What items are examined for female infertility?

Abstract: The reproduction of human beings is inseparable from women, but in recent years, with the fierce social competition and the change of lifestyle, the proportion of urban women's infertility has gradually increased. There are many factors leading to female infertility, but most of them are related to ovaries. Medical research has found that about 10%~ 15% of infertile women suffer from ovulation disorder. As we all know, the egg that accompanies a woman throughout her life plays a vital role in pregnancy. The following small series will introduce you to the items of female infertility examination, the causes and treatment methods of female infertility. Causes of female infertility 1, ovarian infertility

Ovarian infertility refers to infertility caused by ovarian lesions, which can lead to ovulation disorder. In addition to ovarian diseases, there are hypothalamus-pituitary-ovarian axis dysfunction, adrenal gland and thyroid gland dysfunction.

Etiology: Congenital abnormality of ovary, polycystic ovary syndrome, infertility caused by oophoritis, abnormal ovarian position, ovarian tumor, ovarian endometriosis, ovarian amenorrhea, ovarian chocolate cyst.

2. Vaginal infertility

Female pregnancy is a complex physiological process, and the smooth progress of pregnancy is closely related to vagina, ovary, fallopian tube and uterus. Vagina is a container for sexual intercourse and semen. Some organic or functional diseases of vulva and vagina affect the entry and storage of semen or sperm in vagina, or infertility caused by environmental changes affects the function of normal sperm, which is called vaginal infertility.

Causes: congenital absence of vagina, vaginal mediastinum, vulva, vaginal inflammation, hymen atresia and vaginal atresia, vaginal spasm, and excessive vaginal cleaning.

3. Cervical infertility

Cervical infertility caused by cervical diseases accounts for 5% ~ 10% of infertility, including cervical erosion, cervicitis, cervical polyps and other symptoms. The morphology of the cervix and the function of cervical mucus directly affect whether a considerable number of sperm can enter the upper reaches of the uterine cavity for capacitation. Organic or functional diseases of the cervix affect the entry and storage of semen or sperm in the cervical canal.

Etiology: cervical canal atresia and stenosis, cervical canal dysplasia, abnormal position of cervical canal, cervical myoma, chronic cervicitis, abnormal cervical mucus and cervical erosion.

4. Uterine infertility

Uterine dysplasia, also known as baby uterus, refers to the normal structure and shape of the uterus, but its volume is small and the cervix is relatively long, which may be accompanied by dysmenorrhea, less menstrual flow and even primary or secondary amenorrhea. Uterine dysplasia is often an important cause of infertility, which is reported to account for about 16.2% of infertile patients.

Etiology: cervical canal atresia, cervical canal dislocation, intrauterine adhesion, dysplasia, uterine malformation, hysteromyoma, endometritis, endometrial dysfunction, endometrial polyps.

5, tubal infertility

Fallopian tube is one of the important parts of female reproductive system, which plays an important role in transporting sperm, ingesting eggs and transporting fertilized eggs to uterine cavity. Tubal infertility is due to insufficient ovarian ovulation, adhesion, blockage, poor communication and other abnormal conditions.

Etiology: hydrosalpinx, gonococcal salpingitis, suppurative salpingitis, tuberculous salpingitis and tubal obstruction.

6. Chromosome abnormal infertility

Chromosome is the gene carrier of human inheritance, and most hereditary infertility is related to chromosome abnormalities, such as chromosome breakage, deletion, inversion, translocation, Y chromosome microdeletion and so on. Chromosome examination can definitely diagnose infertility caused by chromosome abnormality.

Causes: poor diet and genetic defects of parents.

7. Immune infertility

Immune infertility refers to infertility caused by immune factors. Immune infertility accounts for about 10-30% of infertile patients, including anti-sperm antibody, anti-endometrial antibody, anti-egg antibody and other immune infertility.

Causes: Homologous immunity, local immunity and autoimmunity.

8. Other factors

There are mainly older age, lack of nutrition, alcohol, tobacco and drugs, mental factors and environmental factors.

9. TCM syndrome differentiation factors

Traditional Chinese medicine believes that female infertility is mostly caused by congenital deficiency, deficiency of kidney essence in atrioventricular node, deficiency of chong and ren pulse, deficiency of kidney yin, deficiency of uterus cold, or deficiency of body, deficiency of yin and blood, and pulse dystrophy; Or emotional disorder, stagnation of liver qi, disharmony between qi and blood; Or obesity, strong taste of taking plaster, yang deficiency of spleen and kidney, phlegm-dampness, qi stagnation, and obstruction of chong and ren; Or blood stasis, abdominal mass accumulation, intracellular accumulation.

Common syndromes are:

1, infertility due to kidney deficiency. Long-term infertility after marriage, less menstrual flow, delayed menstruation, dull complexion, weak waist and knees, listlessness, cold abdomen, thin leucorrhea, long urine, pale tongue with thin coating and heavy pulse. Treatment should be warming yang and tonifying kidney.

