How to write the newspaper influence questionnaire?

It must be comprehensive and can be screened from the following aspects.

News classification

1. passive news: news from outside needs to be analyzed and judged. Some readers' reports and letters can only be regarded as news clues, and reporters can't copy the original text after getting the clues, so they must conduct on-the-spot investigations. Otherwise, these "passive news" will become "one-sided". It is actually the "news tasters" who initially judge news clues.

2. Active news: the news that the reporter investigated and excavated. Some British newspapers have investigation teams, usually composed of six people. The news dug up by the investigation team is exclusive news and a selling point of the newspaper. British newspapers usually arrange for investigators to meet once a week to report the results of the last survey and determine the next plan. Investigators should be very cautious and must have a clear grasp of the facts before publication. In addition, investigators should have safety awareness, and don't do investigations beyond the team's ability.

3. Predictable news: keep a diary, make arrangements for foreseeable events, and remind editors to be prepared.

4. Anticipatory news: refers to the events that may occur at a certain stage, and we should strengthen our preparations for such news.

5. Breaking news. In order to report this kind of incident in depth, we often need the help of "informants", which requires journalists to have very good social relations. In addition, the reporter should be responsible for the "informant", even if the reporter himself faces jail, he can't disclose the situation of the "informant".

Four. Pictures of the newspaper (speaker: Mr. Allen)

In the past few decades, pictures have become more and more important in newspapers, and more and more pictures have been used in newspapers. Advances in computer technology have also made it easier for journalists to process pictures.

Indeed, in some cases, pictures can express facts more accurately than words. As some students said, pictures can express information intuitively and independently, and pictures can beautify the layout.

Mr. Allen asked the students, "Who can explain free climbing?" After the class was silent for a few minutes, Mr. Allen said, "Why is everyone bending their heads and thinking hard?" Immediately, he took out a beautiful photo and said, "This is a free cliff climbing". In the photo, a brave climber is hanging from a cliff. Mr. Allen said, "Without saying a word, this is free climbing." As can be seen from this example, pictures can often convey information more effectively than language. As the English proverb says, "A picture is worth a thousand words".

Later, Mr Allen gave another example. He picked up a bottle of mineral water and asked the first student what he had. The first student replied: "a bottle of water"; Mr Allen unscrewed the bottle cap, drank half a bottle in one breath, and then asked the second student what was in his hand. The second student said, "Half a bottle of water"; Later, Mr. Allen asked the third student, "Is my hand half full of water or half full of air?" The third student replied, "It can be said to be half a bottle of water or half a bottle of air." Mr. Allen said that this example shows that when we describe a fact in language, we actually make our own subjective judgment first, and the object of information transmission will make their own judgment according to your subjective judgment, which will be farther and farther away from the fact. The picture is not like this. You just need to put the picture of "half a bottle of water or half a bottle of air" there and let the readers judge for themselves.

In today's newspaper, pictures play a very important role in the four stages of "making news". These four stages are:

1. news gathering stage: before you know a news clue and plan to write this news, you should consider where the picture of this news is.

2. News value judgment stage: At this stage, the editor will judge the importance of the manuscript. Nowadays, the more beautiful the picture, the more important the news is.

3. News presentation stage (group edition): As Mr. Ian will say in the group edition class, the most important thing in group edition is often the use of pictures.

4. News distribution stage: The survey shows that when you open a page, 98% of readers look at photos first!

It can be seen that pictures can bring readers closer to the news and make the news look better. There is an English proverb that says, "Tell me one thing and I will remember it;" Show me something that I will never forget (tell me one thing and I will remember it; Show me something I will never forget.

Later, Mr. Allen once again stressed the importance of considering "where is the picture" before writing a news story. In the financial news pages of newspapers, there are boring photos everywhere: the bosses of two companies exchange the same photos of the contract text after signing the contract; A photo of two bosses shaking hands; The positive photos of the company CEO at the press conference and so on. Why can't I think about pictures before writing a message? For example, Mr. Allen said that when he worked in his own newspaper, he often clashed with those young financial reporters. Because they often come to him and say, "A company will hold a press conference in a five-star hotel in 40 minutes to announce their annual report. Can you send a photojournalist to take a photo? Almost all the photos taken back are the front photos of the CEO standing on the podium in a suit and tie, with the company's Logo behind him. In fact, at such a press conference, you can learn a lot of information, such as the company's sales have risen sharply, but how can a photo of CEO standing on the podium express this information? In fact, reporters should know the approximate time of this kind of press conference before this. If he can inform the photographer in advance to take some photos that can reflect the current situation of the company, the effect will be much better than that of the annoying CEO.

