How did photography originate? ~ ~

China had a certain understanding of light in more than 400 years BC. At that time, the book Mo Jing recorded in detail the straight-line advance of light, the reflection of light, and the imaging phenomena of plane mirror, concave mirror and convex mirror. In the Song Dynasty, Shen Kuo's book Meng Qian Bi Tan (103 1 to 1095) also discussed the principle of pinhole imaging box in detail. Aristotle, a Greek philosopher in the third century BC, described a dark house with a small hole where light reflected when it entered. 15 16 leonard da vince, an Italian, has a record of studying image black boxes. 16 1 1 year, German Kaeppler invented a "bonded lens", which bonded two concave lenses and convex lenses together. 1666, isaac newton experimented with a prism and discovered the "colorful dispersion phenomenon" of light. These great discoveries of mankind led to the invention of the "light and shadow picture box", which is the earliest prototype of the camera. But this only stops at the formation of images, and how to save images has not yet developed to a mature stage.

About 1800, Thomas Wedgwood, the son of a famous British ceramic worker, tried to make a "sun map" by putting opaque leaves on leather coated with silver nitrate. When he exposed the leather to the sun, the exposed part of the leather gradually turned black, but when he took off the leaves, he left a white shadow. Wedgwood can't stop the white parts that are still sensitive to light from turning black (unless he observes them in dim candlelight). Because the light is too weak, he can't record the image formed by the camera box. Until 1805 died, Wedgwood could not make any progress in this regard.

Nearly 20 years later, in France, Nipps devoted himself to the lithography process at that time. In his experiment, he tried to record the image in the camera box directly on the stone or metal surface coated with chemicals, and hoped to print the image with the newly invented lithography. According to Nipps's correspondence, in 18 16, he recorded a non-permanent black-and-white image ("negative image") with silver chloride photographic paper. However, what Nipps wants is to form a positive image on the metal plate so that it can be printed with ink after etching. In order to achieve this goal, he painted an oil-soluble white asphalt on the lead-tin alloy plate and exposed it for a long time, which hardened the asphalt. Then, he put the metal plate in lavender oil and put it in ink. The bright part of the image turns white, and on the background of black metal plate, it appears as a positive image similar to the original color. Niepce called this method "heliography", and photos can be printed on translucent paper by etching. 1826, he successfully put a lead-tin alloy plate into a black box and recorded the scenery outside the window from his studio on the top floor.

Meanwhile, 1787 Daguerre, who was born in Komi, northern France, was an artist when he was young. When he was about thirty-five, he designed a western-style mirror to show a panoramic picture with special lighting effects. Is an exploratory painter. When he was looking for how to repair the images in the three-dimensional model, he met Nipps, and he actually mastered the mystery of photography. 1829, Daguerre was invited by Nieps to start cooperative research on photography. Sometimes history is very dramatic. 1833 Niepce died, but Daguerre continued to work hard. Finally, in 1837, he successfully invented a practical photography called Daguerre photography. Using the Daguerre method, the image is recorded on a plate plated with silver iodide. The exposure time takes fifteen minutes. Although this method is troublesome, it has practical value.

1839, Daguerre announced his technology to the whole world, but he didn't keep the patent right, but gave it to France, so that this method could be made public to the whole world, Fengxian and the society free of charge. The announcement of Daguerre's invention caused a great sensation among the public. Daguerre became a generation of heroes, enjoying all the splendor. At the same time, Daguerre photography was quickly and widely used. Less than two years after Daguerre announced his method to the world, someone suggested a slight modification: silver bromide was added to silver iodide used as a photosensitive substance. This small correction plays an important role, greatly reducing the required exposure time and making photography widely practical. Daguerre himself retired soon. Daguerre opened his own photography studio in 1854, and 1860 was transformed into a salon. Quite a few celebrities have taken photos in Daguerre's photography studio, such as Dumas, French writer Hugo and Victor Marie. Later, I successfully photographed the city of Paris from a hot air balloon. Some people even "ironically" said: "Daguerre sublimated photography to the height of art!" . He died in his hometown near Paris in 185 1.

Few inventions are entirely the result of one person's labor. Of course, the early work of many others cleared the way for Daguerre's success. At least eight centuries ago, Daguerre invented the projector (a device similar to a lensless camera but without film). In the eighth century, Girola Mo cardano made important progress. He placed a lens at the opening of the projector, making it an interesting prelude to modern cameras. But because the generated image is not durable at all, people often don't regard it as a kind of photography. In 1727, john schultz made another important discovery ── silver salt sensitization. Although Schultz made some temporary images with this discovery, he didn't really seek the mystery.

Shortly after his photographic invention was announced in Daguerre on 1839, a British scientist Talbot announced that he had invented a different photographic technique, a method of making photographic negatives first, which is basically the same as that used today. Talbot actually made his first photos in 1835, two years before Daguerre's photography first appeared, but compared with Daguerre's excellent works, Talbot was too vague. It was not until 184 1 that Talbot's improved negative and positive system photography was officially patented in Britain.

Talbot named his photography method "Carlo Photography". The method is to coat silver nitrate solution on paper first, then coat potassium iodide solution after drying to generate photosensitive silver iodide on paper base, and then sensitize it with silver nitrate and thulium acid solution after drying. After drying, it becomes a photosensitive film. When in use, it is exposed for about 5 minutes, developed with silver nitrate and thulium acid, fixed with hypobaric solution, and waxed to make it translucent, thus obtaining the negative image of the paper base. In order to get the positive image, it is necessary to coat the white paper with silver chloride solution, dry it, expose the negative image of paper base in the sun for 20 minutes, then fix it with hypo, wash it with water and dry it to get the positive image of paper base, that is, the final photo.

In the years after Daguerre and Talbot, photography has made many improvements: wet plate method, dry plate method, modern film, color photos, movies, Piroyd photography and xerography. Although many people contributed to the invention of photography, Daguerre's contribution was far more significant than others. Before Daguerre, there were no practical photographic instruments, but the technology invented by Daguerre was very practical and was soon widely used. The official announcement of his invention was a great impetus to the later development. In fact, the photography people use is very different from that of Daguerre, but even though these technologies were not invented later, Daguerre photography will provide us with a convenient photography technology.

Few inventions have so many uses as Daguerre's photography. In fact, it is widely used in various scientific research fields, and also has many applications in industry and military. For some people, it is a serious art form, and for millions, it is a happy hobby. Photos can convey true information (or false information) in education, news and advertisements, and also become the most common treasures and souvenirs because they can vividly reproduce the past. It was not until the invention of photography that film and animation began to go their separate ways. Of course, cinematography is an auxiliary invention. In addition to being a major means of entertainment, it actually has as many uses as general photography.

From another point of view, the emergence of photography has also made a large number of people who used to work in the painting industry unemployed, and a large number of people have begun to engage in photography-related revision, color and other industries. The most realistic problem is that quite a few painters will think that paintings similar to photography will lose their commerciality-some of them are of course valuable as works of art, which can be said from the general trend of society. Therefore, the impressionism represented by claude monet (claude monet 1840- 1926) began to appear. Photographer Daguerre's studio was originally a salon for famous artists from all walks of life, and it can be said that the impression of painting art came from here.

Photography is the product of the development of scientific and technological civilization. Although it only produced 180 years ago, it has been fully developed today. Photography is high-tech, full of humanistic color and scientific attributes. From ordinary people's life to high-tech bioengineering and space exploration, photography has become an indispensable and important means to record historical facts, spread culture and scientific research. Photography is another remarkable symbol of human civilization.