What is the situation of Voyager 1 Outer Solar System Detector?

Voyager 1 is an unmanned outer solar system space probe, weighing 8 15kg. It went online on September 5th, 1977, and it was still running normally in 2006. It has visited Jupiter and Saturn, and is the first spacecraft to provide high-resolution and clear photos of its satellites. At present, it is the farthest man-made aircraft from the earth. Its flight speed is a little faster than that of any man-made spacecraft at present, so that the sister ship Voyager 2, which was launched a month later, will never surpass it, even if New Horizon is launched into space at a higher launch speed than the two spacecraft on earth. It has benefited from several gravitational accelerations in its life. Voyager 1 has now entered the outermost boundary of the solar system and is about to fly out of the solar system. At present, it is between the sphere of influence of the sun and the interstellar medium, with a distance of 0/400 million kilometers (90 astronomical units or 8.7 billion miles) from the sun.

As of April 4, 2007, Voyager/KOOC-0/Distance to the Sun/KOOC-0/5./KOOC-0/8 too meters (i.e./KOOC-0/5./KOOC-0/8×/KOOC-0/0/KOOC-0/2 meters or/KOOC) If Voyager 1 can still operate effectively after leaving the heliosphere, scientists will have the first opportunity to measure the actual situation of interstellar matter. According to the current position, the signal from the spacecraft will take more than 13 hours to reach its control center, the jet propulsion laboratory. NASA cooperates with California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, California. Voyager 1 has reached third cosmic velocity on a hyperbolic orbit. This means that its orbit can no longer guide the spacecraft back to the solar system, and it has become a starship like the unreachable pioneer 10, the stopped pioneer 1 1 and its sister ship Voyager 2.

Voyager 1 The initial main goal was to explore Jupiter and Saturn and their moons and rings. The task now is to detect the top of the solar wind and measure its particles. Both Voyager probes are powered by three radioisotope thermoelectric generators. At present, these generators have greatly exceeded the original design life, and it is generally believed that they will still provide enough power for spacecraft to continue to contact the earth before about 2020.

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Voyager 1 originally planned to be a sailor in mariner program 1 1, and its design adopted the new technology of gravity acceleration at that time. Fortunately, this mission happened to meet the once-in-a-lifetime planetary geometric arrangement of 176. The spacecraft only needs a small amount of fuel for channel correction, and the rest of the time can be accelerated by the gravity of each planet. Spacecraft can visit four gas planets in the solar system: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. Two sister ships, Voyager 1 and Voyager 2, were designed for this opportunity, and their launch times were calculated to make full use of this opportunity. Thanks to this opportunity, it only takes 12 years for two spacecraft to visit four planets instead of the usual 30 years.

Voyager 1 Yu1September 5, 977 was launched by Titan 3 E Centauri rocket at Cape Canaveral, Florida. Shortly after the launch of Voyager 2 on August 20th of the same year. Although the launch time was later than that of No.2, it was launched into a faster orbit, making it reach Jupiter and Saturn a little faster than No.2. At first, the ground staff worried that the spacecraft could not reach Jupiter because of insufficient combustion for about one second in the second stage of the Titan 3 E rocket. Fortunately, it was later proved that there was still enough burning in the upper Centauri.

Visit Jupiter

After Voyager 1 was launched, the shooting of Jupiter began for the first time at 1979 and 1. On March 5 of the same year, it was closest to Jupiter and only 349,000 kilometers away from the center of Jupiter. Because of this short-distance flight, the spacecraft was able to deeply understand Jupiter's satellite, halo, magnetic field and radiation environment during the 48-hour short-distance flight and take high-resolution photos. The whole shooting process was finally completed in April.

These two spacecraft have made many important discoveries about Jupiter and its moons, the most surprising being the discovery of volcanic activity on Io. This was not observed on the earth at that time, not even pioneers 10 and 1 1.

Visit Saturn

After successfully using Jupiter's gravity, the spacecraft headed for Saturn. Voyager 1 skipped Saturn in 1980, 165438+ 10, and was closest to Saturn in10, and the highest cloud on Saturn was120. The spacecraft explored the complex structure of Saturn's rings and observed the atmosphere on Titan. Because of the discovery of Titan's dense atmosphere, the controllers of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory finally decided to let Voyager 1 approach Titan for research, and then prevented it from continuing to visit the other two planets. Therefore, the mission to visit Uranus and Neptune had to be handed over to Voyager 2. The decision to approach Titan caused the spacecraft to be affected by extra gravity, which eventually made the spacecraft leave the ecliptic and terminated the mission of exploring planets.

