Guide words of Mudu ancient town

Welcome everyone to travel to Mudu ancient town! Mudu is located in the southwest of Suzhou 10 km, 5 km away from Taihu Lake. It is one of the thirteen scenic spots in Taihu Lake, featuring wuyue relics, strange mountain scenery and Mudu ancient town, which has both the victory of mountains and the beauty of gardens.

Now, let's go to the ancient town of Mudu.

First, let's take a look at this stone archway. The words "Ruimen will win" are written on the top. In other words, when we step into this auspicious door, we walk into the distant historical picture of the ancient town. Speaking of the "antiquity" of Mudu, let me talk about the origin of its name. According to legend, at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, Fu Cha, the king of Wu, built a pavilion and a baby palace here in order to please the beauty stone. There is a steady stream of timber, but the rivers and harbors in this area are blocked, which is called "blocking with building blocks". The name "Mudu" came from this.

Although the river is not strange in appearance, it is famous in the history of the Spring and Autumn Period. In order to crusade against Chu, the King of Wu dug this artificial canal with a total length of more than 230 kilometers by land, sent troops by water, made a surprise attack, and achieved brilliant results of "five wars and five wins", thus establishing the status of the overlord of Wu in the Spring and Autumn Period. Because this canal was put forward by Wu Zixu and led by many people, later generations called it "Xujiang" in memory of him.

This promenade by the river is called shed, with a total length of 175 meters. At the same time, the shed is integrated with the residential area, which provides convenience for vegetable farmers, boat people and passers-by selling vegetables on the street. It is very popular because it is not exposed to the sun in summer and does not get wet in rainy days. Looking from a distance, the 100-meter shed looks patchwork, with different heights, just like a promenade with water in Gusu Garden, which is graceful and adds a bit of beauty.

As you can see, there are two bridges here, one is called "Oblique Bridge" and the other is called "Zhuanxiang Bridge". These two bridges are horizontal and vertical, extremely strong, and they are mutually built, so they are also called "double bridges". Please have a look. Xujiang River from Taihu Lake and Xiangxi River from Guangfu Tongkeng meet under the oblique bridge, forming an obvious watershed, which is one of the ten famous scenic spots in Mudu.

Mudu is not only an ancient water town, but also has the reputation of "the hometown of gardens" because there are many private gardens in the town. What we are going to visit now is the private garden "No.2 Mansion" which is famous for its "Three Carvings in the South of the Yangtze River".

Feng Guifen is a famous enlightenment thinker and political commentator in modern times. Because he was admitted to the second class of Gengzi Family in the twenty years of Daoguang (1840), he was called the second class government.

The second place covers an area of about ten acres. Its layout is the front house and backyard, facing north, with zhaobi, foyer, hall and garden, forming a longitudinal axis, which is a typical garden style of Jiangnan house in the middle of Qing Dynasty.

Feng Guifen, the owner, was born when osmanthus was in full bloom, so he was named Guifen. He has read widely since he was a child and is proficient in classics and history. In the 12th year of Daoguang, when Lin Zexu was the governor of Jiangsu Province, he recognized Feng Guifen, whom he had never met before, and called him a "rare talent in a hundred years", and recruited him to study in Fu Department, accepting him as a disciple. This year, Feng Guifen just turned 23.

This is Feng Zhai Hall. It's called "Xianzhitang". This is where the host entertains the distinguished guests. The name of this hall was written by the owner in the spring breeze, which showed his great ambition. The furnishings in the hall are simple and elegant, reflecting the master's elegant demeanor.

This is the name of Feng Guifen's study, Jiaotai Record. Feng Guifen stayed in Beijing as an editor of the Hanlin Academy after finishing second in the senior high school entrance examination. Dissatisfied with official corruption, he quickly resigned and returned to his hometown. During this period, Feng Guifen wrote his masterpiece "Protest at School". He put forward 40 reform suggestions in view of the internal and external troubles during the Opium War, the most famous of which was "taking western learning to control foreign devices", which became the forerunner of the Westernization School's thought of "taking middle school as the body and using western learning" and was regarded as the forerunner by the later bourgeois reformists. Feng Guifen has a strong character and hates evil. This couplet is a summary of Feng Guifen's life as an official.