Allen also cited an example. An oil company sponsored an opera house. When dealing with the pictures of this news, editors and reporters broke away from convention. They didn't take pictures of oil companies and opera house bosses exchanging contract texts and shaking hands after signing the agreement. The reporter found an actress in the opera house, sang loudly in front of an oil refinery worker on the construction site of an oil refinery, and then took this shot. Mr. Allen said that in any case, this photo is much better than shaking hands. On this issue, some students expressed their different views. They believe that our news theory emphasizes shooting as many "news scenes" as possible. In this example, the refinery is not the place where news happens, but the place where the two sides exchange contract texts is the place where news happens. In addition, the photos of the actress singing in the refinery have obvious traces of "arrangement". )

Mr Allen gave another example. Imagine that a city will apply a new urban traffic monitoring system, so where is the picture of this news? Of course, you can't go to the central control room of this system to take pictures of those machines and computers. You should take some photos that can reflect the current traffic situation.

Teacher Allen also took the 9. 1 1 incident as an example to explain to the students how to choose pictures among many submissions.

Verb (abbreviation of verb) version (speaker: Mr. Ian)

In today's society, almost all goods are designed to attract more people and sell better, and newspapers are no exception. The design of the newspaper is the version.

The newspaper edition has three principles: 1. Convenient for readers to read; 2. Have good pictures; 3. Distinguish between "big" news and "small" news

Compared with TV, newspapers have their own advantages. Although TV pictures can show the whole process of events, they are not easy to save. If the audience wants to relive the picture, they must first record it and then rewind it repeatedly. Newspapers can use one or several pictures that can reflect the "focus moment" of the event to summarize the whole picture of the event.

In the newspaper edition, pictures are very important, and good pictures can enhance the importance of the event itself.

Layout is the "window" of a newspaper, and the layout of the front page is the most important.

The principle of the importance of the right page: the survey shows that most readers look at the right page first when they open the newspaper. This situation is more obvious in big newspapers. Because of this, the most important page of a newspaper is the first page, the second important page is the third page, and the second page is the least important page of the whole newspaper, because readers often turn to the back after browsing the third page. The survey also shows that the gap between the left page and the right page in attracting readers' attention is no longer obvious after opening the middle page (the middle two pages of a stack of newspapers). At this point, the left layout is similar in importance to the right layout.

Importance of coordination between left page and right page: Good news and good pictures should be placed on the right page, but the two connected left pages of the newspaper should be coordinated with the overall style of the right page.

Eight steps of modular newspaper design;

Good design is very important for newspapers, and it can even increase the sales of newspapers. Modular layout design is not only quick, concise and beautiful, but also avoids layout confusion. One thing must be noted: a beautiful layout means that there must be beautiful pictures.

1. Point out the title and read it carefully. Is it worth enlarging the page? Can I have illustrations?

2. Point out an untitled picture (or a separate news picture) and look at this picture carefully. Is it ideal? Does it need some pruning to improve its visual effect?

3. If the picture is very powerful or eye-catching, put it on the layout first, and the whole layout will be basically finalized. At this time, ask yourself: How many lines of text does this picture need? If this picture is good, enlarge a column.

4. Put the headline news on it (if the headline news doesn't have good pictures, it can be without pictures), and then decide the size and type of the news to achieve a very eye-catching effect.

Put a flat news (plug) at the bottom of the page to attract readers' attention.

6. Put the second main news on it.

7. At this time, the whole layout is finalized, and other news and auxiliary pictures are placed in other spaces.

8. Look at the whole layout again to see if the spacing between blank lines is appropriate and leave enough blank parts so that the layout will not be too tight and cramped. The picture or text border should not be too crowded, and there should be enough space between the news title and the text and on both sides of the border. In the module design, we emphasize horizontal typesetting, so every news item looks neat.

Mr. Allen's assembly demonstration diagram

title

Text title

draw

stopper

Mr. Allen said that at present, about 1/4 newspapers around the world adopt this modular typesetting method.

In the early 1990s, an American research institute used a device called eye tracker to study the newspaper reading habits of American readers. The study found that:

Almost 100% readers read the correct page first when they open the newspaper;

When reading a page, 98% readers will look at the photos first;

Among all readers, 80% will pay attention to picture design.