Edit this paragraph, Ad Astra.

After leaving Saturn, Voyager 1 was described by NASA as a mission to Astra. It is estimated that the batteries on two Voyager spacecraft can provide enough power to operate some instruments on board by 2020.

Power cut-off function within one year.

In 2003, scanning platform and ultraviolet observation were stopped.

~20 10 Stop rotating operation

~20 10 stops the ready operation of the data terminal (only 70m/34m antenna array can receive 1.4bit data per second).

~20 16 finally enjoys power in the instrument room.

& gt There is not enough energy to start any instrument in 2020.

Top of heliosphere

Voyager 1 in the sun sheath. As Voyager 1 sails into interstellar space, the instruments on board will continue to study the solar system. Scientists in the Jet Propulsion Laboratory are using plasma wave experiments carried on board to verify the existence of the top of the heliosphere.

Scientists in the Applied Physics Laboratory of Johns Hopkins University believe that Voyager 1 entered the terminal seismic wave zone in February 2003. However, some scientists expressed doubts in the famous scientific magazine Nature on June 6th, 2003. On the morning of May 25th, 2005, Ed? Dr. Si Tong presented the evidence of "SH22a-0 1", which proved that Voyager 1 left the terminal seismic wave in February 2004. Because the solar wind detector on board stopped running as early as 1990, the discussion was still inconclusive for several months, so we had to wait for other information. Finally, NASA issued a press release in May 2005, saying that everyone knew that Voyager 1 was in the sun sheath. Scientists believe that the spacecraft will reach the top of the heliosphere, that is, the edge of the solar system, in 20 15 years.

Voyager 2 is an unmanned NASA spacecraft, which was launched on1August 20th, 977. Its design is basically the same as its sister ship Voyager 1. The difference is that Voyager 2 follows a slow flight trajectory, so that it can stay on the ecliptic (that is, the orbital level of the planets in the solar system), and thus accelerate its flight to Uranus and Neptune by Saturn's gravity within 198 1 year. Because of this, it is not as close to Titan as its sister star Voyager 1. But it became the first spacecraft to visit Uranus and Neptune. Through this once-in-a-lifetime planetary geometric arrangement of 176, it completed the opportunity to visit four planets.

Voyager 2 is considered to be the most prolific spacecraft launched from the earth. Since NASA has tightened its spending on Galileo and Cassini-Huygens, it can still visit four planets and their satellites with powerful cameras and a large number of scientific instruments.

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Voyager 1 Sailor originally planned to belong to mariner program 12. It was launched from Cape Canaveral, Florida on August 20, 1977 by Titan 3 E Centauri rocket. The ground crew was so focused on the problems during the launch of Voyager/KLOC-0 that they forgot to send an important startup code to Voyager 2, which caused the spacecraft to turn off the high-gain antenna on board. Fortunately, the ground crew finally got in touch with the low-gain antenna on board and restarted the high-gain antenna on board.

Visit Jupiter.

Voyager 2 was closest to Jupiter at1July 9, 979, and jumped 570,000 kilometers (350,000 miles) from the cloud top of Jupiter. During this visit, several rings around Jupiter were discovered and some photos of Io were taken to show its volcanic activity.

Jupiter is the largest planet in the solar system, mainly composed of hydrogen and helium, and a small amount of compounds such as methane, ammonia and water vapor. And the center is a core composed of silicate rocks and iron. The colorful clouds on Jupiter show the unpredictable weather in Jupiter's atmosphere. And Jupiter also has 63 natural satellites * * * with the largest number temporarily. Jupiter's period of revolution is 1 1.8 years, and its rotation period is 9 hours and 55 minutes.

Although astronomers have been studying the planet through telescopes for centuries, the discovery of Voyager 2 still surprised scientists. For example, the famous great red spot storm in Jupiter's atmosphere was found to be a complex storm system rotating counterclockwise, and some small storms and eddies were also found.

