World film history in film history

Movies that rotate in front of our eyes at a speed of 24 frames per second (previously 16 frames) can give us the illusion of motion because the images reflected on our blindfold will not disappear immediately. This feature of our eyes-or this shortcoming-is that the image on the eye mask stays, which can turn a burning charcoal into a fire belt when waving. This phenomenon has been discovered in ancient times. In the17th century and18th century, Newton and Sir Dasey did some research in this field. However, the opening of the film road still needs the study of Peter Mark Roger, a Swiss-born Englishman.

1830, a famous British physicist made the Faraday wheel mentioned in the physics textbook according to his research. When John Herschel designed a novel and interesting physics experiment, he also made the first visual toy composed of pictures. 1825, the "ThauCmatrope" invented by Dr. Feidong and Dr. Paris is a hard paper plate with pictures on both sides. When the cardboard box rotates rapidly, we can see that the two pictures seem to be combined.

Joseph Prato, a young Belgian physicist, and Stan Puffr, an Austrian university professor, invented the "juggling disc" at the same time in 1832.

(Phénakistiscope, a kind of serrated disk in the mirror) is made by using the principle of Faraday wheel and the picture of "magic disk". The inventions of the two researchers appeared at the same time, and there was no interaction between them. This kind of forward development has been seen in the previous research work of British physicists. But Prato's theory from making "fake discs" seems to surpass his competitors. He established a theory that his serrated (or slit) cardboard box can not only make a series of animated cartoons move, but also decompose visual movements into fixed images. Therefore, since 1833, the principle of film has been produced both in screening and shooting.

In Vienna, Paris, London and other places, these small machines began to break away from the scope of physics laboratories and become children's toys. Baudelaire described this point in detail in 185 1, and thought that this kind of toy was too expensive, and only the rich could afford it and regretted it. Hallner, an Englishman, invented "Zootrope" in 1834, which made the above toys have a new development. This kind of "walking horse dish" has a series of images painted on hard paper, which indicates the embryonic form of future movies.

These gadgets gave birth to modern cartoons, especially Austrian general von Uquetios, who combined the slides created by Jesuit Kirscher in 1853 and displayed cartoons on the screen. However, if you want to create a real movie, you must also use photography. Prato once said this in 1845, but he was so overworked that he was blind at that time that he could not engage in this research. In fact, even if people followed Prato's advice at that time, there were undoubtedly unsolvable technical problems.

Movies actually mean "quick photography". The concept of photography is very popular today, but when the French government bought the patent right of photography from the heirs of Mundai Daguerre and Nicephore Nieps in 1839 and contributed this most precious modern invention to the world, this concept was far from being understood by people at that time.

1823, the first photo of Nieps, Dining Table, needed 14 hour exposure time. The original silver disk photography method can only shoot still life and scenery, and the exposure time is more than 30 minutes until 1839. But people are not surprised that it takes so long, because photography is still regarded as a new painting method, that is, a chemical method to fix images according to the darkroom used by painters since the beginning of the Renaissance.

After 1840, the exposure time was reduced to 20 minutes, and the pose of the makeup model was photographed for the first time. These models stood motionless in the sun, sweating like a pig, and their eyes were blinded by the sun. Soon, the photography time only takes a minute or two. But in order to print many photos through the glass master, do you still need to use wet ink? Hey, there's this wet one? It was not until 185 1 that it was widely used. At this time, the exposure time was shortened to only a few seconds, and photography, a new handicraft industry, soon became the occupation of tens of thousands of people.

Since 185 1 year, the first batch of "moving photos" have been successfully taken in photographers' studios (Croyday, Dubos, Archer, Wheatstone, Van Hamm and Siegen, etc.). Due to the complexity of Faraday wheel and other tools, these photographers and researchers can't shoot more than a dozen gestures of an action in one second, so they have to shoot continuously. For example, if a person puts down his arm, he will clap his hand first, then reload the film into the camera, and then clap his hand a little lower, one by one, until his hand is completely lowered. Although this method is far from perfect, it makes Dumont, Kirk, especially Duke Du Aolong and others predict the future use of movies and some technical methods (such as "slow photography", "fast photography" and "astronomical film photography" as early as 1870). Stereoscopic projection appeared long before the invention of the film. In 1868, Henry Dalmeyda repeatedly projected the picture onto the screen with red and green light. Viewers can mix the two images into a black-and-white stereoscopic image through red and green lenses. This method will be called "three-dimensional relief" in the future, and it was used by Louis Lumiere and MGM in the United States to show short films around 1935.