The building structure of the suburb adjacent to Lu is more unique, which brings together the essence of wood carving of the second prize house. First of all, the roof consists of three pavilions, which is rare in Jiangnan. Secondly, it is unique in structural load-bearing. The two walking columns do not fall to the ground, but are replaced by short columns, and the inverted flower basket is decorated, commonly known as the "flower basket hall", which not only increases the space, but also facilitates lighting. This architectural style, which integrates technology and art, practicality and beauty, is the embodiment of the superb wisdom of local Xiangshan craftsmen.

This stone carving "The Breeding of Prosperity" is the second treasure of our two places. This painting, also known as "Suzhou Shengshi Tu", was painted by Xu Yang in the 24th year of Qianlong in Qing Dynasty (1759), with a total length of 1225 cm. It mainly depicts the prosperous scene of Suzhou in the prosperous time of Kanggan, and the specific content is "one city, one street, one town and one village", while Mudu occupies one village and one town, so it is among the people.

Entering the inner room, you can see the third treasure in the second place: the brick carving gatehouse. This brick-carved gatehouse was built in Jiaqing period of Qing Dynasty. Brick carvings are operas, such as "Fishing Reading" and "Too Drunk", which show the life realm that the owner advocates. In the middle is the word written by another teacher in Feng Guifen, Pan, which means virtuous.

The inner hall is called Furong Building, which expresses the noble character of the master with the meaning of "getting out of the mud without getting stained". In addition, hibiscus flowers are full of vitality, so they also have the meaning of hoping for a prosperous family.

The back garden has a large area. There are pavilions in the garden, dotted with red flowers and green trees. The most distinctive thing is that we can climb the Hanshan Pavilion at the top of the mountain and overlook it. Lingyan Mountain, the first mountain in Wuzhong, jumps into your eyes, evoking your infinite reverie about the story of Wu Wang and history.

There are two "double bridges" in Mudu town. Now we come to Xi 'an Bridge and Xiaorihui Bridge, which are called "small double bridges". Standing on Xi 'an Bridge and looking east, it is Dong 'an Bridge a hundred paces away. These two bridges are exquisite and majestic, echoing each other from afar, commonly known as "sister bridges". Standing on the bridge and looking west, it is one of Mudu's famous "Ten Scenes", "Fishing on the River Beach". Every night arrival, thousands of lights on the shore, twinkling stars in the sky and small fishing fires in the river set each other off, making people linger.

This is Hongqiao, which was built in the Song Dynasty. Whenever the sun sets and looks west, you can see that the setting sun is forming a line with Xiangxi and Hongqiao. The dying sunshine dyed the Xiangxi River into colorful silk and covered the white walls and tiles on both sides with scarlet yarn. This is the famous "Hongqiao Evening Photo" in the Ten Scenes of Mudu.

We are now walking on Shantang Street, a century-old street along which Kangxi Qianlong climbed Lingyan Mountain. Because Shantang Street is backed by Lingyan. Facing Xiangxi, surrounded by mountains and rivers, there were many dignitaries living here in ancient times. Next, we visited Gusong Garden, the former residence of Cai, one of the four richest men in Mudu in the late Qing Dynasty.

Cai, the owner of Gusongyuan, ran a foreign goods business in Shanghai in his early years. After he developed, he went back to his hometown to build houses and farm, and the land was fertile. As can be seen from this bird map of Gusong Garden, Gusong Garden is a typical mansion garden in Qing Dynasty.

Through the hall and into the patio, you can see a brick-carved gatehouse. The upper and lower floors of the gatehouse are engraved with a set of historical stories, such as Laozi's Journey to the West to Enter the Customs, Jigong Sweeping the Qin Dynasty, Fighting against Jianghu, Biography of Zhang Yu and Ning Qi Fan Niu. The word is "Ming Wei De Xin", and the pockets on both sides are respectively

This is a Liang Tang, where the host receives distinguished guests and arranges weddings and funerals. The main hall is an imitation Ming building. There are four pairs of ash trees on the beam frame and the inner four sides of the ladder, which are shaped like the wings of ancient official hats, commonly known as the Shamao Hall. All kinds of operas and stories are engraved on the cypress. The mountain fog and Liang Yun in Liangtou are vivid and exquisite patterns of "He Ming Jiu Gao". The most interesting thing is that there are eight pipas carved on a square rafter in the middle of the beam frame in the Ming Dynasty, which is called "Eight-tone Corner", meaning happiness.

