In the ancient Ming Dynasty or Qing Dynasty, which river and region were prone to floods? What season is it usually? How are they handled?

Ming dynasty: mainly distributed in the lower reaches of the Yellow River, Suzhou-Songjiang area, eastern coastal areas and areas along the river, mostly in summer (see subtropical and temperate monsoon climate).

The Yellow River burst frequently in Ming Dynasty, once every seven months on average. Therefore, the task of river regulation is very heavy. In the strategy of river management, the Ming Dynasty paid more attention to the north than the south, focusing on water conservation, forming a pattern of "building dikes on the north bank and diverting water from the south bank". In the theory of river regulation, Pan Jixun (1521-1595) inherited and developed the theory of "building dikes to control water and attacking sand with water". According to the slope of the terrain, he built dikes in parallel according to local conditions, "borrowing the clarity of the Huaihe River and brushing the turbidity of the river". So "build a high weir, bundle the Huaihe River into the Qinghe estuary ... so that the two levels flow and the estuary will deepen itself". The result of Panjixun River regulation is satisfactory. He not only deepened the river course, but also changed the situation of high sand accumulation in Haikou, opened up the road for the Yellow River to enter the sea and made unprecedented achievements. Pan Jixun's main works in water conservancy include Introduction to River Defense and Notes of Prime Minister Cao He.

Treatment measures: 1. On the national side, sacrifices are exempted, and nursing homes, leaky gardens and Huimin pharmacies are set up to provide disaster relief.

2. Folk: the victims help themselves and help others.

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People and governance means:/question/481869118.html.

Qing dynasty: southern Shandong, northern Anhui, northern Jiangsu, Henan and Hebei

Measures: 1. Repair and reinforce dams.

2. Dredge the river and divert flood discharge.

In the Qing Dynasty, the annual maintenance system of river engineering was also established. That is, under the supervision of the river official, the water conservancy projects in important river sections are maintained and inspected regularly every year, and the problems are reinforced and repaired at any time. Small water conservancy renovation or new repair projects are generally included in the annual repair. The purpose of annual maintenance is to find problems in time, eliminate hidden dangers and prevent delays; First, continuously consolidate and strengthen dams, harness rivers, and improve the ability of river regulation projects to resist natural disasters. Every year, there are fixed funds for renovation projects in various places, and the Qing government allocates a large amount of special funds for this purpose every year.

In order to strengthen the management of water conservancy affairs in key areas, the Qing government, especially in the areas where the Yellow River, canals and Zhili rivers flow, established river affairs and river defense systems, set up relevant institutions, allocated a lot of manpower and material resources, made clear responsibilities, and managed and operated independently. The Qing Dynasty specially set up the yamen of the Governor of Rivers. There are three river captains * * *, who are respectively responsible for the regulation of Jiangsu Canal and its waterways, the Yellow River, the canal waterways and Zhili water systems in Henan and Shandong, the maintenance of water conservancy facilities and disaster prevention and relief work. The so-called "in charge of the river, dredging dikes in time, and synthesizing its laws and regulations" (note: Guangxu's "Imperial Qing Cases" volume 23, official department, official system; Draft of the History of Qing Dynasty (volume 1 16, annals 9 1, official position 3). )。 There is a 1 1 organization under the River Regulation Office, which is referred to as "River Regulation Office" for short. The subordinate institution of the river course is "Tang", and there is "Hong" under the Tang. "Hall" and "flood season" have their own river affairs and flood control areas. There are 35 "halls" and 1 1 "flood season" under the national rivers. (Note: Guangxu's "Qin Ding Qing Example" Volume 6, Zongrenfu, excellent shirt; Volume 9, issue 0 1, Ministry of Industry and River Engineering; Zhang Deze: An Introduction to State Organs in Qing Dynasty, Renmin University of China Press, 198 1, p. 234. )

In addition, the Qing dynasty also established an army with the main task of guarding the river and preventing floods, which was called "river soldiers" and its battalion was called "river camp". The number of Jiang soldiers, Jiangsu Province, 9533; Shandong Province, 764; Henan Province,1256; Zhili, 2 166. (Note: The number of river soldiers has changed in different periods. For example, the number of river soldiers in Jiangsu was 7,200 in 8 battalions in the early years of Kangxi, increased to 9 145 in 20 battalions in Yongzheng, and increased to 9,533 in Qianlong. See Fu Zehong: The Golden Mirror of Running Water (volume172); Guangxu "Yu Qing Example" Volume 903, Ministry of Industry, River Engineering. ) River soldiers are deployed on both sides of the Yellow River, canals and major rivers in Zhili, belonging to the corresponding rivers. In their respective defensive areas, they are engaged in the affairs of guarding the flood season and the river course. The so-called "river soldiers are set up for the purpose of compulsory service, and they are assigned to repair and defend in flood season according to the dispatch, each in their own jurisdiction, and patrol irregularly in flood season in Qiushui and other places, and try their best to protect them in case of danger" (Note: Fu Hongze: The Golden Mirror of Running Water, Volume 173. )。

