How to explain Sony's micro-order with relevant usage skills

1. Exposure: What are aperture, shutter speed and ISO? How to control exposure parameters?

Aperture controls the amount of light entering, and the formats are F 1/2.8 and F 1/8. The smaller the number, the greater the amount of light and the brighter the picture. The amount of light entering is inversely proportional to the square of the aperture value. For example, the amount of light entering F4 is four times that of F8.

Because in photography, every time you increase exposure, the amount of light you enter will double, so the standard aperture level is:

F 1.4，F2，F2.8，F4，F5.6，F8，F 1，F 16

Every two are one gear apart, and the maximum aperture is on the far left.

Aperture not only affects the amount of light, but also affects the depth of field. The larger the aperture, the shallower the depth of field, that is, the shallower the clear part of the picture and the more blurred the background. We often see photos with empty background and clear subject on the Internet, all of which are taken with large aperture.

Generally speaking, we use a large aperture to shoot portraits and still lives, so as to achieve the effect of highlighting the subject. At the same time, shoot the scenery with a relatively small aperture, such as F8, so that all parts of the photo are clear. Moreover, the general lens reaches the best aperture at the position of two to three times the maximum aperture value, with the highest definition and the clearest picture. For example, a shot of 18-55/3.5-5.6 is usually shot at around F8-F 1 1. For example:

Large aperture, shallow depth of field. The figures are clear, but the building is empty.

Small aperture, Quan Jingshen. People and buildings are very clear, and because they are close to the optimal aperture, they are imaged more.

The shutter controls the exposure time, and the formats are 1/2000s, 1/50s, and 0.5s, so that the first exposure time is the shortest and the last exposure time is the longest. When the shutter time doubles, the amount of light entering doubles. The standard shutter level is:

1/4000， 1/2000， 1/ 1000， 1/500， 1/250， 1/ 120， 1/60， 1/30， 1/30， 1/ 15，65438

On the far left is the smallest shutter.

The faster the shutter speed, the shorter the capture moment. Then the less the subject moves in this short period of time, the more difficult it is to record the jitter of the person holding the camera. There is a so-called safety shutter in photography, that is, as long as the shutter speed is higher than this value, the picture will not paste. This value is the reciprocal of the equivalent focal length. For example, if the focal length of the lens on d5 100 is adjusted to 35mm and the equivalent focal length is 52mm, then the value of the safety shutter is 1/50s. If it is higher than this value, such as 1/30s, it is easy to burn out. If the camera or lens has anti-shake function, it can be downgraded by 2-5 levels. For example, the anti-shake of a 55-200VR lens is almost 4 gears, so when the focal length is 200mm, the equivalent focal length is 300mm, and the anti-shake safety shutter is 1/250s does not open. This shutter speed is usually too dark when shooting indoors or at night. However, if the lens is turned on for anti-shake, the shutter speed can be lowered to115s, which can meet the needs of most dark shooting.

If you shoot a child, because the child is always moving, the shutter often has to be lowered below11000 s before you can shoot a child with stickers. If it is a high-speed movement, such as hurdles, or if you want to shoot the feeling of splashing water, the shutter speed should be reduced to1/8000 s.

Sometimes a slow shutter is used, for example, shooting waterfalls, clouds or night scenes. In order to shoot a dreamy feeling, you can set the shutter to about 30 seconds to shoot, so that the actions in these 30 seconds are superimposed together, as shown below.

ISO is sensitivity. Under the same aperture and shutter settings, the higher the sensitivity, the brighter the picture. However, the higher the ISO, especially after exceeding a certain range, the imaging quality will often deteriorate, and a lot of white noise will appear on the screen. The ISO of most APS-C format SLR is best set below 800. A better one can be set to 1600, and a worse one, such as 600d, may only be set to 400. ISO classification:

100,200,400,800, 1600,3200,6400, 12800,25600

The increase of aperture is equivalent to the increase of shutter speed and iso speed. Therefore, in the same scene, the brightness of F2, 1/60s and ISO 100 should be the same as that of F8 (aperture decreases by 4 steps), 1/30s (shutter increases 1 step) and ISO800(ISO increases by 3 steps). The difference is that the aperture of the former is larger, so the depth of field is shallower and the background is more blurred; The shutter of the former is faster, so it is less likely to burn out the picture; The ISO of the former is lower, so the picture is cleaner.

So how to set the exposure parameters in actual shooting? Generally speaking, we first determine the aperture according to the required depth of field. For portraits and still lifes, we usually use the maximum aperture, such as F 1.8. For landscapes, we will adjust the medium aperture, such as F8, and then adjust the shutter speed to a safe shutter, such as 50 mm. If it is 35mm, then the shutter is 1/50, and then we will adjust the ISO to the lowest, such as ISO 65438+. If the picture is too bright, you can lower the shutter speed to1120. If the screen is too dark at this time, you can raise the ISO to ISO400 or ISO800.

Generally speaking, when the sun is fine during the day, portraits are usually shot with large aperture (F 1.8), low ISO(ISO 100) and medium speed shutter (1/500s), and landscapes are shot with small aperture (F8) and low ISO (ISO/kloc-0). Indoor shooting of still life or bust is with large aperture (F 1.8), low ISO(ISO 100) and safety shutter (1/30s). Large aperture at night (F 1.8), high ISO(ISO 1600) and safety shutter (1/30s).

If you want to save trouble, you can set the mode dial to P when shooting scenery.