This is the balcony, with only five rooms and wings on both sides. People call it "Flower Basket Building" or "Phoenix Building" because there are sixteen flower baskets hanging at the lower end of the eaves and sixteen phoenixes carved on the upper porch beams. Phoenix Tower is an early work of Dongshan Carved Building, and its architectural style and carving art are exactly the same. All the carvings here are auspicious patterns, which are called "begging for color" by the people. For example, the eaves of the Ming Dynasty are carved with paintings, books, letters and ingots from east to west, which is called the "golden house in the book"; The eaves are carved with flower baskets, boxes, swords, gourds and so on. , commonly known as "the eight dark immortals"; There are eight treasures carved on the eaves of the wing, such as conch, hot wheels, coral and bronze drum, which are called "Eight Treasures", and the Mudu Hall of Fame is downstairs. It introduces 66 historical and contemporary celebrities in Mudu town in an illustrated way. After reading it, everyone will have a deeper understanding of Mudu's history. Upstairs is the Calligraphy Art Museum, which displays our Mudu calligraphy.

Now, we come to the back garden of Gusong Garden. On the east side of the garden, there is a Podocarpus, which is more than ten meters high. This is a relic of the Ming Dynasty. According to the Records of Wuxian County, this tree is over 500 years old, hence the name "Gusong Garden" of Cai. Not far away, there is a ginkgo tree, thick and sprouting, with tall and straight branches, full of fruits in autumn and golden in early winter, which brings joy to the front house and backyard.

The biggest feature of the back garden building is that pavilions and pavilions are connected into a whole with double corridors. You can not only enjoy the green of Gu Song at close range, but also see the scenery of Lingyan Mountain. In this way, although Gusong Garden is small, it can appreciate the beauty of mountains and rivers and the interest of nature in the blending of scenes, which can be regarded as a wonderful flower of Suzhou private gardens.

Along Shantang Old Street, we continue to roam forward, surrounded by the quietly flowing Xiangxi River. According to legend, during the Spring and Autumn Period in Wu and Yue Dynasties, Shi lived in the tile palace of Lingyan Mountain Pavilion and bathed in spices every day. This makeup water flows into the river below the mountain, and the river is full of fragrance, hence the name Xiangxi. Walking in Xiangxi, we feel like we smelled the fragrance of flowers and plants in the palace of Wu 2,500 years ago.

Now we come to Yin Hong Mountain House, the largest private garden in Mudu.

Yin Hong Mountain Residence is a famous garden in the suburbs of Suzhou during the Qianlong period of Qing Dynasty. Because its door faces Xiangxi and its back faces Lingyan, it is far more beautiful than other gardens. Therefore, every time Emperor Qianlong visited Mudu in the south of the Yangtze River, he would go to Yin Hong Mountain Residence, where he had a garden where he could watch a play, drink tea and recite poems. It was not until nightfall that he reluctantly walked along the mountain pond in front of him. Therefore, Yin Hong Mountain House is also called the "folk palace" of Emperor Qianlong in the local area.

This is the Royal Pier and the Royal Monument Pavilion. In the sixteenth year of Qianlong, that is, in the spring of A.D. 175 1, Qianlong made his first southern tour. The imperial ship passed through the canal, turned into Xujiang, turned into Xiangxi and landed here.

Gan Long likes to travel, dance and write. Wherever he goes, he writes poems and inscriptions. When he saw this ancient road in Shantang Street, he couldn't help being excited by poetry and immediately occupied one of the seven laws. Later, the seven tones were carved on the tablet by local officials and placed in the pavilion, which set each other off with the Yiquan Pavilion in the Ming Dynasty opposite, and became a major landscape of the ancient town.

Probably there are too many poems such as "A Tour Here" by Qianlong. It is said that during his 60 years in office, he wrote 4 1800 poems, with an average of 2 poems a day. Therefore, later generations have different opinions on his poetry and calligraphy. He himself thought there were too many poems, saying, "Five episodes turned into 40 thousand wonders and earned too many words." However, the calligraphy of Liu Yong, a great scholar in honker, is highly praised by later generations, calling him the "Prime Minister of Thick Ink" and the highest among a generation of calligraphers. What we are seeing now is Yin Hong Shan Jutu written by Liu Yong.