In addition to the river soldiers, the Qing government also hired a large number of "river people" along the Yellow River and the canal. He Fu has many names, among which He Fu, whose main task is flood control, is called "Fu Bao". Fu Bao is stationed in the berm house along the Yellow River and the canal all the year round, patrolling the berm. In the Qing Dynasty, there were 2,258 in Jiangsu Province and 1 396 in Henan Province. During the Yongzheng period, Jiangsu built 1 154 castles along the Yellow River and the Canal, and Henan built 5 12 castles. (Note: Guangxu's Canon of Qing Dynasty, Volume 903, Ministry of Industry, River Engineering. )

The functions of the above-mentioned river system established in the Qing Dynasty, such as flood prevention and smooth flow of rivers, are mainly reflected in three aspects. The first is flood control and emergency rescue. During the flood season, He Bing and Fu Bao stood guard on the embankment to protect, repair and rob the buildings in distress, and the river officer was in command on the embankment. Second, the daily maintenance of flood control facilities. Annual maintenance of water conservancy facilities is carried out every year, and local siltation occurs in the river channel, and dredging is carried out in the dry season. Third, collect and transmit hydrological information. In the Qing Dynasty, relying on the river affairs system and local state and county governments, a system was established to report the flow and potential change information of important rivers such as the Yellow River and canals from bottom to top. In important estuaries or key complex places, set up hydrological observation points, set up scales, measure water level fluctuations, observe water potential changes, and report to superiors regularly.

The richest coastal areas in China, Jiangsu and Zhejiang, are often hit by tides, causing huge loss of life and property. In order to resist disasters, people began to build seawalls along the Yangtze River in the Tang Dynasty. The Qing dynasty also attached great importance to the construction of seawalls. The Yongzheng and Qianlong dynasties set up Zhejiang Haiphong Road and Jiangsu Haiphong Road, which were responsible for seawall affairs.

The construction of seawalls continued in the Qing Dynasty. Jiangsu seawalls were built in the Tang, Song, Yuan and Ming Dynasties, and by the Qing Dynasty, they were quite large, generally earthen ponds and stone ponds, made of earth or stone. On the basis of the original earthen ponds and stone ponds of the previous generation, the Qing government continued to build, rebuild, expand and maintain projects. In the second year of Yongzheng (1724), seawalls in Huating, Louxian and Shanghai were rebuilt on a large scale, and all the original earth ponds in the most threatened areas were converted into stone ponds. At the same time, more than 2,400 feet of soil pools in the adjacent areas were reinforced, with stones at the bottom and piles nailed outside. In the fifth year of Yongzheng (1727), this 2,400-foot earthen pool was converted into a stone pool. (Note: Guangxu's Canon of Qing Dynasty, Volume 903, Ministry of Industry, River Engineering. ) In the first year of Qianlong (1736), "Tutangtan Dam of West Xindun, Jinshantou, built * * * 456 feet; He also built a small stone pond 370 feet high in Hujiachang. Build a golden mountain pass with a water depth of 254 feet. " In the 12th year of Qianlong (1747), the elevation of Tongtang earth pool in Huating County was 785 1 ft. (Note: Guangxu's "Huating County Records" Volume 4, Haitang. ) In the 15th year of Daoguang (1835), Baoshan County, Taicang Prefecture was hit by a huge tsunami, and the original seawall was damaged in many places. Governor Lin Zexu raised money everywhere and built seawalls on a large scale. It took a year to build a new earth pond with a height of more than 5,200 feet and a slope of 1 100 feet. (Note: Guangxu's "Baoshan County Records" Volume II, Begonia. )

Characters: Zhang Boxing, Zhuang Hengyang, Qi, Qiang Wangtai, Ji Zengyun.

Disaster relief measures: government relief, donations from wealthy families, and people's efforts to save themselves (Baidu

Folk self-help after floods in Qing Dynasty

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