The discovery of an active volcano on Io is another discovery that shocked scientists. This is because scientists have discovered active volcanic activity in other stars in the solar system for the first time. Voyager 2 observed 9 volcanic eruptions on Io this time, and confirmed other volcanic eruptions during the visit of two Voyager spacecraft. Smoke from volcanic eruptions is ejected into the air more than 300 kilometers (190 miles) from the surface of Io. The speed of material ejected by volcanic eruption is as high as one kilometer per second. The volcanic eruption energy on Io may come from the tidal force between Io and Jupiter, Europa and Ganymede. Because these three satellites are locked in Laplace orbit, that is, Io rotates twice and Europa rotates once; And Europa rotates twice, and Ganymede rotates again. Although Io always faces Jupiter, Europa and Ganymede make it shake slightly. This rocking force is so great that Io bends as high as 65,438+000 meters (330 feet), while the bending height on Earth is 65,438+0 meters (3 feet). Volcanic activity on Io also affected the entire Jupiter system, and its influence covered Jupiter's magnetosphere. The volcano on Io obviously spewed sulfuric acid, oxygen and sodium, and the surface of the satellite was also splashed by high-energy particles. These splashes even reached the magnetospheric boundary of Io, millions of miles away from its surface.

As for Europa, from the low-resolution photos of Voyager 1, we can see that its surface has criss-crossing textures. At first, scientists thought that those arts and sciences originated from cracks caused by crustal movement or tectonic activity. However, the high-resolution photos provided by Voyager 2 later annoyed scientists because those features lacked topographic contours. As one scientist put it, "those features are like a rough ink pen." It is possible that Europa was also influenced by tidal force, resulting in only 10% or less friction and heat inside Europa. It is generally believed that Europa has a thin ice shell (less than 30 kilometers or 18 miles) and an ocean about 50 kilometers (30 miles) deep.

Ganymede is the largest natural satellite in the solar system, with a diameter of 5276 kilometers (3280 miles). This trip confirmed that there are two obvious landforms on Ganymede: many pits and deep structures. Scientists believe that the ice crust of Ganymede is being affected by the tension of crustal tectonic activity.

The ancient craters left on Callisto's crust show many signs of being hit by meteorites. Obviously, the largest crater was filled with time due to the movement of ice on the earth's crust, because the basin covered with impact marks left almost no obvious topographic features. This is an impact mark, which was confirmed because it left a lighter color and a smaller crater.

It is found that Jupiter has a faint powdery ring. The outer edge of the ring is 129000 km (80000 miles) from the center of Jupiter, while the inner boundary is 30000 km (18000 miles) from the center of Jupiter. At the same time, this trip also found two tiny satellites, Ganymede and Europa, just outside Jupiter's ring. And the third newly discovered satellite, Io XIV, is sandwiched between Io and Europa.

Both Jupiter's rings and moons appear in its dense magnetic field filled with electron and ion radiation belts. These particles and the magnetic field form Jupiter's magnetosphere, which extends from 3 million to 7 million kilometers to the sun, at least reaching Saturn's orbit, which is 750 million kilometers (460 million miles). Because the magnetosphere will follow Jupiter, it will sweep across Io, stripping off one metric ton of material every second. These substances will form an annular ion cloud that can only be seen under ultraviolet light, and this ion cloud will move outward, making Jupiter's magnetosphere twice as large as normal. Some high-energy sulfuric acid and oxygen ions will fall into this magnetic field and then enter Jupiter's atmosphere to form aurora.

When Io passes through Jupiter's magnetic field, it is like a generator, generating a voltage of 400,000 volts on its diameter and a current of about 3 million amperes, which flows from the magnetic field to Jupiter's ionosphere.

Voyager 2 finally visited Jupiter and left a few days later, and took many photos of Jupiter.

Visit Saturn

Voyager 2 was closest to Saturn on August 25th 198 1. When the spacecraft is behind Saturn (relative to the earth), it uses radar to detect Saturn's upper atmosphere and measure its temperature and density. Voyager 2 found that the temperature of the upper layer (when the air pressure is equivalent to 7 hectopascals) is 70 K (? 203°C), and at the lower level (air pressure is equivalent to 120 hectopascals), 143K (? 130℃). The North Pole will be cold 10K, but there will still be seasonal changes.

