correlation characteristics: individuals in the system are interrelated.

Structural characteristics: interrelated individuals in the system exist according to a certain structural framework.

Hierarchical characteristics: the transmission path of relevant information between the system and the individuals in the system is hierarchical.

Modularity: The interior of the system matrix can be divided into several sub-blocks.

Characteristics of independence: The whole system is relatively independent.

Openness: As a whole, the system will interact with other systems.

Development characteristics: the system may evolve at any time.

5. Event contact person:

Causality is the essential principle of change, and the premise is the necessary condition of change, but the premise does not necessarily lead to change, and trigger conditions are needed.

For example, events: torch paper turns to ash, and causality: paper turns to ash because of oxidation and combustion reaction, with paper, fire and air as preconditions and fire igniting paper as trigger conditions. The reason is the essential principle of change. If the reason is described as a superficial phenomenon, "because the fire ignited the paper, the paper burned to ashes." Then the reason is the same as the trigger condition. In order to distinguish cause from trigger condition, cause is described as essential principle, while trigger condition is described as superficial phenomenon.

For example, in order to synthesize a specific biomolecule, the mutual attraction between positive and negative groups is the cause of the chemical reaction, the appropriate temperature, pH value and needed enzyme are the preconditions of the chemical reaction, and putting various reactants together is the trigger of the chemical reaction, and synthesizing a specific biomolecule is the purpose of the chemical reaction.

6. Causality

Simply put, the logic of causality is: because of A and B, or if phenomenon A occurs, phenomenon B (sufficient relationship) will inevitably appear. This is a relationship between causing and being caused, with cause A in the front and result B in the back.

(1) All sequential relationships are not necessarily causal. For example, getting up first, getting dressed, putting on pants, or washing your teeth first are not causal.

(2) Not all necessary connections are cause and effect, only the necessary connections between them are causal connections.

Causal correspondence:

(1) One cause and one effect: one cause produces one effect.

(2) Multiple causes lead to one result: Multiple causes lead to one result.

(3) One cause leads to many fruits: one cause leads to many fruits.

(4) Multiple causes and multiple effects: Multiple causes together produce multiple results.

Reasoning can be divided into forward reasoning and backward reasoning. Forward reasoning is the result of reasoning from causes, and backward reasoning is the result of reasoning from results. In reasoning, we should consider not only the cause and result, but also the preconditions and trigger conditions, and sometimes the purpose.

References:

Baidu encyclopedia-technology