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The Original Text and Translation of Wen Xin Diao Long

Elaboration and demonstration

Author: Liu Xie

Sages are easy to lecture, narrate and explain. Commentators, LUN also; If ethics is not cool, then the sacred meaning will not degenerate. In the past, Zhong Ni whispered something that his master remembered, so he suppressed his classic, which is called The Analects. The theory of Gai Group's naming begins here. Since the Analects of Confucius, there has been no word "on". The second theory of "six towers" is pursued by future generations!

Looking closely at the style, there are many kinds of articles: Chen Zheng and discussion are harmonious, classic interpretation and annotation are harmonious, history and praise are harmonious, and essays and narration are harmonious. Therefore, the discussant should speak, the speaker should speak, the disseminator should switch to another division, the annotator should explain, the commender should be clear, the critic should be fair, the order should be secondary, and the quotation should be denied: eight people should distinguish and one group should discuss. On the other hand, those who speak with one voice, and those who study essence and truth, are also.

It is a theory named after Zhuang Zhou's Wuqi. Don't comment on Spring and Autumn Annals, and discuss six diagrams. To the stone canal in art, the white tiger tells, describes the holy book and discusses the positive body of the family. Ban Biao's "Wang Ming" and Yan You's "Three Generals" describe Zhao Qing's feelings and are good at entering history. Wei Chu, he is a tyrant, and his methods are also famous. Fu Tuo and RoyceWong are practicing Li Ming at school. To the beginning, I want to keep the text; The disciples of peace began to become metaphysical. So, I went to Zhoudang Road to compete with my father. Take a closer look at Lan's natural talent, Zhong Xuanzhi's Defarge, Ye Shu's voice discrimination, two cases of beginning and auxiliary inheritance, two theories, the teacher's unique mind, accurate and appropriate, and Gai Ying's theory. For example, Li Kang's Fate and Lun Heng passed by; Lu Ji's Distinguishing Death is not as effective as Guo Qin, but it is also beautiful.

The second is Dai Song and Guo Xiang, who are keen in thinking in the fields of several gods; Pei, pay attention to the existence of the universe; And then walk alone and flow to future generations. However, what is behind is the form and use; People who have nothing are dedicated to loneliness. Only a sharp and one-sided solution, Mo Yi was right; What is the desperate situation of Prajna? To talk about Jiang Zuoqun, metaphysics is the topic; Although there is a new day, there are more things to do. As Zhang Heng's "The Absurd World" seems to be saying; Kong Rong's "Filial Piety", but talk about the scene; Cao Zhi's Distinguishing Tao was copied from the same book. If you are not sure about it, just say it as it is.

The original husband is talking about the body, so it is not correct. The number is small, invisible, difficult to get through, and deeply trapped; It's worry. Everything must be weighed. Therefore, its meaning is expensive and round, and its words are not broken, which will make the heart and reason fit, and the gap is invisible; The word is close, the enemy does not know how to take it: it is also important. Therefore, if you analyze your salary, it can be broken. Those profitable, the more reasonable and cross; Commentators, antonyms and getting through; Although the article is clever, the trace is false. Only a gentleman can make his ambition tomorrow, can he talk about safety?

If the husband comments and abandons the theory, although the text is different, it is always the same. For example, Qin notes that Yao Dian has more than 10 thousand words; Zhu Wengong's explanation of Shangshu has 300,000 words, and learning chapters and sentences is annoying and embarrassing. If Mao Gong Xun Shi, An Guo Chuan Shu, Zheng Jun Shi Li and Wang Bi Shi Yi are all clear and fluent, you can formally make an offer.

The speaker is very happy; It is a kind of breath, so the words are pleasing to the ear; Too much happiness can be false, so Jing Shun said. Good words: Yi Yin is good at talking about interest, Taigong is good at distinguishing fishing and prospering Zhou, and is good at understanding Zheng. Beautiful, too.

During the Warring States period, scholars were surging; From the horizontal rod, the long and short angular potential; Turning pills is better than rhetoric, and flying tongs are better than essence. The division of one person is more important than the treasure of Jiuding; A glib tongue is better than a million teachers. Six seals are aboveboard, and five seals are hidden but not exposed. By the Han Dynasty, Qin Chu had been decided, and scholar's day was different. LiJun died in Zhong Ji, KuaiZi several into Ding Han; Although Lu Jia's ethnic group is very complicated, Hui and Du argued and defended their lips. When they reached the position of stage or minister, they propped up the situation with the wind and could not retreat against the current.

