One of the original four evils-sparrow

Sparrows, also known as tree finches, hawk finches, guest finches, tile finches, Ryukyu finches, domestic finches, hometown sons, hometown thieves, Zhao Ye, Magu, southern finches, sparrows, guest finches, ostriches and domestic finches. Ornithoptera is the general name of the genus sparrow, also known as the northland bird (also known as the domestic finch and Hubala in some local dialects). The mouth is short and strong, conical, and slightly bent downward; There are 9 primary flight feathers and two pale horizontal spots on the outer edge. There are 19 species in the world. 5 species made in China; Among them, tree sparrow is a common species, with similar sex. Sparrows are late-maturing birds. Sparrows are mostly active in places where humans live. They are very lively, brave and approachable, but they are very alert and curious. Many people build nests in human houses, such as eaves, wall holes, and sometimes occupy the nests of domestic swallows. In the wild, they nest in tree holes. But this species is only found in plain areas, and it is hard to see in mountainous areas. Because sparrows are very close to people, they only appear in the environment with human activities, and some people call them "flying rats" vividly.

Sometimes they can be found nesting in individual trees, but sparrows are in groups all year round. Old trees with many holes are usually their favorite nesting sites. Their nests are not neat, and there are many kinds of nesting materials, including grass, hay, wool, feathers and so on. Sometimes their nests are located in rocks, at the roots of bushes, or under the eaves of buildings such as barns. They lay four to six eggs at a time, usually five eggs. Habit: In addition to breeding and brooding, sparrows are very social birds. Autumn is easy to form hundreds or even thousands of large groups, which is called sparrow flooding. In winter, they will form a dozen or dozens of small groups to move together. This little creature is very clever, alert and has a strong memory, which is different from many other small sparrows. For example, a sparrow saved by someone will show a kind of intimacy to those who have helped it, and it will last for a long time. Where sparrows live in concentrated communities, when there are invasive birds, they will show great unity until the intruders are driven away. Sparrows are often brave when hatching eggs. Russian writer Turgenev once recorded a touching scene in his short story Sparrow. A parent bird faced a big dog with its weak body to protect a young bird that accidentally fell to the ground. If you are willing to observe sparrows continuously, you will find that they are very lovely creatures, especially their collective behavior is an important material for studying bird behavior.

Foraging: Sparrows are omnivorous birds, which mainly feed on seeds of Gramineae plants in summer and autumn, and larvae are mainly insects that harm Gramineae plants, mostly Lepidoptera pests. Due to the successful protection of young birds by parent birds, the number of sparrows is more than many kinds of birds, and it is easy to form sparrows in crop harvest season. In winter and early spring, sparrows feed on weeds and seeds of wild gramineous plants, and also eat all kinds of food discarded by human beings. Habitat in residential areas and near fields. Foraging around during the day, the range of activities is within 2.5 ~ 3 kilometers. When you are on the ground, jump forward with your feet. Short and round wings, unable to fly far, noisy songs. Feed mainly on grains. When the grain is ripe, they will fly to the farmland in droves to eat it. Eat some insects during the breeding period. Chickens are raised by insects. Strong fertility. Throughout history, humans have struggled with mice, and the battle between humans and mice has lasted for thousands of years. People have created many tools and methods to catch rats in rodent control activities. People used to use it on the Dragon Boat Festival.

