When were the abacus, umbrella, telescope, camera and bicycle invented? Who invented them?

English: The abacus was invented in China in the 6th century. About 4000 years ago, Egyptians, China and Europeans invented umbrellas. The Italian ignacio Poirot invented binoculars in 1854. 1827 Joseph Nissefer Nepsey, who took the first photo, invented the camera. The British invented bicycles in the 1980s in 19.

English: The abacus was invented in China in the 6th century. Umbrella was invented in Syria, China and Egypt about 4000 years ago. Italian ignacio Poirot invented binoculars in 1854. Joseph Nissefer Nepsey invented the camera in 1827, and he took the first photo. Bicycles were invented in Britain in the1880s.

The development of cameras

An opaque box. This is a camera. A camera is a photographic equipment that uses photographic film to shoot a scene. Its invention took a long time.

China has a long history in studying light and images. As early as more than 400 years BC, China's book Mo Jing recorded in detail the straight-line advance of light, the reflection of light and the imaging phenomena of plane mirror, concave mirror and convex mirror. In the Song Dynasty, Shen Kuo's Meng Qian Bi Tan (103 1 to 1095) also described the principle of pinhole imaging box in detail.

/kloc-During the Renaissance in the 6th century, an "imaging camera box" for painting appeared in Europe.

1839 On August 9th, the French painter Daguerre announced his invention of silver plate photography, which gave birth to the world's first portable wooden box camera.

184 1 year, optician Vogeland invented the first all-metal camera. The camera is equipped with the world's first photographic lens with the maximum phase aperture of 1: 3.4 designed by mathematical calculation.

1845, German von Martens invented the world's first 150 turning point. 1849, Davie-Blue Scott invented a stereo camera and a two-lens stereo observation mirror. 186 1 year, physicist Maxwell invented the world's first color photo.

1866, German chemist Short and optical scientist Arjun invented barium crown optical glass in Zeiss Company and produced positive photographic lens, which made the design and manufacture of photographic lens develop rapidly. 1888 Kodak company produced a new type of photosensitive material-soft and windable "film". This is a leap in photosensitive materials. In the same year, Kodak invented the world's first portable square box camera with film.

1906 American George hillas used the flashlight for the first time. 19 13 german oskar barnack developed the world's first 135 camera.

From 1839 to 1924, in the first stage of the development of this camera, some novel cameras such as buttons and pistols also appeared.

From 1925 to 1938 is the second stage of camera development. During this period, German companies such as Leeds, Lorelei and Zeiss developed and produced dual-lens and single-lens reflex cameras with small volume and aluminum alloy body.

At this stage, the performance of the camera is gradually improved and perfected, optical viewfinder, rangefinder and self-timer are widely used, and the adjustment range of mechanical shutter is constantly expanding. The camera manufacturing industry began to produce cameras on a large scale, and camera manufacturers all over the world copied Leica and Lorelei cameras. The sensitivity, resolution and tolerance of black and white photographic film are constantly improving; The popularization of color photographic film has made the photographic team expand rapidly and move towards specialization.

After 1939, it is the third stage of camera development. In the first half of this stage, that is, before the 1960s, the quality of black-and-white and color films was further improved, and the optical industry produced new optical glasses containing rare elements such as lanthanum, titanium and cadmium. So as to better correct the aberration of the photographic lens, and the lens develops rapidly in the direction of large aperture and various focal lengths. So there are many kinds of photographic lenses, such as zoom, emblem distance, catadioptric and wide angle. Single-layer coating of lenses has been widely used. There are some structures in the camera, such as automatic reset of counter, automatic reset of mirror, semi-automatic and full-automatic contraction of aperture. The quality and output of cameras began to develop rapidly.

From the early 1960 s to the present, it is the late stage of the third stage. During this period, Liu Xiaoxi Photography Company produced the world's first self-sustaining focusing camera-Konica C35A camera 135. Then Japan produced the world's first double-priority automatic exposure camera-Minolta XDG camera 135 single-lens reflex camera. There is a precedent that a camera has multiple exposure functions.

