What is the significance of the launch of Chang 'e-1? China who explored the moon?

Chang 'e Project [China's first lunar exploration project]

Catalogue, engineering objectives

Engineering scheme

project plan

Engineering personnel

Launching artificial earth satellites, manned space flight and deep space exploration are the three major areas of human space activities. Returning to the moon, developing lunar resources and establishing a lunar base have become the inevitable trend and competitive hotspot of world space activities. Carrying out lunar exploration is an important measure for China to take the first step in deep space exploration. Exploring the moon will be a breakthrough in China's deep space exploration. The moon has become the focus of future space powers for strategic resources. The moon has various unique resources for human development and utilization. The unique minerals and energy on the moon are important supplements and reserves of the earth's resources and will have a far-reaching impact on the sustainable development of human society. Chinese lunar exploration is China's independent exploration and observation of the moon, also known as Chang 'e Project. After the State Council officially approved the lunar exploration project, the lunar exploration leading group named the project "Chang 'e Project" and named the first lunar satellite "Chang 'e-1". Chang 'e-1 satellite was developed by China Academy of Space Technology. It is mainly used to obtain three-dimensional images of the lunar surface, analyze the distribution characteristics of related material elements on the lunar surface, detect the thickness of lunar soil and detect the space environment of the earth and the moon.

Engineering objective

China's lunar exploration project will achieve the following four scientific goals:

1. Get the 3D image of the lunar surface. Divide the basic geomorphological structural units of the lunar surface, and initially draw up the outline map of the lunar geology and structure, so as to provide reference for the subsequent optimization of soft landing.

2. Analyze the distribution characteristics of useful elements and substance types on the lunar surface. Detect the useful elements on the surface of the moon, and initially draw up the distribution map of each element on the surface of the moon.

3. Detect the characteristics of lunar soil. Detect and evaluate the thickness of lunar soil layer on the lunar surface and the amount of helium -3 resources in lunar soil.

4. Exploring the space environment of the Earth and the Moon. Record the original solar wind data and study the influence of solar activity on the space environment of the earth and the moon.

Luan Enjie, deputy director of the Commission of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense, director of the National Space Administration and commander-in-chief of the lunar exploration project, said that the lunar exploration project system consists of five systems: lunar exploration satellite, launch site, measurement and control and ground application, and will achieve the following five engineering goals:

⊙ Developing and launching China's first lunar exploration satellite;

⊙ Initially master the basic technology of lunar exploration;

⊙ The first scientific exploration of the moon;

⊙ Preliminary construction of lunar exploration space engineering system;

Accumulate experience for the follow-up project of lunar exploration.

Engineering scheme

As early as 1994, China's space scientists and technicians studied the necessity and feasibility of lunar exploration activities, completed the technical scheme of lunar exploration satellites in 1996, and completed the key technologies of satellites in 1998, and then carried out in-depth demonstration.

After 10 years of brewing, it was finally determined that the whole lunar exploration project in China was divided into three stages: "around", "down" and "back"

The first step is to "orbit", that is, launch China's first lunar exploration satellite, break through the flight technology to extraterrestrial bodies, and realize the lunar exploration satellite's flight around the moon. Through remote sensing detection, we can obtain three-dimensional images of the lunar surface, detect the contents and material types of useful elements on the lunar surface, detect the characteristics of lunar soil, and detect the space environment of the earth and the moon during the lunar exploration satellite's flight to the moon. The first lunar exploration satellite Chang 'e-1 was launched on June 24th, 2007.

The second step is "down" from 2007 to 20 10. That is, launch a lunar soft landing device, break through the landing technology of extraterrestrial bodies, carry out lunar soft landing and automatic patrol survey with lunar patrol detectors, detect the topography, geological structure, chemical and mineral composition and lunar environment of rocks in the landing area, carry out on-site detection and sampling analysis of lunar rocks, and carry out solar-terrestrial-lunar space environment monitoring and moon-based astronomical observation. The specific scheme is to use patrol cars and automatic robots that landed safely on the lunar surface to detect the composition of rocks and minerals in the landing area, measure the heat flow and surrounding environment at the landing site, and take high-resolution photography and on-site detection or sampling analysis of lunar rocks, so as to provide chemical and physical parameters of the lunar surface for future lunar base site selection.