Wormwood leaves are insect repellent, wormwood ignites mosquitoes and scalds bedbugs with boiling water, creating many methods to kill flies, mosquitoes, bedbugs and other pests. After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), 1952, the United States spread a large number of rats, flies, mosquitoes and other pests with germs and viruses in North Korea, Northeast China and North China in an attempt to poison the people of China and North Korea. In order to respond to the great call of germ warfare against American imperialists, improve the health level and crush the enemy's germ warfare, a patriotic health campaign centered on eliminating diseases was launched nationwide. Trained the people, broke the old and established the new, paid attention to hygiene, eliminated the four pests and shattered the enemy's germ war. 1953, the CPC central Committee and the State Council summed up the successful experience of germ warfare against American imperialism, put forward the policy of "combining health work with mass movements", and decided to incorporate the patriotic health movement centered on the elimination of four pests into socialist construction. 1In the winter of 955, the CPC Central Committee and the State Council listed the elimination of rats, flies, mosquitoes and sparrows (later changed to bedbugs) as the key points in the agricultural development program 1956~ 1967+02. At that time, all provinces, autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the central government and cities under separate state planning made plans, led by party and government leaders, coordinated by patriotic health associations and coordinated by various departments, and mobilized the masses to participate, which set off many vigorous activities to eliminate the four pests. There are many advanced health units in China. Such as Xiaoying Lane in Hangzhou, Wulao Village in Nanjing, nanxiang town in Shanghai, Taiyang Village in Shanxi, Hupu Town in Jiangsu, shuidong town in Guangdong and Shanhaiguan in Hebei. Summing up the experience and lessons of eliminating the four pests in the 1950s and 1960s, we should pay more attention to surprise activities and neglect regular work. Pay more attention to symptoms and ignore the root causes; Pay attention to inspection and evaluation, ignoring daily publicity and education; Pay attention to mobilizing more people, ignoring scientific and technological guidance and modern management.

After the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, in the new period of reform, opening-up and socialist construction, the Party and the government learned from these experiences and lessons, regarded eliminating the four pests as one of the important tasks of creating a sanitary city, and put forward the activities of reaching the standard of eliminating the four pests, which made the work of eliminating the four pests embark on a new road and opened up a new situation. By the end of 1996, 35 municipalities directly under the central government, provincial capitals, cities with separate plans and 4 regions, and more than 500 counties (cities), railways, transportation, civil aviation systems, large and medium-sized enterprises and troops had become advanced units for rodent control. Foshan City, Luoyang City, Jilin City, Qiaotou Town, Dongguan City, Guangdong Province, and Zouxian County, Shandong Province have become advanced cities for mosquito control. Jilin, Chifeng, Dandong, Foshan, Chengdu, Shenzhen, Zhuhai, Harbin, Chongqing, Qingdao, Nanjing, Xiamen, Hangzhou, Taishan Town, Taishan County, Guangdong Province and Linghai City, Liaoning Province have become advanced cities for fly control. Dalian, Hohhot, Baotou, Harbin, Jilin, Foshan, Qingdao, Zhengzhou, Chengdu, Shenyang and Angang have become advanced units to kill cockroaches. Over the past 50 years, China has made remarkable achievements and accumulated rich experience in carrying out mass activities to eliminate the four pests, which has made positive contributions to the ultimate victory of mankind.

1. Control vector-borne diseases and protect people's health.

At present, there are 252 kinds of pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, spirochetes and rickettsia in the world, and the four pests can carry at most 1 14, so it is important to control the four pests and eliminate the diseases. Rats can spread more than 30 diseases, and plague is a great threat to human beings. There were three pandemics in the world. The first time was in the 6th century, when half the population of the Eastern Roman Empire died. The second epidemic occurred in 1350, and more than 25 million people died in Europe. The third epidemic occurred in18th century, and150,000 people died in Europe, accounting for a quarter of the population at that time. Later, more than 40 million people died in Asia, accounting for one-third of the population in the epidemic area. Plague among rats is still prevalent in Yunnan, Gansu, Inner Mongolia and other places in China, threatening the world all the time. The incidence of murine epidemic hemorrhagic fever remains high, which has occurred in most provinces and cities in China in recent years. The incidence of rat-borne typhoid fever is also rising. Flies can spread dozens of diseases, such as cholera, dysentery, typhoid, anthrax, tetanus, polio, viral hepatitis, cysticercosis and ascariasis. Mosquitoes can spread diseases such as malaria, Japanese encephalitis and dengue fever. Cockroaches can carry more than 40 kinds of germs, viruses and parasites such as dysentery, salmonella, hepatitis and ascariasis. When we eliminate the four pests and reduce the incidence, we protect people's health. After decades of work to eliminate the four pests, most diseases mediated by the four pests have been effectively controlled. Many infectious diseases that once ravaged and caused serious harm to people's lives, such as cholera, plague, malaria, filariasis, epidemic encephalitis and dengue fever, have been eliminated or basically eliminated, while other infectious diseases have been reduced to a very low level, and the incidence of related infectious diseases has also dropped greatly, especially in cities. The extension of human life span is not as prominent and direct as before, except that the relationship between "four pests" and disease eradication is still an important reason for the prevalence of some infectious diseases.