At that time, Emperor Qianlong lived in the palace of Lingyan Mountain, while those poets lived in Yin Hongshan's house. According to official records, Liu Yong stayed in Yin Hong Mountain House for the second time and reached a tacit understanding with his master Xu Shiyuan. The four characters "Four Proverbs of Cheng Zi" were specially given to Xu Shiyuan by Liu Yong. The word "Cheng" refers to Cheng and Cheng Hao, a Neo-Confucianist in the Northern Song Dynasty. They are brothers and their classmates. Yu Dun, the founder of Neo-Confucianism in the Northern Song Dynasty, is called "Cheng Er". Officials worship yamen to comment on books, oppose Wang Anshi's New Deal, and advocate that "special people want to save righteousness", and the wall is like a widow's remarriage. He thought it was a great rebellion. Defend the feudal rulers. The so-called "Four Proverbs of Cheng Zi" also requires scholars to abide by their duties and be loyal to the court.

This is the treasure of Yin Hong Mountain Residence: the Dragon Chair. It is not an ordinary seat, but a special seat for the holy driver when Kangxi visited Lingyanshan Palace in the south. Later, I also took it when I was traveling in Mudu. It is made of Millennium rosewood, and nine golden dragons soar, showing the supreme respect for the emperor. This dragon chair was originally preserved on Lingyan Mountain, which was handed down during the Cultural Revolution. Recently, it was received from people during the restoration of Yin Hong Mountain House.

Xu Shiyuan, the owner of Yin Hong Villa, is a scholar. He has never envied fame in his life, but he likes studying at home. Xu Shiyuan has a hobby of drinking. He often likes drinking with friends in the garden, and he can drink a lot. Because its house is adjacent to Hongqiao, it is called "Rainbow Drink", hence the name "Rainbow Drink Mountain House". Xu Shiyuan likes drinking, but never indulges in outdoor activities. He is a well-known dutiful son, who follows the rules all his life, especially filial to his parents. In order to please his parents, he specially built this ancient stage in the garden. Every spring and autumn, he invites the troupe to sing for his parents to satisfy their hearts and enjoy their lives. When you go to Mudu, you must visit the rainbow, drink the mountain house and see the plays here. It is said that on one occasion, Gan Long liked going to the theatre, and even went to the stage to dance swords to entertain himself, which was a bit of fun with the people.

However, ordinary people don't get such treatment when they go to the theatre with Master Gan Long. The only people who can accompany the emperor to the theatre on this terrace are officials with more than four grades. In other places, officials and gentry can only watch from the watchtowers on both sides of the stage, which is surrounded by imperial guards and officers and men, and ordinary people are not allowed to enter.

On the corridor walls on both sides of the stage, there are 65 couplets written by Wu celebrities in the Ming and Qing Dynasties and the Republic of China, which are called "Wuzhong couplets". Most of the selected celebrities are related to Mudu, and they are all great people in the book world with profound artistic attainments. The gallery also displays nearly 100 Qing Dynasty plaques, most of which were inscribed by important officials and scholars. Exquisite calligraphy, different styles and exquisite carving are very interesting and have great aesthetic value for collection and appreciation. Interested friends can enjoy browsing and savoring.

Now, we come to Dongyuan, a small hidden garden of Li in Ming Dynasty, which is famous for its ancient trees, strange stones and dense bamboo forests. In the early years of Qianlong, this garden was purchased by Xu Shiyuan, adding four halls, which were mainly used for daily life. The back garden opened a pool, piled stones and planted flowers. It has become an exquisite and elegant luxury garden, which can be connected with the entertainment area of the ancient stage and is self-contained, very quiet and leisurely.

This is the sedan chair hall, named "Lizitang", where Xu Shiyuan welcomes guests and parks sedan chairs. The word "Li Ci" comes from Li Sao, and there is a saying that "Li Ci was given a spare room, but he refused". Li Ci Shi is full of evil weeds. Xu Shiyuan used it as a metaphor to warn himself that he was a villain who was close to a gentleman but far away, so he named it sedan chair hall.

