What season is the fragrance of lotus?

Lotus, also known as lotus, water hibiscus and so on. It is a perennial aquatic herb flower of Nymphaeaceae. Underground stems are long and thick, with long nodes and round leaves. Flowering from June to September, it is solitary at the top of the pedicel. There are many petals embedded in the receptacle, with red, pink and other colors, or with colorful words and borders. There are many kinds of lotus flowers, which are divided into ornamental and edible categories. They are native to tropical and temperate regions of Asia, and have been cultivated in China as early as the Zhou Dynasty. Lotus fruit is oval, seeds are oval, and the whole body is precious. Lotus root and lotus seed can be eaten, and the germ of lotus seed, rhizome, lotus node, lotus leaf, flower and seed can be used as medicine. Its character of emerging from the mud without staining has always been praised by the world. Chen Zhisui's poem "Chanting Lotus" said: "No one knows in the mud that the white stems are buried in the ground. Life is red, green and clear, don't wait for the wind to fill the pool. "

Chinese name: Lotus

Latin scientific name: lotus

Nicknames: lotus, water hibiscus, June flower god, lotus root flower, etc.

Field: the field of plants

Phylum: Angiosperm phylum

Category: Dicotyledonous plants

Subclass: Magnolia Subclass

Objective: Nymphaeaceae.

Family: Lotus

Genus: Lotus

Type: lotus

Distribution: Lotus is native to China and generally distributed in subtropical and temperate regions.

English name: Lotus Flower (Indian Lotus)

catalogue

basic document

The origin of lotus

One legend is that ...

form

strange hobby

Distribution area

diversification

Alias source

launch

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basic document

Senior photographer took photos of Lotus Collection on September 9th (36 photos). Lotus is also called Lotus, Lotus, Annona, Shuizhi, Yunshui, Shui Mu, Zezhi, Huashui and Handan. The ancients called the unopened lotus "Hanban", that is, bud, hydrangea, hibiscus, Yuhuan, June spring, Chinese lotus, June flower god, lotus root flower, Cao Ling, Yuzhi, water hibiscus, water palace fairy, gentleman flower, fairy flower, red peony, western medicine, blue ring whip and long whip.

Lotus is the regional flower of the Macao Special Administrative Region, the city flower of Jinan, the capital of Shandong Province, and Jining, the hometown of Confucius and Mencius, and the city flower of Guigang, Lotus Town, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region.

There are many excellent lotus flowers in Daming Lake, Jinan, which is the best variety of lotus flowers in China. Suzhou gardens, such as Humble Administrator's Garden, also have many graceful lotus flowers. Like a fairy, slim and graceful, the fragrance is far clear.

Lotus language: naive, faithful and pure. Liu said in the Han Dynasty: White is the lotus, and red is the reward.

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The origin of lotus

Lotus seed "lotus" is called "living fossil" and is one of the earliest plants in angiosperms. Before the appearance of human beings, about 10 million years ago, most of the earth was covered by oceans, lakes and swamps. At that time, the climate was warm and humid, and ferns as high as tens of meters were all over the earth. Most seed plants can't survive, and only a few seed plants with strong vitality grow on this earth dominated by dinosaurs and ferns. Among them, there is an aquatic plant that we call "Lotus" today, which has withstood the test of nature and stubbornly survived in amur river (now Heilongjiang), Yellow River and Yangtze River basins in China and swamps and lakes in the northern hemisphere. About 100 million years later, primitive humans began to appear. In order to survive, human beings collect wild fruits to satisfy their hunger, and soon find that the wild fruits and root nodes of this "lotus" (namely lotus seeds and lotus roots) are not only edible, but also sweet and delicious. Gradually, "Lotus", a food source for human survival, was deeply imprinted in the hearts of our ancestors, primitive humans, and became a symbol of human survival.

Until the Neolithic Age in 56000 BC, with the emergence of farming culture, human beings began to learn more about lotus. At that time, in order to meet the needs of life for water, human beings generally settled in river banks, lakes or swamps with natural springs, and these areas were the main distribution areas of the wild lotus Zhu Xuanxian Chinese painting "Reflecting the Sun". From the unearthed cultural relics, it is found that the 5000-year-old "Yangshao Culture" Ji Fang site excavated in Shandong has carbonized patterns and two lotus seeds on the indoor countertops. In the continuous productive labor, human beings have accumulated rich perceptual knowledge about the growth habits and living environment of lotus, which laid a good foundation for the emergence and development of ancient lotus culture in China.