Husband said that you caress and relax, not only soothing your cheeks, but also using a knife and pen. Fan Ju's words were suspicious. Reese stopped chasing guests and entered the machine with his feelings. Although he approved the scale, his plan succeeded. The book also says that he is very good. As for Zou's talk about Wu Liang, it is clever and reasonable, so it is dangerous and blameless; Jing Tong said that Deng Bao was a slow-witted man with a complicated personality, so he was very experienced and seldom met each other.

Everything said is essential, which will make time beneficial, the contract will be fulfilled and the retreat will be unimpeded. If you are not an enemy, you will only be loyal and trustworthy. This is also true. We should summon up courage to make sacrifices to God and fly to help Wen Min. And Lu directly said, "What's wrong with saying it's a joke?" ?

Like:

Truth is in words and truth is in theory. Words are deeper than the sky and far more than the square.

Yin and yang are mo te, ghosts and gods flee. Say, fly pliers and exhale to persuade.

Classical Chinese translation:

Lun Shuo is the eighteenth article of Wen Xin Diao Long. Lun and Shuo are always called Lun Shuo Wen in the style of later generations. The "theory" and "theory" mentioned in this paper also have similarities, both of which clarify a certain truth or proposition, but they are two different styles: "theory" is a theory that focuses on judging right and wrong with strict theory and mostly demonstrates abstract truth; "Say" is convincing. In addition to the oral statements commonly used in ancient times, most of them are aimed at urgent practical problems and convince each other with specific interests or vivid metaphors. The essays of later generations are basically the development of the common characteristics of these two styles.

This paper is divided into two parts: the first two paragraphs talk about "theory" and the last two paragraphs talk about "theory". The first section expounds the concept and category of "Lun" and its development from pre-Qin to Wei and Jin Dynasties. The second paragraph talks about the basic requirements of "On". From the similarities and differences between annotations and "On Style", it is very reluctant to classify annotations into genres. However, some ancient classics not only wrote books independently, but also expressed the author's systematic academic views, which have similarities with general academic works. The third section talks about the meaning and development of "Shuo"; The fourth paragraph is about the basic requirements of "speaking".

Liu Xie's exposition of prose and essays is divided into "telling the Bible" as "the body of an essayist", which shows his strong thought of respecting Confucianism. Talking about the dispute between respecting what is and valuing what is not in Wei and Jin Dynasties, he also moved out of the "desperate situation of Buddhism", which is not an accidental borrowing of ideas, but between being and not being. This is a problem worthy of our attention when we comprehensively study Liu Xie's literary thought. On the other hand, we should also see that Liu Xie's Guang Jing (the biography of Liu Xie in Liang Shu) is related to the establishment of the theoretical system of Wen Xin Diao Long, and also puts forward some desirable opinions on the summary of ancient Chinese prose. If you think an argumentative essay should be "with one voice, but carefully and rationally studied"; Advocate that papers can be "independent of the teacher's mind and accurate"; Emphasize "distinguishing right from wrong", oppose telling lies, and advocate convincing people with reason. It is particularly noteworthy that he used "Yue" to interpret "Shuo", demanding that "Shuo" must make people "Yue". This not only captures the characteristics of pre-Qin debaters who are good at convincing people with fables, but also is the essence inherited by miscellaneous sayings after Han and Wei Dynasties. Liu Xie's repeated affirmation of the arguments of "narration" and "figuration" is of certain significance for summarizing and carrying forward the literary characteristics of the ancient "Shuo" style.

