Pronunciation from

Backcut zhuyin:

The anti-tangent method is a phonetic notation method created by the ancients after "pronunciation" and "reading if", also known as "anti", "cutting", "turning" and "anti-tangent". The basic rule of backcutting is to put two Chinese characters together to annotate a word, cut the upper word to take the initial consonant, and cut the lower word to take the vowel and tone.

Origin:

Fanqie was first called irony in Han Dynasty. Influenced by foreign Buddhism in Wei and Jin Dynasties, it started the road of development. Sanskrit is just a letter, and it has no anti-tangent function. Yan Zhitui's Yan Jia Xun Yin Zi in the Northern Qi Dynasty said: "Sun Chuang's elegant sound and meaning is the only irony in the late Han Dynasty. As for Wei, this matter is very popular. "

(Sun Yan, Shu Ran, Yan Ming) Lu Deming's classic interpretation also said: "Sun Yan began as irony, and the Wei Dynasty gradually recovered." In fact, Sun Yan has always been used as a backhand. For example, in the Eastern Han Dynasty, Fu Qian commented on Hanshu that "Zhang Rui's voice is contrary". Sun Yan sorted out Fanqie and compiled Erya Yi Yin. The above article clearly shows that anti-tangent originated in Han Dynasty.

Anti-tangency in Sui and Tang Dynasties is the basic data for studying the phonetic system of Middle Ancient Chinese, and it is also one of the foundations of Chinese phonology.

According to the research of historian Fan Wenlan, phonology began in the late Eastern Han Dynasty, when some Confucian scholars, inspired by the theory of Sanskrit Pinyin, created an anti-tangent method to record pronunciation. Sun Yan wrote Erya Yi Yin, using the anti-tangent phonetic notation. It is generally believed that Sun Yan is the founder of Arctangent.

In the Tang Dynasty, monks used Chinese characters as 30 initials, and Song people added 36 letters, using vowels in rhyme books as vowels. Backtangent method benefits from precision and becomes the most popular phonetic notation.

For example:

Crimson Gu Xiangqie [t? Me? ] ←—[ku]+[？ Me? ]

No pains are spared [ti ε n]-[k? u]+[？ iεn]

Filial piety calls for teaching [? Iau] ↓-[Xu ]+[t? │u]

Bright-cut sauce [t? Me? ]←—【ts？ ]+[liɑ？ ]

Qingcang was cut [ti? ]←—【ts？ ɑ? ]+[t？ Me? ]

Xiao Su hangs and cuts [? [Su]+[Ti]

Controversy:

The Creation of Sun Yan in the Late Han Dynasty;

(1) Yan Zhitui's so-called Korea said the most credible. It is based on the words in Yan Jiaxun's Quotation: "It is a unique irony in the late Han Dynasty that Sun Zao Er Ya. As for Wei, this matter is very popular. " After careful consideration of Yan's words, I only said that the book Chuangerya used anti-tangent phonetic notation, but did not say that it was the first anti-tangent method. It seems that people may have a one-sided understanding of Yan's words

The generation period of Chinese characters;

(2) Considering the time when Chinese characters came into being, there is an anti-tangent. Liu Xizai in Qing dynasty (1813 ~1881) said in "preface to speech": "syncopation ... starts with writing. Xu's Shuowen is attached to the words, which makes it miserable.

What is more difficult to understand in Fu Liu's books is nothing more than homophonic. Xu's theory of form and sound refers to the word "river", while Xu's has never been called "double rhyme" However, Jiang can be called "double rhyme" and Jiang Gong is called "double tone", which is actually true. "A similar view is chorus theory. Shen Kuo in the Song Dynasty and Gu in the Ming and Qing Dynasties also held this view.

Gu's Five Classics Rhyme says: "Dui Dui has existed since the Han Dynasty.

Shen Kuo in the Song Dynasty said that the two sounds of the old saying have been combined into one word. If it is uncomfortable, why not ... Zheng Qiao said that slow sound is two, urgent sound is one, what is slow sound, what is urgent sound, what is slow sound, what is urgent sound, what is urgent sound, what is urgent sound, what is urgent sound, what is urgent sound. ....

The classic content of Stupid Taste Test doesn't stop there. For example, the poem "There are words on the wall of the poem" has been handed down, with words, tribulus, and the tangent words of tribulus. "Pictophonetic words or homophonic words are neither the beginning nor the same.

The fundamental difference between them and backcutting is that backcutting is to consciously analyze the initials and finals of a syllable, which stipulates the backcutting of upper and lower words; In the era when pictophonetic characters were produced in large numbers (Zhou Qin), it was impossible to analyze the phonology of Chinese characters; Synonym is a problem of fast reading and slow reading.

Therefore, they are unconscious or accidental, which is essentially different from the purpose of phonetic notation.

Money and Ying Shao in the Post-Han Fu Era

(3) It is considered that the anti-tangent originated in the post-Han Dynasty when Qian was assigned and Ying Shao was in the era. Zhang Hewu (1884 ~ 1939) demonstrated this. Zhang thinks: "The satire of Han Shu has been written in the article, which was obviously created at the end of the Han Dynasty, and it is not an uncle's idea. Besides, Prince Yong and Sun both said that the classics were like enemies, and Zi Yong also used irony, which he didn't know from the beginning. "

(quoted from Huang Kan's "Rhyme") Wu's "Preface to the Interpretation of Literature Classics" said: "Looking for Yan Shigu's annotation of Hanshu, I am convinced and sincere, and Ying Shao satirizes it, no less than a dozen things. Fu Qian and Ying Shao both died in Jian 'an, at the same time as Zheng Xuan. It is an irony that has been done at the end of the Han Dynasty, which is generally consistent with what Yan said. It is almost untrue to say that it was created from my uncle. "

These views are reasonable.

First of all, it is a fact that the annotations in Hanshu contain the opposition between filial piety and welcoming young people.

Secondly, Wang Su's and Sun Yan's academic thoughts and viewpoints are diametrically opposite. Wang Su has been attacking Sun Yan's teacher Zheng Xuan. If Sun Yan created the anti-tangent, Wang Su also used the anti-tangent, which is equivalent to giving people a handle and candidly admit defeat. This is impossible;

Thirdly, Fu Qian and Ying Shao were both from the end of the Han Dynasty, which is consistent with what Yan Zhitui said: "People in the end of the Han Dynasty only knew irony".

The emergence of anti-tangency is to make up for the shortcomings of the phonetic notation methods of reading if and direct tone. Compared with reading if and direct tone, arc tangent is undoubtedly a great progress. From the perspective of phonology history, the appearance of anti-tangent marks the beginning of phonetics of Han nationality-from then on, I learned to analyze Chinese syllables from the perspective of phonology and divide a syllable into two parts: sound and rhyme.