After skipping Saturn, the shooting platform on board was a little stuck, which made the tasks of Uranus and Neptune variable. Fortunately, the staff on the ground finally solved the problem, because excessive use caused the lubricating oil to run out temporarily. In the end, the spacecraft was still instructed to move on to Uranus.

Visit Uranus

Voyager 2 was closest to Uranus on198665438+1October 24th, and immediately discovered 10 previously unknown natural satellites. In addition, the spacecraft also detected Uranus' unique atmosphere, which tilted 97.77 from its axis of rotation, and observed its planetary ring system. In this first jump, the closest distance to Uranus is only 8 1, 500 kilometers (50,600 miles) from the top of Tianwang Nebula.

Uranus is the third largest planet in the solar system. It orbits the sun at a distance of about 2.8 billion kilometers (65.438+0.7 billion miles). Its period of revolution is 84 years and its rotation period is 17 hours 14 minutes. Uranus' rotation is unique because it actually falls and rolls in its orbit. It is generally believed that this unusual position is due to its collision with a planet-sized star in the early stage of the formation of the solar system. Because of its strange positioning, its poles will be received by day or night within 42 years, so scientists don't know what they will find on Uranus.

Voyager 2 found that one of the effects of Uranus' magnetic field tilt of 60 degrees was that its magnetic tail twisted into a spiral shape due to Uranus' rotation and appeared behind Uranus. But in fact, people didn't know that Uranus had a magnetic field before the visit of the Travel Star.

Uranus' radiation belt was found to be as dense as Saturn's. The radiation intensity of the radiation belt will dim the light quickly (within 100000 years) and any methane trapped on the ice in the satellite or ring. This explains why most of Uranus' moons and rings are mainly gray.

Some high-level fog is detected at the pole of direct sunlight, and it is found that these fog is helpful to spread a lot of ultraviolet rays, which is called "solar glow". Its average temperature is 60 K (-350 F). Surprisingly, even the bright and dark poles are almost the same in cloud top temperature on the whole earth.

Among the five largest natural satellites, Uranus is the closest to Uranus, which shows that it is one of the most peculiar stars in the solar system. When Voyager 2 flew by, it can be seen from the detailed photos that its surface has some canyons as deep as 20 kilometers (65,438+02 miles), uplifted faults and mixed surfaces of the old and new times. There is a theory that Tianwei may be a combination of some early substances that broke after violent impact.

The spacecraft also observed nine known rings, indicating that the rings of Uranus are quite different from those of Jupiter and Saturn. The whole ring system is relatively new, not formed with Uranus. The constituent particles in the ring may be formed by satellite fragments that hit at high speed or were torn by tidal force.

Visit Neptune

Voyager 2 was closest to Neptune on1August 25th, 989. Because this is the last planet that Voyager 2 can visit, it decided to adjust its course to be closer to Triton and ignore its flight path, just as Voyager 1 ignored its flight path to be closer to Titan after visiting Saturn.

The spacecraft found Neptune's big black spot, but it disappeared when the Hubble Space Telescope observed it again in 1994. At first it was considered as a big cloud, and later it was considered as a hole in the cloud.

After Voyager 2 visited Neptune, Pluto was the only planet that had not been visited by any spacecraft from Earth. But later, after the International Astronomical Society redefined the planet, Pluto was downgraded to a dwarf planet. Therefore, Voyager 2' s jump at 1989 made all the planets in the solar system visited by man-made spacecraft at least once.

Voyager 2 also flew to Triton, and found that Triton is indeed the only large satellite in the solar system that retrogrades in the direction of planetary rotation, and it is also the coldest celestial body in the solar system. It is brighter, colder and smaller than originally thought, and its surface temperature is -240℃. Some areas are covered with ice and snow, and it often snows. There are three mountains of ice and fire, and frozen methane or nitrogen ice particles have been ejected, sometimes reaching a height of 32 kilometers. There may be liquid nitrogen oceans and glacial lakes on Triton, with faults, mountains, canyons and glaciers everywhere, which indicates that similar earthquakes may have occurred on Triton. Triton has a thin atmosphere composed of nitrogen, and its polar cap is frozen by nitrogen, forming a dazzling white world.