2, blood deficiency infertility. Long-term infertility after marriage, late menstruation, little amount, pale color, sallow complexion, emaciation, dizziness, dull skin, pale tongue with thin fur and weak pulse. Treatment should nourish blood and yin.

3, phlegm and dampness infertility. Infertility for many years, obesity, irregular menstruation, leucorrhea, white and thick color, chest tightness and fatigue, listlessness, lethargy, loss of appetite, pale tongue with greasy fur and slippery pulse. Treatment should eliminate dampness and phlegm.

4, liver depression infertility. Married for a long time, infertility, irregular menstruation, menstrual abdominal pain, chest tightness, chest pain, sighing, irritability, normal tongue and thready pulse. Treatment should soothe the liver and relieve depression.

5, blood stasis infertility. Long-term non-pregnancy, or persistent abdominal pain, late menstruation, abdominal pain, dark color, blood clot, chest pain, dark tongue with petechiae and unsmooth pulse. Promote blood circulation and remove blood stasis, and use Xuefu Zhuyu Decoction.

Symptoms of female infertility 1, irregular menstruation

If you find that your menstruation is abnormal and your menstrual cycle changes, sooner or later, these situations should be taken seriously. At the same time, our female friends need to pay great attention to amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea and vaginal bleeding.

2, breast changes

The change of female breast is the most important manifestation of infertility. Its performance is that there will be some milk overflow in the breast during non-lactation period, and there will be swelling pain in the breast, especially during menstruation, and the swelling pain will be more obvious, and there will be obvious lumps when the breast is gently pressed.

3. Abnormal vaginal discharge

Abnormal leucorrhea also shows that there are some problems in our body. Such as excessive leucorrhea, odor, abnormal color, leucorrhea congestion, vaginal itching and pain. These may be inflammation of our appendages and vagina.

4. Abdominal pain and bloating

The lower abdomen often feels pain for no reason, and the waist will be swollen to varying degrees. These minor problems are probably caused by inflammation inside our bodies. Female friends can easily check out various problems through normal gynecological examination to avoid infertility.

5, subtle changes in weight

The slight change of weight is probably due to the decrease of estrogen in women, but on the contrary, the rapid increase of androgen, so the excessive weight gain must be treated with great caution.

Examination sequence of female infertility

The order of examination items for female infertility generally ranges from non-invasive to invasive, and from simple to complex. From the ovulation test, the body temperature was monitored every morning. Or use ovulation test paper to detect ovulation. During ovulation, you can also go to the hospital for B-ultrasound examination to see if there are follicles. Then there is the usual fallopian tube examination and hysteroscopy. If it's any more trouble, let's have a hysteroscopy.

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1, hysterosalpingography

Women with no inflammation of reproductive tract should be injected with contrast agent under B-ultrasound for 3-7 days after menstruation is clean, and the contrast agent is observed to fill the uterus and fallopian tubes.

2. Hysteroscopy

Using hysteroscopy to understand the uterine cavity, we can find intrauterine adhesions, submucosal fibroids, polyps, uterine malformations and other diseases that may lead to infertility.

3. Laparoscopy

Laparoscopic examination can directly observe whether there are lesions or adhesions in uterus, fallopian tubes and ovaries, and determine whether the fallopian tubes are unobstructed; About 20% of patients can find the undiagnosed lesions by laparoscopy.

4. Immunological examination

This method can be used to find out whether there are anti-sperm antibodies. In addition to anti-sperm antibody detection, it can also be found through post-coital test and sperm penetration test in vitro.

5. Determination of endocrine function

Serum estrogen and progesterone levels were measured at different times of menstrual cycle to understand ovarian function; Determination of basal metabolic rate to understand thyroid function; Adrenal function examination and serum prolactin determination were performed.

When is the right time to go?

Ovarian and cervical examination: this kind of examination needs to be carried out on the second and third day of menstrual period, because the hormones of bleeding examination will not fluctuate too much during this period, and problems such as ovarian aging, chronic anovulation and polycystic ovary symptoms can be clearly judged.

Tubal photography: Tubal photography should be carried out three to seven days after menstruation, because he applies a contrast agent to the uterine cavity and fallopian tube, and through this examination, he can evaluate whether the fallopian tube is unblocked. This examination can not be performed during ovulation, so as not to cause ectopic pregnancy, nor can it be performed during menstruation, because menstrual blood will block the originally unobstructed fallopian tubes during this period, resulting in misjudgment of the examination.

Ovarian disease index examination: non-menstrual period can be examined, and avoiding menstrual period is for misdiagnosis. Because during menstruation, blood samples are taken to check ovarian disease indicators, most of them will have higher false positives, which will cause anxiety to patients and worry that they have an incurable disease. Therefore, it is better for women to choose non-menstrual examination.