75% of readers will look at photos.

56% people read the headlines.

52% will watch advertisements with pictures.

29% look at the picture description

Readers will only read one of every four stories, and only half of them. (Note: The italics above are Chinese materials provided by the training teachers. )

News value judgment of intransitive verbs

The English teacher gave a small test paper to the students in the training class. The test paper lists 20 information points of a news, and asks students to choose 1 or several information points that they think are the most important to put in the introduction. The content of each information point is as follows:

1. The mayor of Shenzhen announced a large-scale plan to purify the city air.

The mayor announced the plan at today's meeting of the municipal Committee.

Shenzhen will become the cleanest city in the south of China in five years.

It will become the cleanest city in China in ten years.

The mayor called on all citizens to do their best to achieve their goals.

6. Accelerate the closure of old polluting factories.

7. Allocate funds to move large polluting factories to the suburbs

8 unified installation of power plant filters in the city.

Beijing promised that the central government would fully support this "groundbreaking" project.

10. Environmental groups in Shenzhen support this large-scale project.

1 1. Citizens' representatives welcome the willingness of city leaders to solve pollution problems.

12. the ban on cars entering the city center, which has been implemented for more than ten years, will be implemented in stages.

13. Vehicles (including buses) in cities need to meet new emission standards.

14. The city leaders switched to the latest pollution-free vehicles.

15. Commercial vehicle financing theory

16. Charge cars entering the city center

17. Increase the personal income tax of the city as the fund for pollution control.

18. Use the new monitoring system to provide pollution information in each district.

19. The new plan will be launched in April.

The mayor said, "It is every citizen's right to enjoy fresh air."

The statistical results of the answers collected by British teachers are as follows: the average information of the lead is 5; The average number of words in the lead is 124. This figure surprised Ms. Kurosawa very much. Because in British newspapers, a news lead usually contains information points of 1 to 2, and the total number of words in the lead generally does not exceed 25. In short, the simpler the lead, the better.

What information should be included in the lead? Teacher Kurosawa said that before you start writing a news story, you should think about who your readers are. Among the information points contained in this news, what are they most concerned about? Then write the information point into the lead.

Take the 20 news points listed in the questionnaire as an example. Among the students in 18, 12 included the information point 1 that "the mayor of Shenzhen announced a large-scale plan to purify the urban air" in their profiles. Ms. Kurosawa thinks this is understandable because all the other information points below are "triggered" by it. But if this news happened in Britain, the editors would definitely add a dot 17 in the introduction, "increasing personal income tax as pollution control funds". Because taxation is a very sensitive topic in western countries, almost all readers will pay attention to the changes in taxation.

Many students regard point 4 "Shenzhen will be the cleanest city in South China in five years" and point 5 "Shenzhen will be the cleanest city in China in ten years" as important information points in the introduction. Ms. Kurosawa expressed doubts. In her view, these two sentences are just an "ambition" at best. What is the basis to prove that Shenzhen can achieve this goal? When Shenzhen is implementing measures to improve the environment, will other cities stop? How long is the term of office of the mayor of Shenzhen? How can he ensure that he can still achieve this goal after the end of his term?

Seven. Report a case (CEO of BT Company resigned)

The general content of this news is: Sir Peter Bonfred, CEO of BT, leaves office. The following is the "press release" provided by the company to the press.

Sir Peter Bonfred will retire on 1 month.

Sir Bonfred announced today that he has reached an agreement with BT's board of directors to resign as the CEO of BT from the end of June 65438 +2002 10.

Sir Peter said, "It's time to announce a change. We have almost completed the very intense transformation plan that we started last year. A series of timely transfers of non-performing assets brought profits, and we also issued new shares and reduced debts in advance. The headquarters of New British Telecom has become smaller, and its branches have independent management rights. The new BT is ready for the future. I want to thank all the staff of BT. For six years, the company has been taking various actions, and they have been strongly supporting me. We have succeeded together and shared disappointment, but we have seen some good changes in the company and completed the transformation of BT.

Sir Brand, chairman of BT, said: "Peter has made great contributions during his six years as CEO of BT. According to the contract, Sir Peter will receive one year's salary (8.2 million pounds), one year's target performance award (6,654.38+0.5 million pounds), plus other benefits such as bus fare and health insurance (50,000 pounds), and he will also receive an extra year's pension.