There are wild lotus flowers. Professor Ren Xu, a paleobotanist, discovered lotus leaf fossils in Qaidam Basin 40 years ago, at least 654.38 million years ago. 1973, 7,000-year-old lotus pollen fossils were found among the cultural relics unearthed from Hemudu Cultural Site in Yuyao County, Zhejiang Province. In the same year, two carbonized lotus seeds were found in Yangshao cultural site in Zhengzhou City, Henan Province more than 5,000 years ago. In the early Western Zhou Dynasty (BC 1 1 century), the ancients ate about 40 kinds of vegetables, and lotus root was one of them. There is a phrase "Iowa in the gills" in the Classic of Language, which means that lotus flowers grow everywhere in the swamp waters of the motherland. China is one of the countries that grow the most lotus flowers in the world.

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One legend is that ...

Close-up of Lotus [1] According to legend, Lotus is the incarnation of the beautiful maid Yuji around the Queen Mother. At the beginning, Yu Ji saw couples of people, men plowing and women weaving, and was very envious, so she moved her heart and stole out of the Heavenly Palace with the daughter of the river god and came to Hangzhou West Lake. The beautiful scenery of the West Lake made Yuji linger and play in the lake until dawn. When the Queen Mother knew this, she used the Lotus Throne to drive Yusi into the lake and told her to "drive into the mire and never go south again". Since then, a beautiful maid has been lost in the Heavenly Palace, and a beautiful flower has been added to the world.

In the classic literary masterpiece A Dream of Red Mansions, it is said that Qingwen became a lotus fairy after her death. Jia Baoyu said to Qingwen in the obituary "Daughter of Lotus": "If you talk about quality, it is not worth mentioning; If it is sex, no ice and snow means clean; If it is a god, neither the stars nor the sun can describe its essence; If it is a look, then flowers and months are not enough to describe its color. " Although later redology experts thought that this was only the author's praise of Daiyu's purity in the name of chanting Qingwen, in any case, lotus flowers were always associated with her daughter's purity.

Because "lotus" and "pity" are homonyms, there are many poems about lotus in ancient poetry to express love. For example, "Xizhou Qu" by Yuefu in the Southern Dynasties: "Lotus is picked in autumn in the Southern Tang Dynasty, and the lotus is over the head; Bow your head to get lotus seeds, which are as green as water. " "Lotus seed" means "Reiko Kobayakawa" and "green" means "clear". There are both real and imaginary here, which means pun. The rhetorical device of homophonic pun is used to express a woman's deep yearning for the man she loves and the purity of love. Thirty-five songs in Jin's "Forty-two Midnight Songs": "The fog reveals the lotus, but the lotus is unclear." The dew in the fog hides the true face of the lotus, but the lotus leaf is not very clear. This is also a way of homophonic pun, writing about a woman who vaguely feels that the man loves her.

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form

Lotus is a perennial aquatic plant. The rhizome is fat and knotty, and it is born in sediment. The leaves are shield-shaped, round, dark green on the surface, covered with wax white powder, gray-green on the back, and wavy all over. Petiole cylindrical, densely barbed. Flowers are solitary at the top of pedicels and above the water surface, with single petals, compound petals, double petals and double petals. Colors are white, pink, crimson, lavender, yellow or intermediate colors; Stamens are numerous; The pistil is free and buried in an inverted conical sponge receptacle. There are many scattered honeycomb holes on the receptacle surface, which gradually expand after fertilization, and a small nut (lotus seed) is born in each hole. The flowering period is from June to September, and it opens and closes every morning. The fruit ripens from September to 65438+ 10. There are many cultivated varieties of lotus, which can be divided into three systems according to different uses: lotus root, lotus seed and Hualien [2].

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strange hobby

Lotus is an aquatic plant and likes relatively stable and calm shallow water. Lakes, swamps and ponds are all its suitable habitats. The water demand of lotus depends on its variety. The water level of large plant-shaped varieties such as Gulian and Chiba is deep, but it can't exceed1.7m. Small and medium-sized plants are only suitable for water depth of 20-60cm. Meanwhile, lotus is very sensitive to water loss. Lotus leaves planted in water tanks will wither as long as they are not irrigated for 3 hours in summer. If the water is stopped for one day, the lotus leaves will be burnt and the buds will wither. Lotus is also very happy, and it needs full light during the growing period.

