What are the main architectural styles in the world?

Baroque architecture is an architectural and decorative style developed on the basis of Italian Renaissance architecture in 17 ~ 18 century. It is characterized by free appearance, dynamic pursuit, rich decoration and sculpture, strong color, and commonly used curved surface and oval space.

The original meaning of the word baroque is grotesque, and classicists use it to refer to this architectural style that is considered to be deviant. This style has played an important role in opposing rigid classical forms, pursuing free and unrestrained styles and expressing secular interests, and has influenced city squares, garden art and even literary and art departments. It was once popular in Europe.

French neoclassical architecture

During the heyday of Louis XIII and Louis XIV's absolute monarchy from17th century to18th century, French began to advocate classical architectural styles and built many classical buildings. Classical architecture has rigorous modeling, classical columns are widely used, and interior decoration is rich.

The representative works of French classical architecture are large-scale and magnificent palace buildings and memorial square buildings. During this period, the French royal family and powerful ministers built separation halls and gardens, which were imitated by other European countries.

Gothic architecture

Gothic architecture is an architectural style that originated in France in the second half of the 1 1 century and was popular in Europe from 13 to15th century. Mainly seen in Catholic churches, it also affects secular buildings. Gothic architecture occupies an important position in the history of architecture with its superb technical and artistic achievements.

The structural system of Gothic church consists of stone skeleton coupons and flying buttresses. Its basic unit is to make a double-center skeleton tip coupon on the pillars at the four corners of a square or rectangular plane, one on each side and one on the diagonal, and the roof slate is supported on the coupon to form a vault. In this way, coupons with the same height can be made on different spans, and the vault is light in weight and clear in intersection, which reduces the thrust of the coupon foot and simplifies the construction.

Functionalist architecture

Functionalist architecture is an architectural school, which believes that the form of architecture should obey its function. Since ancient times, many buildings have paid attention to function. However, in the late19th century, some architects in Europe and America opposed the academic design idea of pursuing form and neglecting function, explored the road of new architecture and highlighted the function of architecture.

In the 1980s and 1990s, Sullivan, an architect of Chicago School, advocated the slogan "Form follows function", arguing that "function remains unchanged, so does form". Sullivan divided the shape of his high-rise office building into three sections according to the functional characteristics: the first floor and the second floor have similar functions, the upper floors are offices, and the top equipment floor is sections, which became a typical high-rise office building at that time.

Classical revival

Classical revival architecture was popular in some European and American countries from18th century to19th century, and it adopted rigorous ancient Greek and Roman architecture, also known as neoclassical architecture.

At that time, people were influenced by the Enlightenment and admired the ancient Greek and Roman culture. In terms of architecture, memorial buildings such as the square, the Arc de Triomphe and the meritorious column in ancient Rome have become examples to follow. At that time, many achievements were made in archaeology, and a large number of architectural treasures of ancient Greece and Rome were unearthed, which provided good conditions for the realization of this idea.

Ancient Roman architecture

Ancient Roman architecture is an architectural style in which the ancient Romans followed the architectural technology of Etruscans in Apen Peninsula and inherited the architectural achievements of ancient Greece, and made extensive innovations in architectural form, technology and art. Ancient Roman architecture reached its peak from/kloc-0 to the 3rd century, and reached the peak of ancient western architecture.

There are many kinds of ancient Roman architecture. There are Roman Pantheon, Venus and Roman temples, as well as religious buildings such as Baalbek Sun Temple, as well as public buildings such as palaces, theaters, arenas, baths, squares and rectangular halls (rectangular halls). Residential buildings include inner-chamber houses, houses combining inner-chamber houses with column houses, and apartments with four or five floors.

Romantic architecture

Romantic architecture is a popular architectural style influenced by literary romanticism in some European and American countries from the second half of18th century to the second half of19th century.

Romanticism emphasizes individuality in art, advocates naturalism, and advocates using medieval artistic style to compete with academic classicism. This trend of thought is manifested in the pursuit of ultra-dust and refined taste and exotic atmosphere in architecture.