The third step is "back", and the time is set at 20 1 1 until 2020. That is, launch the lunar soft landing device, break through the technology of extraterrestrial objects returning to Earth, automatically sample the lunar samples and return them to Earth, analyze and study the samples on Earth, and deepen the understanding of the origin and evolution of earth-moon system. The goal is to patrol the moon and return samples.

The third phase of lunar exploration mainly includes the following five scientific objectives:

1. Investigation and study on the lunar phase and lunar background in the exploration area

Using the in-situ detection and analysis instrument carried by the lander robot, the morphological information of the detection area is obtained, the mineral chemical composition and physical characteristics of the selected area on the lunar surface are measured, and the lunar structural background of the detection area is analyzed, providing systematic regional background data for sample research, and establishing the relationship between laboratory data and in-situ detection data of the lunar surface, deepening and expanding the research of lunar detection data. The investigation and research tasks of the lunar phase and lunar background in the detection area mainly include:

1) lunar surface topography detection and lunar structure analysis;

2) The characteristics, structure and thickness of the lunar soil in the exploration area, and the structural exploration of the shallow part of the lunar rock (1 ~ 3 km);

3) Field analysis of mineral/chemical composition in the exploration area.

2. Collect moon soil and moon rock samples and return to the ground.

The surface of the moon is covered with lunar soil. The lunar soil contains various lunar rocks and mineral fragments, which records the history of lunar surface impact and solar activity. Moon rocks and minerals are the main sources of information for studying moon resources, material composition, formation and evolution. Collecting lunar soil profile samples and lunar rock samples is of great significance to the investigation of lunar surface resources, lunar material composition, lunar physics research, lunar surface process and solar activity history. The main tasks of collecting open rock samples from lunar soil cores and returning them to the ground include:

1) Based on the investigation of regional topography and lunar quality, the lunar soil core was drilled by using the drilling sampling device on the lander;

2) Collecting moon rock/moon soil samples by using the mechanical arm on the lander;

3) On the basis of on-site composition analysis, the sampling device chooses to collect moon samples;

4) Both the lander and the lunar rover carry out selective sampling, and the lunar rover can select and collect various types of samples in more areas, and finally send them back to the return cabin.

3. Laboratory systematic study of moon soil and moon rock samples and evaluation of the utilization prospect of some important resources.

Laboratory systematic study of moon soil and moon rock samples and evaluation of some important resource utilization prospects mainly include:

1) Organize domestic laboratories in various related fields to systematically study the moon samples returned to Earth, such as laboratory analysis and research on material composition (rocks, minerals, chemical composition, trace elements, isotopes and age determination) and physical properties (mechanics, electricity, optics, acoustics, magnetism, etc.). ), materials science, nuclear science and other related disciplines;

2) The moon is rich in energy and mineral resources, and the evaluation of the utilization prospect of important resources is the leading work for human beings to use the moon resources, which can make necessary preparations for the development and utilization of the moon resources and the construction of human future moon bases; According to the characteristics of the moon's resources, the contents of important resources He-3, H and ilmenite in the moon samples were determined, and their occurrence forms were studied.

3) Study the adsorption mechanism of solar wind particles such as He-3 and the genetic mechanism of ilmenite-enriched ore;

4) Carry out laboratory simulation research on the exploitation of gas resources such as He-3 and H. ..

4. Study on the formation and evolution of lunar soil and lunar shell.

The formation of lunar soil is one of the most important processes on the surface of the moon, and it is a window to study solar activities on a large time scale. The evolution of the moon basically stopped 3 1 100 million years ago, so the formation and evolution of rocks and minerals on the lunar surface can reflect the early development history of the lunar shell. The size, distribution, density and age of impact craters on the surface of the moon record the complete history of small celestial bodies hitting the moon, which is the best information carrier for comparative study of the early evolution of the earth and catastrophic events.

5. Moon-based space environment and space weather detection

Solar activity is the main factor that induces the changes of space environment and space weather, and has great influence on human activities such as aerospace. In the third phase of the lunar exploration project, space environment and space weather detection include the following contents:

1) space environment detector

Record the flux and energy spectrum of cosmic rays, solar high-energy particles and low-energy particles, and analyze and study the changes of solar activities and the space environment of the earth and the moon; Detecting the composition and flux of solar wind provides a basis for estimating the maturity of lunar soil and helium -3 resources.