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Distribution area

Lotus distribution map Lotus is generally distributed in subtropical and temperate regions such as Central Asia, West Asia, North America, Indian, China and Japanese. China was cultivated as early as 3000 years ago. Now carbonized ancient lotus seeds have been found in Liaoning and Zhejiang, which shows its long history. Taiwan Province Province was introduced from Japan about 100 years ago. At present, the cultivated area in Baihe Town and Chiayi in Tainan has reached nearly 350 hectares, which is one of the most important tourist areas in Taiwan Province Province. There are still wild lotus flowers in some remote places in Asia, but most of them are planted artificially for landscape decoration and eating. For example, in China, lotus is cultivated as a cash crop. Many people once mistakenly thought that lotus was produced in Egypt and the Mediterranean. Around 500 BC, lotus was introduced into Egypt, probably brought by Persians.

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diversification

There are many cultivated varieties of lotus, which can be divided into three systems according to different uses: lotus root, lotus seed and Hualien. According to the classification standard of China Lotus Variety Atlas, it is divided into 3 rows, 50 groups, 23 categories and 28 groups.

China Lianhua Line

1. Large and medium-sized flowers: Lotus was taken in Beijing Hongyun Aquatic Flower Base A. Single petal type: 1. Single red lotus group 2. Single pink lotus group 3. Single-petalled white lotus group

B. compound valves: 4. Compound valve powder lotus group

C. double petals: 5. Double red lotus group 6. Double pink lotus group 7. Double white lotus group 8. Shuangjin group.

D. heavy platform category: 9. Hongtailian Formation

E. thousand petals: 10. Sect. Thousand petals.

Two. Floret:

F. single valve type: 1 1. Single red bowl lotus group 12. Single pink bowl lotus group 13. Single-petaled white bowl lotus group.

G. compound valve: 14. Lotus group with compound petals in red bowl 15. Lotus group with compound petals in pink bowl 16. Compound white bowl lotus group.

H. double flap: 17. Double red bowl lotus group 18. Double pink bowl lotus group 19. Double-petalled white bowl lotus group.

American Lotus System

Three. Large and medium-sized flowers:

Monopetaloid class: 20. Single-petalled coptis group.

Sino-American hybrid lotus line

Four. Large and medium-sized flowers:

Lotus in full bloom (20 pieces)

J. Single valve: 2 1. Hybrid single petal red lotus group 22. Hybrid single petal pink lotus group 23. Hybrid single petal Huang Lian group 24. Hybrid single petal multi-color lotus group.

K. compound valve: 25. Hybrid compound valve Bailian Group 26. Mixed compound valve.

Small flower group:

Length single valve type: 27. Hybrid single valve group.

Mi (abbreviation of meter)) Compound valve: 28. Hybrid compound petal white lotus group

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Alias source

Its name

Painter's works of document painting 1. Named after its shape: Lotus: Li Shizhen's Compendium of Materia Medica explains: "Lotus stems carry leaves and leaves carry flowers, hence the name." Hibiscus: Also known as Hibiscus. The Chinese dictionary Erya explains: "Lotus contains Pupu." Another book, Shuo Wen Jie Zi, said, "It's not lotus, it's hibiscus." Li Shizhen also said that the hibiscus flower means "to dress up brilliantly", so it is no wonder that Sima Xiangru, a writer in the Han Dynasty, compared his wife Zhuo Wenjun to the hibiscus flower of water.

2. Named after their growth habits: Shuizhi, Huashui, Yunshui, Shuidan, Shui Mu and Zezhi: Because lotus is a perennial aquatic plant, the ancients classified it as an aquatic plant, and most of them were named after the word "water". Cao Zhi, a writer of the Three Kingdoms, praised "a hundred flowers blossom, and there is a unique spirit of flowers" in "Lotus Fu", and compared the lotus to Ganoderma lucidum in water.

3. Named after the holy and elegant temperament of lotus: Junzihua, Ling Boxian, Shuigongxian, Yuhuan, etc. According to the North Dream Story, Tang Chaoyuan lived in Wuzhong (now Suzhou) with Su Changyuan from 806 to 820, and met a pink-faced girl from plain clothes and gave him a jade ring. Soon, he found a lotus flower in the pool of his yard, and a jade ring in the pistil, but it was "absolutely broken" and later generations called it the jade ring.

4. In the ancient Jiangnan custom, June 24th of the lunar calendar was the birthday of the lotus, so the lotus was nicknamed "June Flower God".