Ms. Kurosawa said that when you get such a press release, you will feel that this is just the departure of the CEO of a big company, but if you carefully study the background of this news, you will find that things are far from simple as what is said in the press release.

BT was originally a public enterprise owned by the British government. From 1996, the British government decided to privatize it. Peter has been CEO of the company since 1996. However, after Peter took office, BT's share price plummeted. Under pressure, Peter had to announce his resignation at the beginning of 2002 1 month. The problem is that such an incompetent CEO took tens of millions of pounds from the company when he left.

After the incident, all major British newspapers reported it. It is worth noting that the common feature of these reports is their clear views. The Times report is really a sentence: "A CEO who made a mess of everything he participated in left his job and took tens of millions of pounds from shareholders." On this issue, Ms. Kurosawa emphasized the importance of "viewpoint". However, students expressed different views on this issue. Many students think that according to our usual practice, when reporting news, we usually don't make our own comments, but try to let the facts speak for themselves.

Nine. A dedicated British journalist

Teacher Ian introduced his reaction to the Lockerbie air crash when he was an evening newspaper editor in Scotland.

Ian was attending a Christmas party when the Lockerbie air crash happened (a Pan Am plane exploded over the Scottish town of Lockerbie, killing all the people on board). Ian rushed back to the newspaper immediately after receiving the phone call from the newspaper, and informed all relevant personnel to gather immediately and arrange an interview. As the air crash happened around 7 pm. The evening paper of that day has been published, so it is impossible to report the news. The next day's daily newspaper can see the news before the evening paper. Nevertheless, Ian's newspaper decided to send someone to the scene. Because the plane crash happened at night, the photographer of the daily newspaper only took pictures at night, and the picture was extremely unclear. The photographer of the Evening News filmed the scene of the air crash at dawn the next day, and the picture quality was far better than that of the daily newspaper. And with the progress of the investigation, some clues gradually became clear, and the news content of the evening paper also enriched a lot. Originally, the evening paper was at a disadvantage in timeliness, so that the disadvantage became an advantage. Mr. Ian specifically mentioned that in order to fully report the Lockerbie air crash, the evening paper removed all advertisements the next day!

Ms. Kurosawa also introduced her personal experience when the 9. 1 1 incident happened.

After watching the 9. 1 1 incident on TV, Ms. Kurosawa immediately called her son (Ms. Kurosawa's son works on the BBC website), who was planning to attend a friend's wedding. After that, Kurosawa never contacted his son again. Afterwards, Blackpool learned that his son immediately rushed to the airport after receiving her call and was ready to fly to the United States. However, due to the 9. 1 1 incident, the US government banned planes from landing in the United States. Kurosawa's son had to wait in the airport lounge for two days, but he failed to fly to the United States by civil aviation. Finally, BBC chartered a flight from London to Canada, and Blackpool's son and his party arrived in new york by bus from Canada. Ms. Kurosawa said that when such a thing happened to a reporter, all his private lives must be forgotten.

10. How to choose words and make sentences (Speaker: Mr. Martin)

Writing principle: the article should be short, easy to read, simple, clear-headed, and can be read quickly by readers. Because in modern society, people are very busy, and no one has time to read long speeches. Almost all editors are complaining about the lack of space. Teacher Martin suggested that the editor boldly delete the manuscript.

1. Don't use meaningless, unnecessary, complicated or repetitive words.

2. Try not to be passive

3. Concise and clear, making news easy to understand.

Remember: intellectuals can understand long words, but readers with little education may have difficulty in understanding them.

If you can think of a daily Chinese equivalent, never use foreign words, technical vocabulary or jargon.

6. Ask yourself, is this word complicated? Is there an easier choice? Can this phrase be rearranged to make it clearer?

7. Let every word reflect its value. Regard words as money. Saving a word is like saving a penny.

8. A sentence should consist of an idea or a set of related information. Get to the point.

9. Don't use metaphors, similes or other rhetorical devices, but many newspapers don't do this well.

10. I would rather break any of the above rules than write any absurd language.

Teacher Martin gave an example. He saw an article entitled "Kill Two with One Shot", which he thought was not as good as "Kill Two with One Shot". Because after all, the first title used five words, while the second title only used four words.

Teacher Martin said that British newspapers don't like journalists to write long articles. If a person applies for a job in a newspaper, if the cover letter is very long, he will definitely not be hired.

