Film and television production special effects

For movies, there is a uniform distribution speed all over the world, that is, 24 frames per second. For TV, the playback speed of different formats is different in different countries. PAL system plays 25 frames per second, NTSC system plays 30 frames per second, and the playback speed of different high-definition formats is different, but for a certain format of programs we do, its playback speed is certain. If we use the same speed as the final playback speed in the early shooting, we will get the normal playback speed of the subject. On the contrary, we will get the unconventional playback speed of the set object. For example, early shooting used 48 frames per second, and then the projector used 24 frames per second for playback. The action we see will be twice as slow as the actual speed, which means that the usual slow-motion shooting method is high-speed photography. This technique is usually used to shoot model explosion scenes and some dramatic action scenes. Accordingly, slow photography refers to shooting at a frame rate lower than normal in the early stage, and the playback speed obtained is higher than normal. This shooting speed is usually called fast action. Sometimes even a frame is shot every few seconds or minutes, which is what we call frame-by-frame or delayed shooting. For example, if you want to show the audience the process of sunrise, sunset or flowering, you can use this shooting technique to achieve it. In addition, there are technologies such as stop shooting and multiple exposures. Only this side is exposed, and then the actor performs on the other side of the picture and exposes the other side at the same time.

2. Models and landscape shooting

Model shooting refers to shooting scenes, buildings, urban landscapes, spaceships, etc. In fact, it can't be photographed as a miniature model instead of a real scene. He is the longest-used stunt production method in film history. With the development of computer technology, digital technology has more and more profound influence on movie stunts. Theoretically, the virtual cg model modeled by computer can completely replace the real model. However, because the real model has higher photographic quality and realism, in many cases, the real model is given priority, and computer production is considered when the real model cannot be realized.

For some large-scale backgrounds, especially prospects, such as a city, or space, or some buildings and landscape scenes that don't exist at all, painting mirrors can be used to shoot. So you don't need to make a model in the studio or computer, you just need to find a master painter to draw one, which is cheaper than making a model. Making is more free. Although you only need to draw one picture, if you pay attention to the accuracy of drawing when drawing and add some dynamic elements when synthesizing, you can make the picture come alive. At first, they were all painted by hand dipped in pigment, and then they were painted directly on the computer after the development of digital technology. Star Wars, The Lord of the Rings, King Kong and so on. Used large-scale models and sets to shoot.

3, special effects shooting

Including blasting, fireworks and other effects of shooting. Blasting technology is an effect represented by chemical technology and occupies an important position in the field of special effects. General model blasting or computer-rendered image synthesis usually combines other special effects. Most modern films, especially those with war themes, have more and more successfully used model shooting and pyrotechnic blasting special effects. Later, electronic remote-controlled detonators and other shooting methods using electronic technology were developed.

It is not easy to shoot a real blasting scene. Due to the different manufacturing methods of gunpowder, the different shapes and colors of flame, the different installation position and dosage of explosives, the scene shape during explosion is also different. These all need theoretical and empirical support. There are also some 3D softwares and plug-ins that can achieve these effects well, which are recognized by many people in the industry.

4. Optical special effects

Optical stunts refer to special effects completed by using the functions of optical printers, such as overlapping, fading in and out, reverse printing, skipping printing, reprinting, frame-by-frame printing and so on.

Other special effects include pre-synthesis shooting and post-production synthesis, and making special effects shots in a purely digital way.

Concept of synthesis: synthesis refers to the process of mixing a variety of original materials into a single composite picture. All the later stages are determined by the earlier stage, in other words, there is no later stage without the earlier stage. In the later stage, it mainly solves the problems of color correction, special effect synthesis, image editing, sound effect and dubbing synthesis in the earlier stage.

It can dynamically connect, even exchange and replace the existing materials with the original materials. This produces the effect of grafting. We can easily achieve this effect in graphic software such as Photoshop (for example, changing this avatar to another person). I think this kind of thing has been done by anyone who has touched an airplane. Then the only difference between later software and this kind of flat software is that later software is dynamic, while flat software is static. There must be a difference between dynamic and static, so we use our own set of methods to deal with these dynamic things in the later software. This can save costs, ensure the safety of licensed actors and facilitate control in the whole film production.

The application of composition in movies;

In the following series of pictures, we can see many little-known movies. Let's take a look at how to solve some problems later. At the same time, understand the importance of synthesis in film and television production. Overlapping stunts are called "matting" in TV production and "matting" in film production. It uses various methods to display one material on top of another. It takes advantage of the opacity of the fragment.

The adjustment of transparency is to adjust the transparency of the whole foreground material to gradually darken, and at the same time, the background material gradually appears, so as to achieve the hazy effect that the foreground and background appear at the same time.

Keying Keying stunt is to superimpose one part of the material on another. As the foreground material, it is better to have a single background color, which is different from the part that needs to be preserved, so that the background color can become transparent, and the background material can be seen in the transparent part of the foreground material when superimposed, forming a mixed scene. The transition effect is mainly used in the connection between one scene and another, which is often called the switching effect. Premiere provides 10 types and dozens of transitional effects.

Application of transition effect:

1. In the picture editing, the transition effect is added for the connection of two shots;

2. Add animation effect to program subtitles;

3. Multi-picture effect production;

4. Special effects production of program packaging. Making sports the soul of movies and using sports special effects flexibly can make film and television works more colorful. Motion effect can move, rotate and enlarge the video material, which can make the still picture produce different animation effects. Use keyframes to control the effect:

The basis of animation comes from frames, while the basis of special effects comes from key frames, which is a very important concept in Premiere.

A keyframe is a specific frame contained in a clip, and it is also a timestamp for setting filters for images, videos and audio. When the parameter settings of two key frames are different, Premiere will automatically calculate the difference between different parameters, so that the filter effect changes constantly between the two key frames, realizing natural transition and producing dynamic filter effect.

Make fast and slow shots, reverse shots and still pictures;

Snapshot: normal shooting, reducing the number of pictures played per second;

Slow motion: normal shooting, increasing the number of pictures played per second;

Reverse lens: normally shoot the picture and play it in reverse;

Still frame: freeze a certain piece of material in a certain picture and play it as a still image.