This is the hall, where the host holds weddings, ancestor worship ceremonies or entertains distinguished guests. The nave is a picture of an ancient kind bird. Expressed Xu Shiyuan's gratitude for his parents' upbringing. The calligraphy and painting on both sides are worth reading. Among them, this poem "Visiting Friends in the Spring Mountains" is the only poem left by Xu Shiyuan so far, which is fresh and refined, and has entrusted the poet with his feelings of seclusion. The other is Reading Mountain Houses at Night. The author is talking about a dragon who is also a mudu person. When Kangxi visited Mudu in the south, he talked about Ru Long as a scholar of Mudu. When he dedicated a poem to Kangxi, he was deeply appreciated. He was taken to Beijing and edited in the Ministry of Internal Affairs, which is equivalent to the current secretary of the Central Office.

By the end of the Qing Dynasty, when the Xu family declined, the East Garden was bought by the Chen family. Shen Shou, the granddaughter of the Chen family, grew up here and studied embroidery with her grandmother and sister Shen Li, striving to become the "embroidery queen". This temple was the embroidered building in Shen Shou in those days, and it was named "Snow Ring Building". Now, we have set up the Shen Shou Memorial Hall here, and introduced Shen Shou's life, artistic achievements and awards in detail. Interested friends can go and have a look.

In the 13th year of Tongzhi in Qing Dynasty (i.e. 1874), Shen Shou was born in Wuxian, which is now Qiaosikong Lane in Suzhou. When Shen Shou was 7 years old, she began to live in Mudu's grandmother's house, threading needles for her sister Shen Li and learning embroidery. The first work is "Hong Ying Map", which was embroidered as "Autumn Rain Moon" at the age of 12. Alarming the elders, 15 years old, is famous for her embroidery skills in Gusu.

In the 20th year of Guangxu (1894), 20-year-old Shen Shou married Shaoxing literati painter Yu Jue and lived in front of Suzhou Fanzhuang. Five years later, Yu Jue and I moved to Shanghai.

In the 30th year of Guangxu, Empress Dowager Cixi celebrated her seventieth birthday. Shen Shou, sister Shen Li, student Yu Jingfen and others embroidered two longevity screens, namely "Eight Immortals' Life Picture" and "Infinite Life Buddha", and presented them to Cixi. Magnetized by Cixi, it is called "peerless masterpiece". People specially designed the Ministry of Agriculture, Industry and Commerce to receive the fourth-class commercial honor of "Four Dragons and Baoxing" and gave it to Yu personally. Shen Shou, formerly known as Shen, was renamed Shen Shou after receiving the memorial from Cixi, and was renamed "Snow Officer". At this time, the court adopted the suggestion of the Ministry of Agriculture, Industry and Commerce, and set up the course of Good Embroidery Engineering, also known as Royal Embroidery School, with Shen Shou as the general education department and Yu Jue as the general affairs office. In June 65438 +065438 10, Shen Yu and his wife went to Japan to inspect the teaching of art schools, and returned to China in June 65438+10, bringing back 87 picture books, a small embroidered screen, gold thread and pigments. And began to try to use western prints and photographic pictures as embroidery manuscripts to create the technique of "simulated embroidery", which is of epoch-making significance.

In the thirty-second year of Guangxu, Shen Shou embroidered China's first portrait embroidery, The Portrait of the Italian Queen Elena, and won the first prize at the Du Lang Expo in Italy. Awarded "the highest honor and the highest outstanding certificate in the world" and known as "the magic needle".

When the Revolution of 1911 broke out, the embroidery engineering department of Shenshou Women Worker was dissolved, and Shen Yu and his wife went to Tianjin to set up their own embroidery workshop. 19 14. At the invitation of Zhang Qian, Shen Shou went to Nantong as the director of embroidery workshop and trained 150 embroidered mothers for Nantong. In February of the following year, the United States held an exposition in San Francisco to commemorate the opening of the Panama Canal. Shen Shou's "World Savior Jesus" won the first prize in the Expo, and its reputation spread far and wide, and it was called "embroidered saint".

19 17 10 Shen Shou fell ill. During his illness, Shen Shou dictated his life experience and the theoretical points of embroidery skills, which was compiled by Zhang Qian's notes into the Snow Ring Embroidery Manual, which is the first such manual in China. During this period, Shen Shou fell ill, and embroidery became the last work of her life, the image of an actress. 192/kloc-0 On June 8th, 2008 (the third day of the fifth lunar month), Shen Shou died at the age of 47 and was buried in Huangmin Mountain, Nantong.