Roman architecture

Roman architecture is an architectural style in the Christian-popular areas in Europe from 10 to 12 century. Roman architecture originally meant Roman architecture, and also translated into Roman architecture, Roman architecture, Roman-like architecture and so on. Roman architectural styles are common in monasteries and churches.

Roman architecture inherited early Christian architecture and adopted some traditional practices of Roman architecture, such as semi-circular arches and cross arches, and sometimes it was decorated with simplified classical columns and details. After a long-term evolution, the wooden roof of the early Christian church was gradually replaced by the vault, and the Roman arch ticket technology was constantly tested and developed. The buttress was used to balance the lateral force of the heavy vault, and later the heavy vault was gradually replaced by the skeleton certificate. A plane or a Latin cross. In order to worship icons and sacred objects, a number of small worship rooms have been added at the eastern end, and the plane form has become more and more complicated.

Rococo style

Rococo style is a kind of architectural style, which is mainly manifested in interior decoration. 18 was born in France in the 1920s and developed on the basis of baroque architecture.

Rococo style is characterized by bright colors, exquisite decoration and exquisite furniture, unlike Baroque style with strong colors and rich decoration. The interior space of Rococo architecture in southern Germany and Austria is very complicated.

Renaissance architecture

Renaissance architecture is an architectural style after Gothic architecture in European architectural history. /kloc-originated in Italy in the 0/5th century, and then spread to other parts of Europe, forming a unique Renaissance architecture. Italian Renaissance architecture occupies the most important position in Renaissance architecture.

The most obvious feature of Renaissance architecture is that it abandoned the Gothic architectural style in the Middle Ages, and re-adopted the pillar elements of ancient Greece and Rome in religious and secular architecture.

Modernist architecture

Modernist architecture refers to an architectural trend of thought that dominated the western architectural world in the middle of the twentieth century. The representative of this kind of architecture advocates that architects should get rid of the shackles of traditional architectural forms and boldly create brand-new buildings that meet the conditions and requirements of industrialized society. Therefore, it has distinct rationalism and radicalism, and is also called modernist architecture.

Modernist architectural thoughts came into being in the late19th century, matured in the 1920s, and swept the world in the 1950s and 1960s. Since the 1960s, some people think that modernist architecture is out of date, and some people think that the basic principles of modernist architecture are still correct, but they need to be revised and supplemented. Since 1970s, when referring to modernist architecture, some documents have been labeled as "1920s" or "orthodox".

Post-modernism architecture

Since the 1960s, there has been an ideological trend in the United States and Western Europe to oppose or amend modernist architecture. After World War II, modernist architecture became the dominant architectural trend in many parts of the world. However, differences quickly emerged within the modernist architectural camp, and some people questioned and criticized the views and styles of modernist architecture.

1966, in the book Complexity and Contradiction of Architecture, American architect Venturi put forward a set of architectural theories and propositions that were in sharp opposition to modernist architecture, which caused shock and repercussions in the field of architecture, especially among young architects and architectural students. In 1970s, the trend of opposing and deviating from architectural modernism became more intense. This tendency has been called by different names, such as "anti-modernism", "post-modernism" and "post-modernism", and the latter is widely used.

organic architecture

Organic architecture is a faction in the modern architectural movement, and the representative figure is American architect Wright. This school believes that the special appearance of each creature is determined by its internal factors that can survive in the world. Similarly, the form and composition of each building and the solution of various problems related to it should be considered according to its own internal factors and strive to be reasonable.

The core of this kind of thought is "Taoism is natural", that is, acting according to the truth inspired by nature, rather than imitating nature. Nature is organic, hence the name "organic architecture".

eclecticism

Eclectic architecture is a popular architectural style in some European and American countries from the first half of 19 century to the beginning of the 20 th century. Eclectic architects imitate various architectural styles in history at will, or freely combine various architectural forms. They don't emphasize the fixed French style, but only the proportional balance and pure formal beauty.

With the development of society, various buildings are needed to meet various requirements. /kloc-in the 0/9th century, the convenience of transportation, the progress of archaeology, the development of publishing industry and the invention of photography technology all helped people to understand and master the architectural heritage of previous times and regions. As a result, many cities have seen buildings with Greek, Roman, Byzantine, medieval, Renaissance and oriental sentiments.