5. In order to express the appreciation of the noble form of lotus, Jin Furong and grass hibiscus are used to compare the rare lotus character.

6. Xike and Jingke emphasize the growth environment and elegant state of lotus. Cui Qian is another name for Xinlian, Red is another name for Lotus Petals, Gonglian is another name for Lotus Petals, and Buddha must be another name for Lianrui.

culture

From 1 1 century BC, China entered the feudal era-the Western Zhou Dynasty from a long slave society. Lotus also entered people's fields and ponds from the wild state of lakes and swamps during this lotus culture period. "Zhou Shu" contains "Qi Ze has been exhausted, and the lotus root has been dug." It can be seen that the wild lotus at that time had begun to be used as an edible vegetable. During the Spring and Autumn Period, people gave proper nouns to various organs of lotus. Erya, the earliest dictionary in China in the early Han Dynasty, records: "Lotus, lotus, its stem eggplant, its leaves, its original density, its painting Han, actually lotus, its root lotus, of which Yi Yi." The understanding of lotus has a certain concept.

Lotus has entered people's work and life with its practicality, and at the same time it has penetrated into people's spiritual world with its gorgeous colors and elegant charm. In the book of songs, the earliest collection of poems in China, there are descriptions of lotus flowers. "There are hibiscus flowers, lotus flowers and lotus flowers in the mountains." "Where there is a vicious flower, there is a lotus flower." Lotus was introduced as an ornamental plant and planted in the garden pond. It was first built in 473 BC by Fu Cha, King of Wu, in his detached palace (now Lingyan Mountain in Suzhou) to pay tribute to his beloved princess. The bronze craft treasure "Lotus Crane Square Pot" in the Spring and Autumn Period (Gao 1 18 cm in the Palace Museum) reflects the important role played by lotus in the spirit of the times from the artistic aspect. This craft treasure is made of real and natural materials, and the lotus pattern summarizes the image, and the dragon and the fly leap. It can be seen that the lotus flower, like the deified dragon, mantis and crane, has become a symbol of lofty holiness in people's minds.

Before the Qin and Han Dynasties, the feudal regime was divided, wars were frequent, and the working people were in dire straits. Qin Shihuang unified China in 22 1 BC, ending the melee. In this unified empire, lotus culture has been fully developed and gradually penetrated into agriculture, economy, medicine, religion, art and other fields.

The Han Dynasty was an unprecedented period of agricultural development in China, which also played an important role in the cultivation and development of lotus. Before the Han Dynasty, all lotus varieties in China were single-petaled red lotus. During the Wei and Jin Dynasties, the double petal lotus appeared.

Since the Western Han Dynasty, the official and private businesses in China have developed rapidly, enriching the businesses in various regions.

The blooming lotus varieties (20 pieces) are of great significance to the spread and distribution of lotus. Lotus root, a specialty of Jiangling, Hefei, Chengdu and other places, entered the north through these central markets, which fundamentally expanded the distribution area of lotus, made the people in the north know more about lotus, and thus greatly improved the cultivation technology of lotus. In the Book of Qi Yao Min written by Jia Sixie in the Northern Wei Dynasty, there is a "method of planting lotus roots": "In the early spring, lotus roots are dug and planted in the mud of fish ponds, and then there are lotus flowers." ; There is also a method of "planting lotus seeds": "On August 9th, if the lotus seeds are hard and black, grind the shower heads on the tiles to make the skin thin, and seal them with cooked mud, such as three fingers long and two inches long, so that the shower heads are sharpened, and the mud is dried and thrown under the heavy mud in the pool. The skin is naturally thin and easy to grow, and it will come out soon. If you don't grind, the skin will be hard and thick. It can be seen that the cultivation techniques of lotus on both sides of the Central Plains were quite superb at that time.

China's medicine started a new development from the Qin and Han Dynasties. After tasting all kinds of herbs, Shennong in Han Dynasty summed up a set of good prescriptions for treating diseases, namely "Herbal Classic", also known as Shennong's "Herbal Classic", which described the medicinal and health-care functions of lotus root. Hua Tuo, a native of Qiaoxian County in the Eastern Han Dynasty, was a famous imperial doctor in the medical history of China. Before the operation, he first gave the patient Mafeisan to make him unconscious, cut his abdomen and back, and sewed up the wound. Finally, he applied a plaster made of lotus root skin and recovered in four or five days. Lotus has become a rare flower in China's medical treasure house.