As a generation of embroidery queen, Shen Shou has trained a large number of embroidery talents for our country and won great honor for Suzhou embroidery in the world. This is Shen Shou's great disciple Jin Jingfen, the first director of Suzhou Embroidery Institute after liberation, and the representative of the Third National People's Congress. This is Shen Shou's niece Cuizhen Shen, Zou Taofen's wife. This is their family photo with Zou Jiahua in the middle. Shen Shou is the pride of Su embroidery and Mudu.

Ladies and gentlemen, now we come to Xiyuan, which was originally a five-heart villa in party member, Lindong, in the Ming Dynasty. It was built in Chongzhen for four years, namely 163 1. At that time, Wu Xinyi was dismissed for impeaching eunuch Wei Zhongxian. First, rural houses were built in Suzhou, which is now the East Garden of Humble Administrator's Garden. It's still too noisy in the city, so a leaf-pruning garden was built on the banks of Xiangxi River in Mudu, and three or five comrades were often invited to watch and sing in the garden to relieve their mood. Soon, Five Hearts and One Heavy was put into use by the imperial court, and successively became Tai Fuqing (equivalent to the current deputy director of the Propaganda Department of the CPC), Ying Tianfu Jia (equivalent to the current mayor of Beijing) and Shao Sikou (equivalent to the current deputy director of the Ministry of Justice).

As we all know, Mudu is not only the only ancient garden town in the south of the Yangtze River, but also the place where Qianlong visited six times. Therefore, in the process of restoring the Yin Hong Mountain House, we traveled all over the country, looking for the treasure of Qing imperial culture. Now, please follow me to appreciate these treasures of the town garden, which are rare.

We first came to Imperial Edict Hall, where 20 imperial edicts of ten emperors, namely Shunzhi, Kangxi, Yongzheng, Qianlong, Jiaqing, Daoguang, Xianfeng, Tongzhi, Guangxu and Xuan Tong, were displayed. Usually, we can often see such scenes in classical dramas and movies. A maid-in-waiting eunuch was reading the imperial edict, holding a piece of yellow silk: "The emperor sent a letter to heaven, and the emperor said-". In fact, these are props for performance, but few people have really seen the imperial edict and imperial edict.

So, what is the real imperial edict?

The so-called "imperial edict" is the folk title of "imperial edict" and "imperial edict" to the emperor. "Imperial edict" refers to the imperial edict; The "seal" is equivalent to the "power of attorney", "appointment letter" and "employment document" of the current organization department. There are two kinds of "imperial edicts": one to five imperial edicts, and imperial edicts are colored silk; The sixth to ninth grades gave orders to use white silk. In the Qing Dynasty, this precious silk brocade was specially woven by Jiangning. Cao Xueqin, the famous author of A Dream of Red Mansions, once worked in Jiangning, and his grandfather Xu Li also worked in Suzhou.

The imperial edict is generally 3 to 5 meters long and 33 centimeters wide. Why is it so long? First, there are many contents, including not only the titles and awards of officials, but also the deeds of officials. In addition to honoring the official himself, it also gives a "push ceremony" to his predecessor and wife, and even extends to the descendants of the official. Second, the imperial edict of the Qing Dynasty was written in "the combination of Manchu and Chinese": Manchu lines went from left to right, and Chinese lines went from right to left, which fit in the middle of the picture and wrote "year, month and day". Write the year and month according to the date of the imperial edict, with the "treasure of the imperial edict" stamped on it, which is also the "imperial seal" of the emperor.

In order to prevent the imperial edict from being forged, the ancient imperial edict also had its specific anti-counterfeiting mark. Look at the two ends of these imperial edicts. There are two silver dragons flying up and down, with four extraordinary seal characters in the middle, which are both sacred and magnificent. This is the anti-counterfeiting mark of the imperial edict of the Qing Dynasty.

From the pattern of imperial edict, we can see the status level of the sealed person. Generally speaking, Xiangyun is used below level 5, and Ruihe is used above level 5.

For the custody of the imperial edict, there have been quite strict regulations in the past dynasties. After receiving the imperial edict granted by the emperor, the officials carefully treasured the imperial edict in a secret box, and picked up wooden tablets and hung them on the temple to show the glory of the family. Damage caused by accidental water, fire or theft shall be granted after applying for reconsideration; If the collection is moth-eaten or damaged due to careless storage, the lighter one will be fined for six months, and the heavier one will be removed from office; The most powerful thing is the imperial edict of pawn, which violated the criminal law of the Qing Dynasty. In addition to seizure and surrender, it will also be handed over to the punishments for deceiving the monarch.