During this period, the theory of optical transfer function entered the field of optical design, and a photographic lens with high imaging quality, good color reproduction, large aperture and small distortion appeared. At the same time, the lenses have also developed into a series, from fisheye lenses with a focal length of several millimeters to super telephoto lenses with a focal length of 2 meters, as well as photographic lenses such as angle adjustment, zoom badge distance and night vision. Electronic technology has gradually penetrated into the camera, and various photometry, high-precision electronic mirror shutter, electronic focal plane shutter and easy-to-control electronic selfie have appeared one after another. Exposure compensation, memory storage, multiple recording functions, electric winding, autofocus and other functions are applied more and more beautifully, and the degree of automation, miniaturization and portability have reached an unprecedented height. With the development of high technology, a variety of new cameras for quality evaluation are constantly coming out, thus providing excellent equipment for the creation of photographic art.

The invention of an umbrella

Legend has it that Lu Ban's wife, Yunshi, is also a skillful craftsman. Jade chip also described that she was the inventor of the umbrella, and the first umbrella was given to her husband when he went out to build a house for others. The word "umbrella" appeared a long time ago. She probably made an umbrella that can be put together. Who invented the umbrella? There are many different opinions on this issue. Some people say that the Egyptians first used umbrellas. As early as BC 1200, Egyptian nobles often asked slaves for parasols when they went out to travel. The Romans used umbrellas to keep out the sun in the Mediterranean. In China, the umbrella was invented by Luban's wife in BC 1000. Umbrellas are called "movable houses". In Britain, umbrellas began to be used in the18th century. Bainasi umbrella used to be a special product for women, which showed women's attitude towards love. Hold up your umbrella to show your loyalty to love; Holding an open umbrella in his left hand means "I have no free time now". Shake the umbrella slowly to show no confidence or distrust; Put an umbrella on your right shoulder to show that you don't want to see you again. /kloc-in the 0 th and 9 th centuries, men began to use umbrellas. Because many umbrellas in Britain are an indispensable part of British life, they have become symbols of the traditional British way of life, and they are necessary for businessmen and officials in London. As a symbol of the British, John Niu is holding an umbrella in his hand.

Bicycles were invented by western Europeans. In A.D. 1790, the Frenchman Sifrak developed a wooden bicycle without handlebars, pedals and chains. The car is shaped like a wooden horse, with two wheels nailed to its feet and fixed on a line. Because this bicycle has no driving device and steering device, and the seat cushion is low, Sifrak rides on the bicycle by himself, with his feet on the ground and pushing back hard to make the bicycle move straight forward. 18 17, the German baron von delaisse invented a handlebar that can move freely, making his bicycle easier to replace. Delaisse applied for a patent in Britain. 1839, K. Macmillan, a British worker, pioneered a pedal bicycle with a crankshaft mechanism to drive the rear wheels, so that people can leave their feet off the ground when riding a bicycle. 186 1 year, one day, Michelson, a Parisian carriage and stroller manufacturer, repaired delaisse's bicycle. After the repair, they found it difficult to put their feet on the ramp, so they improved it, and installed a pedal crankshaft on the front wheel of the car, thus inventing Michelle's bicycle, which soon began mass production. In about 1870, Ma Zhi, a Frenchman, made a bicycle with a big front driving wheel and a small rear driven wheel, and the effect was very good. 1890, the British Humber company produced a diamond chain drive bicycle, which has been in use ever since.

The invention of the telescope

Telescope is an instrument that makes people see distant objects through optical imaging, which looks big and close.

With the development of modern science and technology, in addition to traditional optical telescopes, electronic telescopes based on the principle of induced infrared intensity have been widely used in more and more fields with high precision requirements. Post-processing technology based on modern computer graphics and image technology provides technical support for human beings to satisfy their desire for farsightedness. ]

/kloc-At the beginning of the 7th century, the Dutch first invented the telescope. It is no accident that the telescope was invented by the Dutch, because the technology of grinding glass and gems in the Netherlands was very developed at that time, and there were many workers making glasses.