The disadvantage of "two-color stereoscopic projection" is that people can't see the color, so (especially in Germany) some people use two colorless Polarlides instead of the original red and green lenses to make the light deviate and disperse from the left or right.

By 1950, this method began to go out of the laboratory and perform in Italy, Hungary and Britain.

1952165438+10 In new york, Yaqu Abolai showed a three-dimensional film "The Devil Boweina", in which such striking words were used: "The lion climbed on your knee" and "Please watch the three-dimensional performance of love". This adventure film about wild animals was shot in South Africa at a low cost, and it was so successful that Hollywood companies competed to shoot horror films (such as The Wax Mask Man) and films with Jenny Russell or rita hayworth colors (such as French Airways and Miss Sadie Thomson) with three-dimensional films. However, the "Polarizer Company" charges a high fee for renting its glasses, which is like killing the goose that lays the golden egg. The audience is getting more and more tired of this kind of films, because this kind of stereoscopic films can only show some activities of the actors in the depth of field lens at most, or produce some stereoscopic effects through the movement of the lens. By the end of 1954, Hollywood gave up stereoscopic movies, while in the Soviet Union, the stereoscopic movies invented by Ivanov were still shown in some big cities, attracting limited audiences.

The wide-screen movie "Sinhalama" appeared in new york at the same time as the three-dimensional movie, but its popularity was much more lasting. The inventor of this film, Fred Waller (who died in 1954), used a concave three-sided screen and stereo in the screening, just like the method used by Abel Gance and the mechanical teacher Brillou when they screened Napoleon in Paris in 1927 and 1935. Walter Disney showed his film Fantasia in several American cities.

Use three sound bands and three speakers at the same time to produce stereo effects.

Three projectors, a 300-square-meter concave three-sided screen, six vocal cords, and nearly 20 speakers are used for the wide-screen movie of "Xingni Lama". It has achieved great commercial success in new york, and the audience should reserve seats in the cinema several months in advance.

After ten years of profitable operation, by the end of 1962, there were 140 cinemas in the world showing 90 films shot by Mike Todd, Maureen Cooper and Louis de Rochemont. These films were not feature films at that time, but travel documentaries, which guided the audience to roam the five continents of the world. When the vehicle (train, plane, car, helicopter, sightseeing train, etc.). ) They all fly head-on, and it can produce amazing results.

The stereo created by Hazar Reeves greatly enhanced this stereo effect.

After 1962, the concave three-sided screen was simplified to a large screen, on which only 70 mm film was shown. The wide-screen movie "Sinhalama" was first used to show feature films, but after several commercial failures of these feature films, the number of people watching such films dropped significantly.

Based on the wide-screen film adaptation of "Star Niya Lama", the screen film is funded by Walter Disney. This kind of movie requires the audience to stand in the center of a circular screen with 1 1 holes. Through these holes, the film of 1 1 sheet 16 mm is projected, so that the picture can be projected on a screen with a circumference of 360 degrees. The audience can look around, but they will soon be exhausted by this kind of performance like touring actors, and it is difficult to continue the screening for more than half an hour, so no one has made a feature film for this kind of film so far.

Mike Todd, one of the active advocates of "Star Lamar" wide-screen movies, vigorously promoted a wide-screen movie screening method called "Todd-A.O." (A.O. is short for American Optical Company) with his amazing propaganda ability. This method is to spread a 70 mm film horizontally in the projector and project the image onto several huge screens, which are ten times larger than the standard film. 1958 before he died in an air crash, the well-run producer made a fortune in two feature films shown by Todd-a.o.method. One of these two feature films is the operetta "Oklahoma" directed by Fred Zinnemann, and the other is "Around the World in Eighty Days", which is particularly successful. This is a big scene movie with naive fantasy, according to jules verne. By the end of 1958, 200 cinemas around the world had installed equipment to show Todd-A.O movies. In addition, for the purpose of universal screening, Todd-A.O film was converted into 35mm standard film. Similarly, some people have begun to do experiments with Vistavision, which also uses a 35 mm film to spread horizontally on the projector. The frame size of the film is 35×35 mm, which is familiar to photographers who use Leica cameras.