What is the reason why Luoyang became the capital of Xia, Shang, Zhou, Han, Wei, Jin, Northern Dynasties, Sui, Tang and Five Dynasties?

Luoyang is located in the Luo Yi Valley on the south bank of the middle reaches of the Yellow River. In ancient Luoyang, there were Mangshan Mountain in the north and Yi Que in the south, and four rivers, Yi, Luo, Zhuo and Jian, meandered between them, so the geographical position was very superior. Song Li Gefei said: "Luoyang is in the middle of the world, which is the throat of Qin Long, and the gathering of Zhao and Wei covers the battleground of all directions." Gu Zuyu, a Qing Dynasty man, also thought that Luoyang was "crowned by rivers and mountains, and its shape was superior to that of the world". Therefore, Luoyang became the first choice for emperors to build their capital. "The Song and Han Dynasties had an imperial mansion, and Heluo had a palace."

Luoyang, as the capital, is the site of Xiadu in Erlitou, Yanshi, Henan. Historical documents record it as the town and mountain city of King Tai Kang of Xia Dynasty. Zhou Benji, the fourth volume of Historical Records, records: "I lost my life, I have no fixed residence, and I have a summer residence." Chronological date of the ancient bamboo book: "Taikang lived in Zhu, and also lived in it the next year, and lived in it for profit." The records in Historical Records Xia Benji are more detailed: "Xia Jie lives near the river on the left and Taihua on the right, with a que in the south and a narrow intestine in the north". This shows that the summer capital is at the intersection of Yi River and Luohe River. 1959, China Academy of Social Sciences discovered Erlitouxia cultural site. After archaeological excavation and research, Erlitou site was confirmed as a large ancient capital site in Xia Dynasty. Experts believe that the first to third phases of Erlitou site are Du Yi-Zhenti in the middle and late summer. Yan Zhen is located in the south of Erlitou Village, Zhaizhen Township, southwest of yanshi city, with Guluo River in the north, Yishui 5 km in the south and Luo Yi 2+00 km in the east. Judging from the geographical situation of Xia Du Zhuan, the site is located on the second terrace of Luohe River, which conforms to the principle of choosing the city site in ancient times, that is, "the height is not close to drought, but the water is full, and the lower part is not close to water, so the ditch can prevent the province." Flat terrain, easy to cultivate, close to the Yi and Luo rivers, rich in water resources and convenient for water conservancy. This is the ideal location for the capital.

Rulers of past dynasties regarded mountains and rivers as symbols of national luck. It is favorable for mountains and rivers to win, and adequate urban water supply is an essential factor in choosing the location of the capital. Heluo area is high in the northwest and low in the southeast. The capital of Xia and Shang dynasties is not far from the intersection of the two rivers, and the terrain is low. The shape of mountains and rivers is better than that of surrounding capitals, which is prone to floods. Zhoudu has superior mountains and rivers and lives in Luobei Plateau, which not only ensures the city's water supply is sufficient, but also avoids floods.

The reason why Han, Wei and other dynasties chose Luoyang as the capital was related to the superior geographical conditions here. First of all, the military shape is very important. It is surrounded by mountains and waters, with Hulao Pass and elevation in the east, an important pass in Hangu in the west, a Mangshan barrier in the north and a natural barrier in the south. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Hanguguan, Yique, Guangcheng, Otani, Tunyuan, Lumen, Jin Meng and Xiaoping were also established. Secondly, the land and water transportation is convenient. Qin Long in the west, Youlan in the north, Jianghuai in the south and Qilu in the east. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Luoyang has become the starting point of the tense road. It is precisely because of this that Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty moved the capital to Luoyang. He said: "Because of my perseverance, I can't transport food, so the people in Beijing are poor. Now I have moved to Alai, and I have good luck in all directions." Finally, the plain between Mangshan and Luohe is vast, which is suitable for the needs of economic prosperity, urban population increase and urban scale expansion in the Eastern Han Dynasty. When the capital was established in the Eastern Han Dynasty, the use of geographical conditions was a pioneering work in the construction of Luoyang's ancient capital. In 39 AD, Henan Yin mobilized people to dig canals along the foot of Kuangshan Mountain, and westerners diverted water from the valley to the capital, which was called Yangqu, which solved the problems of city defense and water supply and drainage. Emperor Guangwu also sent Wang Jing and others to manage the Bianhe River, so that the water transport in Luoyang was connected with the river system, and the grain in the Jianghuai area could be transported to Kyoto, ensuring the food supply in the capital.

The traffic in Luoyang City in Sui and Tang Dynasties was more convenient than that in Han and Wei Dynasties. From the traffic in the city, the land is "ten streets in the city"; Waterways and canals are like a net, and there is water everywhere. The whole water transport system is centered on Luoshui, with canals all over the north and south wings: there are water delivery canals, drowning canals and drainage canals on the north bank, Tongji canals, transportation canals and branch canals on the south bank, and two Yishui rivers are connected with the transportation canals on the south bank. From the traffic between the capital and the outside world: on land, after the city site moved westward, it controlled the estuaries of four rivers in Yiluojian, and the capital became the hub of land traffic in Luoyang Plain; On the water, Luoyang City is built across the river, which is the criss-crossing center of the four major rivers in Luo Yi. At the same time, Emperor Yang Di dug the North-South Grand Canal. Of the four sections of the canal, except for the intersection of the Han River and Jiangnan in Jingkou, the central intersection of the other three sections is in Luokou, and Luoyang has become the national water transport center. "Fishermen from Tongzhou County in the north were transported to Jiangdu in the south." At the same time, Luoyang is located in a vast city in the Luo Yi Valley, which makes Luoyang one of the world's metropolises. At the same time, the new site controls four waters of the Luo Yi River, which makes the city's water supply richer and can better solve the water supply problem of the large-scale and populous capital.

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