( 1)

The book of sages explaining the eternal truth is called Jing, and the book of classics and truth is called Lun. The meaning of "theory" is truth; If the truth is correct, it will not go against the will of the saints. Once upon a time, the exquisite words spoken by Confucius were all memorized by his disciples, so they were humbly called The Analects of Confucius, not "classics". All kinds of works in the name of "On" started from this. Before the Analects of Confucius, there was no work called Lun. The titles of Eight Classical Literary Theories and Shi Wen Wu Lun in Tamia Liu were probably added by later generations! A careful study of the style of Lun Heng reveals that its tributaries are various: stating political affairs is consistent with argumentation and reasoning; Interpreting classics is similar to biographies and annotations; In terms of history, praise and criticism are consistent; Comments are similar to preface and introduction. The so-called "discussion" means saying something appropriate; "Say" is something that can convince people; "Biography" is to relay the teacher's words; "Note" is mainly an explanation; "Like" is to explain the meaning; "Comment" is to put forward a just truth; "preface" is the order of explaining things; "Introduction" is a supplementary explanation to the text. Although these eight names are different, they are all about truth in general. The so-called "theory" is a comprehensive study of various statements, so as to explore a certain truth in depth. Therefore, the title of Zhuang Zhou's "On Everything" is "On"; Lv Buwei's Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals clearly lists six theories, such as "on spring" and "on cautious behavior". In the Han Dynasty, Xuan Di was in Shiqu Pavilion and Zhang Di was in Baihuguan. He called Confucian scholars twice to discuss the similarities and differences of the Five Classics. According to the will of saints, understanding truth in classics is the proper style of the author of the paper. As for Ban Biao's Wang Minglun and Yan You's Three Generals, they can clearly state their feelings and are good at borrowing the form of historical theory. In the early days of Cao Wei's coming to power, he used the theories of famous artists and legalists. Therefore, the papers with Wang Shen at that time can be used to evaluate the justification and infer the authenticity. At the beginning, he was still committed to inheriting the previous papers; Yan He and others discussed that the metaphysical atmosphere of Laozi and Zhuangzi began to prevail. So Laozi and Zhuangzi's thoughts flooded the literary world and competed with Confucianism for ideological positions. Read Fu Xiu's theory of talent, Wang Shen's theory of defoliation, Ji Kang's theory of no sorrow and joy, Xia Houxuan's Ben Bu, Wang Bi's Brief Example of Instrument, and Yan He's Theory of Morality. They are all ingenious, sharp and accurate, and these are wonderful papers at that time. In addition, for example, Li Kang's theory of destiny and Wang Chong's theory of balance of power are the same in discussing fate, but their literary talent exceeds the theory of balance of power. Lu Ji's On the Determination of Death intends to imitate Jia Yi's On Qin, but it is far less than that. But On Death is also a good work of Lu Ji. Another example is the papers of Dai Song, Guo Xiang and others, which can keenly think into subtle depths; The papers of Wang Yan, Pei and others argued about "being" or "not being": they were the most outstanding debaters at that time and were praised by later generations. But those who insist on "existence" are completely subject to the role of form; People who care about "nothingness" cling to the theory of silent and invisible nothingness. They are all in vain in extreme understanding, but they can't get the correct truth. To explore Hyunri's acme, only Buddhist thought can understand whether there is no distinction, no thoughts and no desires. In the Eastern Jin Dynasty, everyone was talking about the metaphysics of Lao Zi and Zhuang Zi. Although some new things have been talked about at this time, most of them are the continuation of the previous generation's topics. As for Zhang Heng's On the Absurd World, the tone seems to be joking; Kong Rong's On Filial Piety is just a farce; Cao Zhi's exposition of Tao is exactly the same as copying books. If the speech is not correct, it is better not to write such a paper.

(2)

Investigating the style of Lun is mainly used to distinguish right from wrong. Explore not only specific issues, but also abstract truth; It is necessary to break through the difficulties of discussion and dig out the ultimate theory. Thesis is a tool to express all kinds of ideas and measure everything. Therefore, the truth should be comprehensive, accessible and not fragmented; We must unify our thinking and reason, organize our arguments closely and leave no loopholes. The close combination of words and ideas makes the argument impeccable: this is the basic point of writing a thesis. Therefore, writing a paper, like chopping firewood, is as expensive as just breaking the texture of firewood. If the axe is too sharp, it will cut the firewood beyond the grain; People who are good at rhetoric violate the principle of teaching by example and barely make sense. Although the rhetoric looks clever, when you check the actual situation, you will find that it is false. Only talented people can convince people all over the world with the truth of justice. How can they talk about distorted facts? On the annotation of classic words, the discussion is scattered in the annotation. Although this miscellaneous note is different from the paper, it will always be the same as the paper. However, like Qin's annotation of the word "Pharmacopoeia" in Shangshu Pharmacopoeia, more than 100,000 words were used; Zhu Pu spent 300,000 words to annotate Shangshu; This is boring for knowledgeable scholars, but they are ashamed to engage in tedious research on chapters and sentences. For example, Mao Heng's Biography of Shi Mao, Kong Anguo's Biography of Shangshu, Zheng Xuan's Annotation of Three Rites, and Wang Bi's Annotation of Zhouyi are all concise and clear, which can be regarded as a model of annotation.