2. Protect social productive forces and promote economic development.

Everyone knows that protecting the labor force, reducing diseases, strengthening and speeding up economic construction. Many poor households in our country are poor because of illness. A farmer with hemorrhagic fever has a poor household. Therefore, we can get rid of poverty and get rich by killing insects and preventing diseases. It is recognized by FAO that about 20% of the global agricultural losses are caused by rodents, and each mouse wastes 18 kg of grain every year on average. Rats also bite clothes and destroy buildings, dams, forests and grasslands. 15~20% of industrial blackouts are caused by rats. A quarter of the fires were killed by rats. Flies, mosquitoes and cockroaches also disturb the peace of people and animals and hinder the construction of productive forces.

3. Improve the investment environment and promote reform and opening up.

With the deepening of reform and opening up, all countries are actively absorbing foreign investment, and eliminating the "four evils" is also one of the important means to improve the investment environment. For the majority of urban residents, the existence of the "four pests" is not mainly the spread of the epidemic, but the harassment it brings. The density of "four pests" is also an indirect indicator of whether the environment is dirty or not, which reflects the depth and breadth of a city's comprehensive improvement, and the reduction of the density of four pests indicates the improvement of the quality of living environment. Especially flies, it can be said that the existence of flies has become a standard to judge the health level of a city. Because of the "four pests", only flies are pests that are mainly active during the day, which are easy to be found and closely related to people. It is necessary to carry out fly control work to improve environmental quality and quality of life. It is hard to imagine that an environment full of rubbish and flies will make people happy, let alone attract investment, develop economy, develop tourism and strive for a civilized and hygienic city. Practice has proved that whether there are four evils is an important aspect of the investment environment. The city is clean and tidy, and people think that you have a high population quality and are willing to invest in you without seeing the four pests flying around. Because from time to time a few mice, flies and mosquitoes blow up the investment contract.

4. Eliminating the four pests is the "admission ticket" to enter the national health city.

With the improvement of people's living standards, people's understanding of health is also changing, and the new concept of health put forward by the World Health Organization reflects this change. According to the World Health Organization, health means not only the absence of disease and weakness, but also physical, psychological and social integrity. This concept requires people to be highly coordinated with their living environment, working environment and social environment. The activity of building a national health city in recent 10 years has met people's needs. The change of this concept is also reflected in the understanding of eliminating the "four evils". In addition to the "four pests", in addition to participating in the city health inspection and appraisal, the founding activities also stipulate that in order to obtain a provincial health city, rodent control must meet the standards, while in order to obtain the "four pests" stipulated by the national health city, three pests must meet the standards, and the other pest must not exceed three times the national standards. In addition to the "four pests", it has become a "admission ticket" for obtaining the qualification of a sanitary city. This makes the establishment of a sanitary city the primary purpose of eliminating the "four evils" of the city. If the "three evils" are not up to standard, you will be declared as a national health city, and the provincial or national Aiwei Association will not give you an acceptance check. You can't enter a national health city without an "admission ticket".

The harm of flies to human beings lies in that they carry countless bacteria and viruses and can spread dozens of diseases. Among them, dysentery, hepatitis A, acute gastroenteritis, food poisoning, trachoma, polio, ascaris, cholera and so on are more common.

Mosquitoes are harmful to us: they can spread malaria, Japanese encephalitis, filariasis, dengue fever, yellow fever and other diseases.

Rats can spread all kinds of zoonotic diseases, and can carry more than 200 pathogens, 57 of which can cause diseases, among which plague, epidemic hemorrhagic fever and leptospirosis are more harmful to human beings. The loss of grain, the destruction of grasslands and trees, for example, 20% of the grain produced in the world is eaten by rats. ★ In industry, rats enter the power distribution room and bite the cable, which leads to short circuit and power failure. The economic loss is huge.

Cockroaches are certainly harmful to us: they chew food, destroy raw materials, pollute food and spread diseases such as dysentery, typhoid fever, polio, adenovirus and viral hepatitis. In addition, it can make food moldy and produce carcinogenic aflatoxin.