What are the sixteen rules of photography?

Sunshine 16 rule. This basic rule is suitable for shooting scenes with bright daytime and uniform illumination, that is, the aperture is f 16 and the shutter speed is the reciprocal of the sensitivity index, for example, the aperture is f 16, the sensitivity is ISO 100, and the shutter speed can be selected as1100 seconds. On this basis, if shooting on the beach, the aperture can be reduced to f22, and if it is cloudy, the aperture can be enlarged to f 1 1, and so on.

Moon 1 1, 8 and 5.6 rules. This is a unique rule, which only works when shooting the moon: at the full moon, the aperture is f 1 1, and the shutter speed is higher than the reciprocal of the sensitivity index; When the month is short, the shutter speed is unchanged, but the aperture is changed to F8; If there is only one crescent moon left, choose f5.6 aperture at the same shutter speed.

3. The law of machine vibration. The minimum safe shutter speed for hand-held camera shooting is the reciprocal of the focal length of the lens used. Below this shutter speed, the vibration of the machine may cause the sharpness of the photo to decrease. For example, when using a 50mm lens, the shutter speed is higher than 1/60 seconds. If there is insufficient lighting in the scene, you can use a flash, tripod or let the camera use some fixed objects to solve it.

4. Grey card rules. In the process of shooting, using 18% gray card to measure light is the best way to get uniform and accurate photos. It doesn't matter even if you forget to bring your grey card. You can reach out and let it face the light source, use an exposure meter or a built-in photometer to measure light, and increase the exposure of 1 level according to the measured value (different skin colors may lead to a slight deviation in metering accuracy).

5. The law of depth of field. When focusing on a distant subject, the length of the depth of field area in front of the subject is usually twice as long as the length behind the subject. In other words, the subject is usually in the last third of the depth of field. This is the same in all apertures and focal lengths, except that the smaller the aperture, the shorter the focal length and the greater the depth of field, the greater the clear length you can shoot.

6. Maximum digital printing rules. In order to calculate the maximum print specification of photos that your digital camera can output (on the premise of acceptable imaging quality), you can divide the maximum resolution of your camera by 200 to calculate the print specification of this digital camera (some photographic articles and books call it exhibition-level photo quality). If you divide by 250, it is the limit print specification of this camera, and the unit of the result is inches. ?

Exposure rules. The most classic explanation is: "Expose according to highlights first, then develop according to dark parts", which is equally accurate for traditional reversal films and digital cameras, but when using negative films, especially color negative films, it is best to overexpose them in one file. ?

⒏ Rules for fast flash exposure. When using an automatic flash that will not automatically reduce the output of the flash and realize the light compensation of the flash, the sensitivity setting on the flash can be increased to twice the sensitivity of the used focal length.

(9) The working range rules of the flash lamp. You need this rule to know the maximum working range of your flash. This law is: "Double the distance and increase the photosensitive speed by four times". For example, if the sensitivity is ISO 100, the maximum effective distance of the flash is 6 meters, and when replacing ISO400 film or improving the sensitivity of digital camera to ISO400, the maximum effective distance of the flash is 12 meters.

⒑ Megapixel Multiplier Rule. In order to double the resolution of a digital camera, you must multiply the effective number of pixels of the digital camera by 4 (not twice! ), why is this? If you want to double the resolution, you must increase the effective pixels of the image sensor by 1 times in both horizontal and vertical directions, so the number of pixels on the image sensor is naturally 2 times ×2 times = 4 times!

⒒ solidification law of moving objects. In order to record an object moving perpendicular to the optical axis of the lens, you need to increase the shutter speed by 2 levels when the object is close to or away from the camera. When the object moves towards or away from the camera at an included angle of 45 degrees with the optical axis of the lens, the required shutter speed increases by 1 on the basis of the required shutter speed when the object moves towards or away from the camera. For example, if a person runs towards you at a medium speed, it takes1125 seconds to make a fixed movement. When he runs through the viewfinder at the same speed, he needs a shutter speed of 1/500 seconds. If he runs sideways, he only needs a shutter speed of 1/250 seconds.

5] Sunset Rule. In order to get accurate exposure when shooting at sunset, the metering area should be above the sun, but it cannot include the sun itself. If you want the whole scene to look like half an hour after sunset, you can reduce the aperture of 1 or reduce the exposure by one level.

"16" in the formula does not mean that the aperture must be f/ 16. If f/ 1 1 is selected, the shutter speed will be doubled to 1/200 seconds, and so on. ?

Secondly, it should be adjusted according to the weather conditions. If it is cloudy instead of sunny, use EI 100 film. If the shutter speed is still1100 seconds, then the aperture should be doubled from116 to1100. And so on.