Leave the solar system

Since Voyager 2' s mission to visit the planet has been completed, Voyager 1 was described by NASA as an Ad Astra mission to understand the solar system outside the solar circle. It is generally believed that Voyager 1 flew over the terminal seismic wave area in February 2004 and is now in the solar sheath. Unlike 1, it is generally believed that No.2 has not experienced the terminal shock wave. Each Voyager spacecraft carries a gold record of Voyager, so as to communicate with intelligent creatures in outer space when the spacecraft is captured. This record contains images of the earth, various creatures, some scientific materials and a string of songs "Voice of the Earth". Music includes whales, babies crying, waves beating and various kinds of music.

On September 5, 2006, Voyager 2 was about 80.5 astronomical units (about 12 meters) away from the sun, and went deep into the ecliptic discrete celestial body, advancing at a speed of 3.3 astronomical units per year. At this distance, it is twice the distance between the sun and Pluto, and the perihelion of Viced is far away, but it still does not exceed the farthest orbit of Eris.

Voyager 2 will continue to transmit signals until 2020.

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In the late 1970s, NASA took advantage of the once-in-a-century planetary arrangement to launch two exoplanet detectors, Voyager 1 and Voyager 2. Voyager 1 completed most of the tasks after flying over Jupiter and Saturn. On the other hand, Voyager 2 used Saturn's gravity to change its course, accelerated its flight to Uranus, and then flew to Neptune. To this end, scientists at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, Southern California, have overcome many difficulties. It can be said that scientists "reassembled" a detector through remote control technology, adjusted most airborne equipment including cameras, power supply systems, control computers and communication equipment, and started radio telescopes in the United States, Spain and Australia to send and receive signals, which is a miracle in itself. 1986 65438+ 10, Voyager 2 flew to Uranus. During the 24-hour rendezvous, the data collected by the probe is several times more than the information about Uranus obtained since the discovery of Uranus. Before that, we only knew that it was the seventh planet in the solar system, 2.9 billion kilometers away from the sun and 48,000 kilometers in diameter. It is mainly composed of gas, its axis of rotation lies on the orbital plane, and it has six satellites. Several rings around Uranus were discovered in 1977. Now, we have discovered 10 new satellites of Uranus, new rings and many other amazing things. First of all, travelers' close observation of Uranus shows that Uranus is the same as ground observation, and it is light blue, just like Jupiter and many other observations that surprise us. It is very different from Jupiter and Saturn, but its south pole is slightly red, which is caused by the photochemical smog effect of Uranus atmosphere. In addition, it is found that the temperature in Uranus atmosphere is almost the same everywhere, which is MINUS 208℃, and there is a mysterious cold circle at the latitude of 30, which greatly puzzles scientists. They think that the equator of Uranus should be 8℃ colder than the polar regions. Because the temperature gradient that determines its meteorological process should be opposite to the "upright" planet. With regard to the photos of Uranus' atmosphere, after electronic processing, scientists found four kinds of clouds and investigated their velocity. The tracking of clouds shows that all winds on Uranus flow along the direction of planetary rotation, and the wind speed is 16 1 km/h, which obviously violates a basic law in the atmosphere-the hot air equation.

When the polar region of the planet is colder than the equator, the positive wind communicating with the rotation direction of the planet accelerates with the increase of height. On Uranus, the polar regions should be hotter than the equator, and the wind should be in the opposite direction, that is, the wind speed should be lower than the rotation speed of the planet, but this has not happened, and the temperature on Uranus is similar everywhere, so scientists have to rebuild the atmospheric model of Uranus. The observation of Uranus' magnetic field shows that the orientation of the magnetic axis has a great angle with its rotation, which is about 60℃, which is different from the planets in the solar system that humans have detected. Scientists suspect that the interaction between Uranus satellite and magnetosphere may lead to the "strange" orientation of Uranus magnetic axis. The magnetic field is very important because it is the only information that can be used to understand the non-gas part of Uranus hidden under Uranus clouds. Scientists have measured that the rotation period of Uranus is about 17.3 hours.