1 1. Case (How do British newspapers organize reports on the government's annual budget? Speaker: Ms. Kurosawa)

In Britain, the government publishes the annual budget every year, which is related to everyone's vital interests, such as whether to levy some kind of tax. Every year, some major British newspapers will report this event on a large scale. On that day, the newspaper will set aside a lot of pages to report the budget. Newspapers usually know the approximate time when the government announces the budget, and before that, they will do a lot of preparatory work.

On the day when the budget is announced, the finance minister usually reads out the annual financial report to the parliament, which usually begins at 3 pm. Television stations usually broadcast live, and some people comment on the spot. If newspapers want to beat TV in the competition, they must make a fuss about the depth. To this end, most newspapers have mobilized a large number of journalists to contact people from all walks of life in advance. On the day of the budget announcement, the reporter will interview these people on the spot, so that the interviewees can talk about their views on relevant policies. Although the policy of budget announcement will not involve all the people who have agreed to interview in advance, the preparatory work must be comprehensive, because no one can predict the specific content before the budget announcement. Doing so will cause some journalists to accomplish nothing, and some of their interviews will not be published in the newspaper in the end. However, the performance system of British newspapers is completely different from ours. Their reporters have no specific task of publishing many articles every month.

In addition to interviewing people from all walks of life, newspapers will also organize people to write reviews or invite experts to write reviews.

12. How to humanize financial reports (Speaker: Ms. Kurosawa)

In financial reports, people often see boring figures and charts, which requires the author to try his best to make the news more vivid, and using humanized methods is one of the ways. Ms Kurosawa gave two examples to illustrate the problem.

In Britain, a decade or two ago, most married women stayed at home to do housework instead of going to work in the company. Now the situation is just the opposite. Most married women no longer just take care of children and do housework, but go to work in the company. A survey by a British survey agency found that about 80% of married women are currently working. Twenty years ago, most women who stayed at home said they wanted to have a job. Nowadays, professional women have to work and take care of their families. Now, they are eager to go home.

The Daily Mirror reported the findings in a humanized way. They visited a family, the wife is about 30 years old, the husband is a soldier and there are two children at home. My wife is a marketer in a company. After going home from work and settling down two children every day, I can't get something to eat with my husband in a hurry until around 10. After that, I have to deal with my work. Generally, I can't go to bed until 0/2 o'clock.

The title of this report is "They want to go home". After pointing out the investigation results of that investigation institution at the beginning, the article puts pen and ink on the description of the interviewed family and describes the daily life of that family in detail. And quoted the housewife in the first person. More importantly, the photographer took a very vivid picture-a beautiful housewife is taking care of two young children for dinner.

For example, Unilever set up a pension fund for its employees and entrusted it to the fund management agency for management. The fund lost money for various reasons. For this reason, a lawsuit between Unilever pension fund and fund management institution was triggered, and the subject matter of the case was 65.438+30 million pounds.

The Daily Mirror (it seems to be the same newspaper) reporter found that the head of Unilever's pension fund is a woman, and the boss of that fund management institution is also a woman. The reporter realized that the "war" between two women is far more attractive than the lawsuit between two companies. To this end, the Daily Mirror focuses on these two women after explaining the ins and outs of this lawsuit. The newspaper published a large photo of the two women (the difference between them can be seen from their clothes), and their income, age, marital status, education, hobbies, accent, dress and so on were introduced next to the photo.

In contrast, the Financial Times is much more serious, and their reports mainly focus on the case itself, instead of focusing on the two heroines like the Daily Mirror.

13. How to make a good follow-up report (speaker: Ms. Kurosawa)

Almost all the news in the newspaper can be used for a news, a feature, a photo or other forms the next day, week, month or even year.

1. The next morning: a continuation of the major news in the newspaper that day, describing "what happened next".

2. The other side: The other side of the story.

3. Fixed date: an event recorded in a news diary on a specific date.

4. Opening Ceremony: The news that is previewed before a major event, usually written one or several days before the event.

5. Long-term: Check whether past predictions appear in the form of close-ups.

6. Local perspective: analyze news events in other cities, other regions and other countries from a local perspective.

7. Close-up: Some news can be used as material for in-depth close-ups, which sometimes have to be completed in a very short time.

8. Gossip: Gossip about someone in a news story. Such a theme deserves our further discussion.

9. Pictures: need text description or comments.

10. Advertisement: Does an advertisement have its background? For example, if a product is advertised for price reduction, why should it be reduced? )