2) Very low frequency radio observation

A very low frequency interference observation array consisting of two antenna elements is placed on the surface of the moon to conduct long-term mapping and time-varying research on the sun and interplanetary space, and establish the world's first long-term facility capable of observing very low frequency electromagnetic radiation.

When the three steps of "circling, falling and returning" are completed, China's unmanned lunar exploration technology will be mature, and the day when China people will land on the moon will not be far away.

project plan

The lunar exploration project is the first stage of lunar exploration in China, that is, the development and launch of the first lunar exploration satellite. The star will orbit the moon and send the detected data back to the ground. The project consists of five systems: lunar exploration satellite, launch vehicle, launch site, measurement and control and ground application. It has been determined that the lunar exploration satellite mainly uses the platform of Dongfanghong III, the launch vehicle uses the Long March 3A rocket, the launch site uses the xichang satellite launch center, the detection system uses the existing TT&C network, and the ground application system is developed by Chinese Academy of Sciences.

The specific scheme is that the "Long March 3A" rocket takes off from Xichang Launch Center, and sends the "Chang 'e-1" satellite into geosynchronous transfer orbit to realize the separation of the star and the arrow. Finally, the satellite enters a circular orbit around the north and south poles of the moon to detect the moon. The height of the orbit from the surface of the moon is 200 kilometers.

Chang 'e-1 satellite with a design life of 1 year carries a variety of scientific instruments to explore the moon, such as stereo camera, imaging spectrometer, laser altimeter, microwave radiometer, solar cosmic rays detector and low-energy ion detector. During its mission around the moon, it mainly obtains three-dimensional images of the lunar surface, analyzes the distribution characteristics of useful elements and material types on the lunar surface, detects the thickness of lunar soil, and detects the space environment of the earth and the moon. Among them, the first three projects have not been carried out abroad, and the fourth project is the first time that China has obtained space environment parameters beyond 80 thousand kilometers. In addition, the United States has explored five kinds of resources on the moon, and China will explore 14 kinds, among which the important target is the helium -3 resources on the moon. Helium -3 is an important fuel that is safe, efficient, clean and pollution-free. According to statistics, helium -3 on the moon can meet the power supply needs of human beings 1 10,000 years. The content of helium -3 in lunar soil can reach 5 million tons.

Chang 'e project is a completely independent innovation project, and it is also the first lunar exploration activity in China. The project was established on June 5438+ 10, 2004. At present, the product development of Chang 'e-1 satellite and Long March 3A carrier rocket and the construction of launch site, measurement and control and ground application system have been completed. On October 24th, 2007, 165438+ was successfully launched in xichang satellite launch center. Lunar exploration is a very complicated and high-risk project. Up to now, human beings have launched a lunar probe 122 times, with 59 successes and a success rate of 48%. The success rate of China Long March 3A carrier rocket is 100%.

Engineering personnel

Hao Xifan, Deputy Director of the Lunar Exploration Engineering Center;

Ye Peijian, chief commander and chief designer of satellite system, Sun Zezhou and Sun Huixian, deputy chief designers;

Jin Zhiqiang, deputy commander of the Long March 3A carrier rocket;

Li Chun, Chief Designer of Ground Application System

Dong et al., deputy chief designer of the measurement and control system of China's lunar exploration project.

rocket

Chang 'e-1 carrier rocket Long March 3A rocket * * * has carried out 14 launch missions, with a success rate of 100%!

Payload of Chang 'e-1 satellite

Scientific goal

China plans to launch the first lunar exploration satellite in 2007, which is the first step of deep space exploration in China. The scientific objectives of China's lunar exploration project are: to obtain three-dimensional images of the lunar surface; Analyze the content and distribution of useful elements and material types on the surface of the moon; Measure the thickness of lunar soil and evaluate the amount of helium -3 resources; And the exploration of the space environment of the earth and the moon.

actual load

In order to achieve the above scientific objectives, the Lunar Exploration-1 satellite will be equipped with five kinds of scientific payload detection equipment, such as CCD stereo camera and interferometric imaging spectrometer. Laser altimeter; Microwave detector; γ/X-ray spectrometer and space environment detection system. In order to collect, store, process and transmit the scientific data of payload, a payload data management system is specially designed.