In addition, the exploration of Uranus satellite has also obtained many important data. The initial signals clearly showed many craters. The closer the satellite is to Uranus, the stronger the geological activity. There is a long ditch on Tianwei No.3; On Tianwei 1, there are many light-colored banded areas, which seem to have just frosted; On Tianwei-5, there are peculiar bright features, which are similar in shape to volcanoes. Only on Tianwei II, there was no sign of geological activity, and it remained dark and dreary. Later, in the satellite puzzle sent back, scientists were able to study Uranus' satellites more carefully. Tianwei V is like a collection of pop songs, not an album. It concentrates almost all the geological features of the solar system! The long canyon is like the grand canyon on the surface of Mars. Rows of grooves are similar to the surface of Ganymede, and the sunken rocks are like mercury pressure faults, but the three most prominent features are unprecedented. There are a series of hidden lines on the edge of the satellite, which look like a pile of pancakes from the side, and there is a mountain structure on the right side, surrounded by long and narrow concentric cracks. Further to the right, near the edge of the satellite facing the sun, there are a series of parallel grooves that turn vertically at one end, just like a rectangular runway. Along one side of the racecourse, there is a deep and narrow valley, revealing a row of cliffs several kilometers high. In fact, Voyager 2 raised more questions about Tianwei than it revealed. The exploration of Uranus rings has also been fruitful.

The appearance of Uranus is monochromatic. Strangely, there is a great deviation between its magnetic field axis and its spin axis, which makes its magnetosphere strange. The ice channel was discovered on Tianwei-1 satellite, and Tianwei-5 satellite is a strange terrain with patchwork. Found 10 satellites and 1 multiple rings.

Compared with Uranus, Neptune has a very active climate and clouds of various shapes. The halo arc turned into sequins. In addition, six other satellites and two rings were found. Neptune's magnetic field axis is also tilted. Triton looks like a magnifying glass with horns. It looks like there are many fountains.

If there is no unexpected failure, we will be able to keep in touch with them until 2030. Both planes have a lot of hydrazine fuel. Voyager 1 propellant can be used until 2040, and Voyager 2 propellant can be used until 2034. The limiting factor is RTG (Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generator). By the year 2000, the energy of UVS (ultraviolet spectrometer) instruments will be exhausted. By 20 10, all the field and particle instruments can't work at the same time because of the remaining power. At this time, an energy sharing scheme will be implemented so that some field and particle instruments can work with other instruments in turn. The aircraft can work continuously in this state for about 10 years. In the end, there may be too little energy to maintain the normal operation of the aircraft.

Edit the current situation of this paragraph.

As of April 2006, Voyager 2? The inclination angle is 52.5 1, and the right ascension 19.775 points to the telescope constellation.

As of March 27, 2007, Voyager 2 was 82.30 astronomical units away from the sun and left the solar system at a speed of 3.28 astronomical units per year (about 15.56 kilometers per second). For radio tracking information of Voyager 2, please refer to Voyager's weekly report.

On August 30th, 2007, after a long journey of 30 years, Voyager II spacecraft directly observed the termination shock wave at 85 astronomical units (1 astronomical unit is the average distance from the earth to the sun, that is,10.50 billion kilometers), which is the first time in human history to send back information about the edge of the solar system.

Due to the change and fluctuation of the dynamic pressure of the solar wind, the termination shock wave is not static, but moves back and forth along the radial direction, which leads to its repeated crossing of Voyager II spacecraft. Through the detailed analysis of the detection data, new important findings are obtained: (1) Generally speaking, shock waves will change supersonic fluid (Mach number greater than 1) into subsonic fluid (Mach number less than 1), while supersonic flow is still downstream of the termination shock wave; (2) The temperature of the downstream plasma is 10 times lower than the theoretical expected value. The main reason for the inconsistency with the familiar shock wave characteristics is that there are a large number of neutral components in the interstellar medium. These neutral components (mainly neutral hydrogen atoms) and ionized solar wind protons generate pickups through charge exchange. Most of the energy generated by the reduction of kinetic energy of the solar wind is supplied to new particles, and only a small amount of energy is used to heat the solar wind plasma, which leads to the lower temperature of the solar wind plasma downstream of the termination shock wave than expected, thus reducing the sound speed, resulting in the Mach number downstream of the termination shock wave still being greater than 1. As the "Voyager II" spacecraft continues to explore in the solar sheath, more and more natural mysteries of the edge of the solar system will be revealed by human beings.