2. What are the balance, symmetry, contrast and concentration in the structural principle?

The basic principles of composition stress: balance and symmetry, contrast and viewpoint (also called concentration).

1, on balance and symmetry

Balance and symmetry are the basis of composition, and their main functions are to stabilize the picture. Balance and symmetry are not a concept, but they have internal identity-stability. The sense of stability is a visual habit and aesthetic concept formed by human beings in their long-term observation of nature. Therefore, all plastic arts that conform to this aesthetic concept can produce aesthetic feeling, while those that violate this principle will look uncomfortable. Equilibrium and symmetry are not average, but a logical proportional relationship. Although the average value is stable, it lacks change. Without change, there is no aesthetic feeling, so the most taboo of composition is that the picture is evenly distributed. Symmetry has a strong sense of stability, and symmetry can make the picture feel solemn, solemn and harmonious. For example, ancient Chinese architecture is a model of symmetry, but relative to symmetry and balance, the change of balance is far greater than symmetry. Therefore, although symmetry is an important principle of composition, there are fewer opportunities for practical application, and you will feel the same way if you use it more.

The most important things in composition are the "needle" shape and the Sanqi rule. The zigzag composition method and the Sanqi composition method are often called the golden composition method, and the triangle composition method is called eternity, both of which refer to balance. What is zigzag composition? That is, when three objects appear on the screen at the same time, they should not be placed on a line at equal distance, but should be triangular, like a character. As long as you pay attention, this triangle is everywhere in nature. Dashan is composed of countless triangles, staggered up and down, arranged orderly, like a huge character or triangle, which has a strong charm of arrangement.

What is the composition of "37 Laws"? Is the proportion of the picture. If it is a vertical diagram, the top accounts for three points and the bottom accounts for seven points, or the top accounts for seven points and the bottom accounts for three points; If the picture is horizontally composed, the right side accounts for three points, the left side accounts for seven points, or the right side accounts for seven points and the left side accounts for three points. In the field of Chinese painting, this composition layout is called the best composition layout proportion relationship. The so-called best is not single or unique. Under special circumstances, it can also be broken according to the needs of the subject matter, and the 28 th Law or the 46 th Law can also be used. Originally, art was about law, not law. In short, it is a comprehensive consideration and a comprehensive application. For photographers. If you can use balance and contrast freely, you have mastered the basic essentials of photographic composition.

2. About comparison

Clever contrast can not only enhance the artistic appeal, but also clearly reflect and sublimate the theme. Comparative composition is to highlight the theme and strengthen the theme. There are various contrasts and ever-changing, but they are similar. We can draw the following conclusions:

The first is the comparison of modeling. Such as: big and small, tall and short, old and young, fat and thin, thick and thin.

The second is the contrast of colors. Such as: deep and shallow, cold and warm, bright and dark, black and white.

The third is the contrast between ash and ash. Such as: deep and shallow, bright and dark, etc.

In a work, you can use a single contrast, but you can also use multiple contrasts at the same time. Contrast method is relatively easy to master, but we should be careful not to copy mechanically, far-fetched, and not to pretend to be the master.

3. About opinions

Viewpoint composition is to attract the audience's attention to the center of the picture. Viewpoint is the name of perspective, also called vanishing point. To make a clear point, we have to start from three lines: the apparent horizon, the horizon and the horizontal line. The visual horizon is a line parallel to the eyes. We stand anywhere and look into the distance. There is a clear line where heaven and earth meet or where water and sky meet. This line is just parallel to the eyes. This is the obvious horizon. This line varies with the height of the eyes. The higher a person stands, the farther he can see. This is the truth, but when you walk up a flight of stairs, you broaden your horizons by 300 miles. On the other hand, when people stand low, they can see from the horizon that the low place is nearby and small. According to the perspective principle, objects above the horizon, such as mountains and buildings, are all near high and far low, near large and far small; Obvious objects below the horizon, such as the earth, oceans and roads, are near low and far high, near wide and far narrow, and extend upward to the left and right. In this way, with the direction of the human eye as the axis, it extends in one direction, up and down, left and right, and finally gathers together, concentrates at one point and disappears in the line of sight plane. This is the origin of the viewpoint. The lens of the camera is designed according to the principle of human eyes and perspective. Aperture is like the pupil of the human eye. Pupils contract or enlarge with light, so what the camera takes is basically the same as what the human eye sees. In a sense, what is photographed with a camera is more accurate than what people see. Sometimes people don't feel the difference in distance when they look at it, as if they are on a plane, but objects farther away are much smaller after being photographed, because of the role of perspective. When we know the principle of perspective, we can give full play to the role of perspective. If you want to make the object bigger, just put it close to the lens; If you want to make the two sides bigger and the picture wider, you must choose the shooting position at a high place and shoot with a depression angle, which will get satisfactory results; If you want to shoot the stereo photo of an object, you can choose the shooting angle of the side of the object. The function of viewpoint is to draw people's attention to a point in the picture. This point should be the theme of the picture, but its position is not fixed. According to the needs of the subject, it can be placed at any point on the top, bottom, left and right of the picture. No matter where you put it, the extension lines of the surrounding objects should focus on this point. If there are two viewpoints in a picture, the picture will be scattered, and as an audience, I don't know where the photographer wants to express the theme. There can only be one viewpoint on the screen, which is the most fundamental difference between photography and painting in composition. Painting is about scattered perspective, and photography can only be a little bit, otherwise the composition and picture of photography will be very chaotic. There are two views on photographic works, which are roughly as follows; First, the tall object is placed in the center of the picture, and due to the perspective, the extension line extends in the opposite direction, resulting in the segmentation of the picture; Second, I want to show a variety of activities on one screen and form multiple centers; Third, when choosing the foreground, do not pay attention to the direction of the object extension line. Do not echo each other, but run counter to each other, and visually form a sense of division of the picture.