The person who specialized in writing imperial edicts in Ming and Qing Dynasties was called "Jishi Shu", while "Jishi Shu" had to be born in imperial academy, good at calligraphy and literary talent. Liu Gongquan, Yan Zhenqing and Dong Qichang, famous calligraphers in China, once served as "Jishi Shu", specializing in writing imperial edicts. Therefore, the imperial edicts of past dynasties are elegant and elegant, and their words are quite refined, which has high artistic appreciation and academic research value.

The quality of the materials used in the imperial edict also reflected the rise and fall of national strength at that time. The imperial edict in the prosperous period of the Qing Dynasty paid great attention to the use of silk, and in the later period, the materials became more and more exquisite. Look at this imperial edict of Guangxu. Its silk is as rough as linen. Puyi, the puppet emperor of Manchukuo, simply changed the imperial edict into a decree, and his decree was also changed into a judicial department.

Empress Dowager Cixi signed many unequal treaties in the late Qing Dynasty because of her autocracy and conservatism, which left her with eternal infamy. However, in this announcement issued by Guangxu on December 22, 2007, she has a very progressive side, which is an imperial edict to treat the whole people equally. The imperial edict says: 1. Abolish the prohibition of marriage between Manchu and Han; The second is to discourage the bad habit of foot-binding of Han women and make them return to nature; Thirdly, it is forbidden to recruit women among women in China.

The imperial examination system was a basic system for cultivating talents and selecting officials in China feudal dynasty. During the 300 years from the Sui Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty, there were more than 750 champions, 1, 65438+0,000, totaling one million. The rise and fall of politics, economy and culture in China are closely related to this system. The establishment of western civil service examination system also originated from China's imperial examination system. The imperial examination system is a great cultural wonder in the history of China and even the world.

This is a "permit" issued by the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, which is equivalent to the current letter of introduction. It has the names of the candidate's great-grandfather, grandfather and father. If the candidate's background composition is not good, he is not qualified to take the exam. Candidates with this "hukou card" can go to imperial academy to exchange this surveillance photo, which is equivalent to the current admission ticket. Although there was no camera in ancient times, the examinee's facial features can be clearly described by words: "According to Fang Zhongshu's records, Wen Shishou is from Jiexiu County, Fenzhou District, Shanxi Province, and his face is white, so he doesn't have to-"

This is a set of questions in Henan Province in the 20th year of Guangxu. * * * There are three sections, the first section is about the Four Books, the second section is about the Five Classics, and the third section is about the Five Classics. This is a complete set of rural examination papers, which is the original volume of Yao Yuxian Township 1-3 in Henan Province. It is very precious. The requirements of the Qingxiang examination are strict. Starting from the candidates' names, faces, ages and descriptions, and the names of the last three generations, the official seals such as invigilator, customs officer, liaison officer (stopping inside and stopping outside), official seal and liaison officer are stamped. After passing the provincial examination, the candidates will be a juror, and they can go to Beijing to take the exam and palace examination three years later.

This is the highest-level paper in the imperial examination-the imperial examination paper. Palace examination is the highest-level examination in the country, presided over by the emperor himself and held in the Hall of Supreme Harmony (later changed to Baohe Hall). In the exam, the first place is the champion, the second place is the second place, and the third place is the flower exploration. Those who take the second place are given the background of Jinshi, and those who take the third place are given the background of Jinshi. This is a temple paper, written on both sides, with profound calligraphy skills, pertinent content and wonderful language. It is a rare learning mode.

Feudal imperial examination can be described as a strict examination room, but it still can't stop all kinds of strange cheating methods. This kind of silk is 45 cm long and 38 cm wide, so candidates can easily hide in their shoes. Each word is only 2-3 mm, and the strokes are as thin as hair, which is beautifully written. * * * More than 28,000 words, including all the contents and notes of the four books. This book is so small that it is obviously convenient for candidates to cheat, but the cunning bookseller wrote on the title page the words "Fortunately, don't bring it into the room by mistake", which is really "there is no silver here", just to avoid the exposure of candidates and implicating themselves.