(3)

The so-called "speaking" is joy; The word "Shuo" evolved from "Dui". Dui Gua in Zhouyi symbolizes tongue and tongue, so speaking should make people happy. But excessive pursuit of pleasing people is bound to be false; So Yu Shun has been shocked and vilified too much. Self-invited people, such as Yi Yin of Shang Dynasty, used cooking methods to explain how to make Shang Dynasty strong, and Lv Wang of early Zhou Dynasty used fishing to explain how to make Zhou Dynasty prosperous. During the Spring and Autumn Period, the State of Zheng persuaded the State of Qin to retreat, thus saving the State of Zheng from peril. Lu Duanmu ci persuaded Qi to attack Wu, thus saving Lu and others. These are all better in rhetoric. During the Warring States period, the seven countries competed for hegemony and lobbyists surged. They participated in the planning with the theory of United Lian Heng, fought for power with complicated tactics, showed their brilliant arguments with a projectile-like turn, or drew the other side's arguments first and then clamped them down with a clever technique with a well-known reputation. During the Warring States Period, Mao Sui's exposition was more valuable than that of Zhong Ding, who inherited the national treasure. His lips are better than a million lions. Su Qin wore a series of seals of six countries, and Zhang Yi was awarded five rich cities. After the Han Dynasty pacified Qin Chu, the activities of debaters gradually stopped. Several lobbyists in the Han Dynasty, such as Shi Li, were boiled to death by Tian Guang, King of Qi, and Kuai Tong was almost put into Liu Bang's soup pot. Even Liu Jia, who enjoys a high reputation, Zhang Shizhi's attached current affairs, Du Qin's rhetoric analysis, and Lou Wei's angry words. They all moved in front of the emperor's jade steps and played between the seats of princes and adults; But they are just watching the wind and steering, catering to the trend. No one can go upstream and reverse the overall situation. "Say" is about timing, whether it is slow or urgent, flexible use, not only euphemistic, but also in writing. For example, during the Warring States period, Fan Sui's "presenting books to show the king" needed advice; In the Qin Dynasty, Li Si's Book of the First Emperor discouraged the expulsion of Ke Qing. They all follow the truth and go deep into confidential information, with beautiful words and to the point; Although he touched on some dangerous problems of the emperor, he was able to succeed in his career, which was in line with his plan. This is his letter to the emperor. In addition, for example, Zou Yang wrote letters to the King of Wu and the King of Liang in the Western Han Dynasty, and the metaphor was clever and reasonable, so he was innocent even though he was in danger. Another example is Feng Tan Bao Yonghe and Deng Yu in the Eastern Han Dynasty. What he said was neither urgent nor busy, and there were not many words, so although Zheng Chen said it many times, few people paid attention to him.

(4)

The key to reasoning and writing is to make it conducive to current politics and justice; It should not only contribute to the completion of government affairs, but also hinder its own glory. Besides deceiving the enemy, we should be loyal and credible. Giving sincere words to the Lord and completing rhetoric with keen literary thinking are the basic characteristics of "speaking". However, Lu Ji's "Wen Fu" said: "Shuo" is characterized by obvious ideographic and deceptive. What is this?

(5)

In a word, truth is expressed through language, and when it is stated, it becomes a "theory". Arguments can delve into the truth between heaven and earth and convince people all over the world. Even the abstract theory of yin-yang change should be said to be beyond doubt; The mysterious way of ghosts and gods is inevitable. Persuading the other party with subtle methods such as "flying pliers" will soon have the practical effect of stopping or persuading.

Chinese Translation and Translation of Classical Chinese