On this day, the sun is shining and birds are singing and flying in the air. In the Dutch town of Mitterberg, the cameraman Libisher looked at the weather vane on the top of the church with his glasses in order to check the quality of the ground lenses.

He had a convex lens and a concave lens. When he arranged the two shots in a line, far away, he was surprised to find that the weather vane in the distance was big and close. He was very excited and immediately thought of making a device that could see farther and clearer.

1in the autumn of 608, Justus von Liebig made this device, which was later called the Dutch telescope. That is, convex lens and concave lens are installed at both ends of the tube, and the concave lens is installed at the eye end. In February 65438, he made binoculars.

From 65438 to 0609, Italian physicist and astronomer galileo galilei made a telescope to observe celestial bodies and observed four moons of Jupiter: Io, Europa, Ganymede and Callisto. Galileo's telescope consists of a convex lens and a concave lens. This kind of telescope is called galileo telescope.

16 1 1 year, German astronomer johannes kepler published Astronomical Optics, and expounded the principle of the telescope. He also changed galileo telescope's concave eyepiece into a convex eyepiece, which was called Kepler telescope.

These categories are:

* reflecting telescope

* Refractive telescope

* catadioptric telescope

* Multi-mirror telescope

* Telescope

* Radio telescope

Abacus is a common calculation tool. Who is the inventor of abacus? What is the exact year of invention? We first saw the word "abacus" in Xu Yue's book Numerology Legacy in the Eastern Han Dynasty. However, the note says that only addition and subtraction can be done. Today, it seems that this theory is the embryonic form of an abacus. From the analysis of available reliable data, abacus was invented in Song and Yuan Dynasties. Cheng Dawei's "Directing at Arithmetic, Unifying Clan" (1592) in Ming Dynasty is the most widely circulated and influential book on abacus calculation.

People have consulted a large number of historical documents, and from the Song and Yuan Dynasties to the Cheng Dawei era (1553 ~ 1606), they can't find the name of the inventor of the abacus. In fact, the same is true of the above calculation and financing. On the one hand, it shows that feudal rulers did not pay enough attention to scientific and technological inventions, on the other hand, it also shows that their inventions are a gradual process, which is gradually improved and perfected, and it is difficult to say which party is responsible.

The abacus evolved from calculation. Due to the development of society, the speed and accuracy of calculation are increasingly demanding, so people have reformed the calculation and created various songs. For example, the melody of 14+7 is "seven divided by three is one". Similarly, the melody of 14-7 is "seven retreats, one returns three" and so on. All addition, subtraction, multiplication and division have a set of songs. In fact, before the abacus appeared, almost all the abacus rhymes were ready except for a few division rhymes.

After the appearance of rhyme, the calculation speed has increased, and it will be overwhelming to continue to fool around with calculation. Due to the limitation of the objective environment, many business people who do calculations outdoors are particularly prone to make mistakes. In this way, abacus instead of calculation has become an inevitable development trend, not only the conditions have been met, but also a very urgent matter. It was in this situation that craftsmen, calculators and businessmen at that time worked together to develop a sophisticated abacus.

The similarity between abacus and calculation is obvious. Among the calculated figures, one is raised to five and the other is raised to one; In the abacus plate, one bead in the file is five, and the next bead is one. There is an agreement in the calculation called "five", which means that five can't be represented by a single chip, which is why there are five beads in the middle of the abacus. Experts in the history of mathematics can also find the calculation basis that there are two beads in the middle of the abacus. The above facts are enough to prove that the abacus evolved from calculation.

The abacus is one of China's great scientific achievements in ancient times. It has the advantages of simple structure, simple operation and convenient carrying, so it is widely used and lasts for a long time. Until today, abacus calculation is still a compulsory course for primary school students in China. Although all kinds of electronic computers and calculators are quite popular in the market, their operation speed can't keep up with the abacus in the hands of skilled abacus operators when adding and subtracting.

After China showed his talents, abacus calculation spread to Korea, Japan, Southeast Asia and Arabia, and made great contributions to world civilization.