CCD stereo camera and laser altimeter accomplish the first scientific goal, that is, to obtain the three-dimensional image of the lunar surface; Interferometric imaging spectrometer and γ/X-ray spectrometer complete the second scientific goal, that is, to analyze the content and distribution of useful elements and substance types on the lunar surface; The microwave detector completes the third scientific goal, that is, measuring the thickness of lunar soil and evaluating the amount of helium -3 resources; Space environment exploration has completed the fourth scientific goal, that is, space environment exploration of the Earth and the Moon.

Stereo camera and interference imaging spectrometer

Stereo camera consists of optical system, structural components supporting the optical system, CCD array and corresponding signal processing subsystem. When the satellite is flying, three parallel CCD linear arrays can obtain three two-dimensional original data images of the same target on the lunar surface, namely, the point under the satellite, the front view and the back view, and the three-dimensional image of the lunar surface can be reproduced after three-dimensional reconstruction.

Interferometric imaging spectrometer is used to obtain multi-spectral images of the lunar surface. It includes three main optical subsystems: Sagnac interferometer, Fourier transform lens and cylindrical lens.

Laser altimetry system

The laser altimeter system is used to measure the distance between the satellite and a point below the surface of the moon. The laser altimeter system consists of a laser transmitter and a receiver. The laser transmitter is used to transmit laser pulses to the surface of the moon, and the receiver is used to receive backscattered laser pulses. The round-trip time of the laser pulse gives the distance information from the satellite to the surface of the moon.

γ/X-ray spectrometer

γ/X-ray spectrometer is used to measure the species and abundance of elements on the surface of the moon.

Atoms or nuclei of lunar surface materials are excited by cosmic ray particles, which will produce characteristic X-rays and γ-rays. Some natural radioactive elements themselves can emit nuclear gamma rays, and different elements can emit characteristic gamma rays with different energies. By measuring the energy and flux of these characteristic gamma rays with a gamma-ray spectrometer, scientists can infer the types and richness of elements on the surface of the moon.

As the study of the composition of the lunar surface, the measurement results of γ spectrometer and X spectrometer can complement each other well.

Microwave detector

Microwave detector is one of the payloads of Chang 'e-1 satellite and is designed as a multi-band microwave radiometer. The scientific goal of microwave detector is to obtain the lunar soil thickness information from the brightness temperature data representing the microwave radiation of lunar materials by using the penetration and propagation characteristics of microwave signals to lunar surface materials. Obtain the microwave remote sensing information of the moon night and the microwave remote sensing information of the moon poles. It is the first time in the world to explore the moon with microwave radiometer. The acquisition of lunar microwave remote sensing information and the inversion of lunar soil information will greatly enrich human understanding of the moon.

Space environment detection system

The space environment detection system includes solar high-energy particle detector and two solar wind ion detectors. Solar high-energy particle detector is used to analyze protons, electrons and heavy ions in the space around the earth and the moon. The high energy ion detector includes a sensor and a signal processing subsystem. Two solar wind ion detectors are used to analyze the low-energy ions in the solar wind in the space environment of the Earth and the Moon. The sensor of solar wind ion detector consists of collimator, electrostatic analyzer and microchannel plate.

Load data management system (PDMS)

Payload data management system (PDMS) is a distributed system based on 1553B bus, which consists of bus controller (BC), mass storage (SSR), high-speed multiplexer (HRM), remote terminal (RT) and load distributor (PPD). Most loads communicate with PDMS through 1553B bus, while the laser altimeter and space environment monitoring system are connected to RT. The scientific data and engineering parameters of loads can be obtained by PDMS through 1553B bus and stored in SSR. When the satellite is in the receiving range of the ground station, the stored data and real-time data will be assembled into a serial sequence of coded virtual channel data unit (CVCDU) by HRM according to CCSDS standard, and then downlink to the ground. PDMS is a flexible and efficient system. If one load in a task stops detecting, other loads can share its storage and transmission resources.