Hysteroscopy and laparoscopy: Three to seven days after menstruation is most suitable, and this period is mainly chosen to avoid the occurrence of female ectopic pregnancy.

Lactation hormone test: Morning is better. If the lactation hormone of women is too high, it will interfere with normal ovulation and menstrual cycle, and the lactation hormone is higher at night. So it is recommended to check in the morning.

Treating female infertility 1. Most of the infertility suffered by women can be cured. As long as you choose a regular hospital and find out the cause, the chances of cure are great. Doctors will also make treatment plans according to the specific conditions of patients.

2. When women suffer from polycystic ovary syndrome, it will adversely affect ovarian ovulation, making it difficult for women to get pregnant. Doctors will give patients drugs to promote ovulation and treat polycystic ovary syndrome to eliminate the cause.

3. When women suffer from gynecological inflammation, it is most likely to cause tubal blockage and adhesion, which will make male sperm unable to combine with eggs and naturally will not be pregnant. In this case, the doctor will generally dredge the patient's fallopian tube.

When women are infertile, they should have formal treatment, do not choose small clinics on the street for treatment, and do not listen to folk remedies without scientific basis.

Daily care of female infertility 1 First of all, we should have a healthy body and balanced nutrition;

The so-called green hills are there, and there is no fear of burning firewood. Only a healthy mother can cultivate a healthy next generation. Some chronic diseases, obesity or emaciation may affect hormone secretion and ovarian ovulation and lead to infertility. According to the study, it is also found that free radicals are related to male or female infertility, and the content of antioxidants in infertile women is low, so proper supplementation of vitamin C and vitamin E can improve female infertility.

2, to have a regular life schedule:

Including avoiding excessive work pressure, abnormal work and rest, and lack of sleep, in order to reduce menstrual disorders caused by abnormal ovarian ovulation. If you don't come for more than half a year, you will be prone to osteoporosis, endometrial lesions or type II diabetes in the future. You should also avoid unnecessary drugs or alcohol and tobacco that affect the normal development of germ cells. In addition, electromagnetic waves, radiation or some radioactive chemicals in the environment should be kept away, which may easily lead to early embryo abortion or fetal malformation.

3. Pay attention to safe sex:

Including avoiding complex sexual partners and suggesting sexual behavior. If abnormal vaginal discharge occurs, including foul odor, excessive leucorrhea, itching, redness and other symptoms, or urination and abdominal pain, you should seek medical attention as soon as possible. If the vagina is infected by bacteria without treatment, in severe cases, bacteria will go up to the pelvic cavity such as uterus, ovary and fallopian tube, causing pelvic inflammatory disease, and even serious pelvic adhesion between uterine cavity and ovary and fallopian tube. Sometimes, women who receive too many induced abortions may also lead to endometrial adhesion and infertility, because the uterine cavity is the last place for embryo implantation, just as the soil is not fertile, even the best seeds cannot thrive.

4, avoid getting married too late or contraception for too long:

The common health care methods for female infertility also include the gradual decline of fertility of women over 35 years old. After the age of 40, the probability of natural pregnancy within half a year dropped from 65% to about 10%. With the current artificial reproduction technology, the pregnancy rate of IVF can reach 40% to 50% before the age of 40, but it will drop to more than 10% after the age of 40. After the age of 46, the pregnancy rate of IVF is almost zero. It can be seen that the most suitable age for women to have children is before the age of 35, and the peak of childbearing is about 2 1 ~ 25 years old. Therefore, if female compatriots are over 35 years old and want to have children, they should actively find a good doctor to help them get pregnant as soon as possible, so as not to delay the best opportunity to be a man.

Prevention and health care of female infertility 1, don't worry about menarche: generally, women will have menarche when they are around 14 years old. This is a normal physiological phenomenon, which symbolizes that the reproductive system has gradually matured, so there is no need to make a fuss. However, some girls who lack physiological knowledge feel shy about it, and thus have an ideological burden. Every time you have menstrual anxiety, you may even be unable to eat or lie awake for a long time, so-called "qi stagnation" in Chinese medicine will occur; Qi stagnation leads to blood stasis, which can damage cell lines and lead to infertility after marriage. Therefore, when girls have menarche, they should pay attention to the physiological knowledge and treatment methods in this respect, so as to eliminate worries and naturally get pregnant after marriage.

2, pay attention to menstrual hygiene. During menstrual cramps, if you don't pay attention to hygiene, it is easy to get various female diseases such as irregular menstruation, dysmenorrhea, vulvitis vaginitis, cervicitis, endometritis adnexitis and pelvic inflammatory disease. These diseases will hinder pregnancy after marriage. So, how should we pay attention to hygiene during menstruation? Generally speaking, we should be optimistic and comfortable mentally; Pay attention to proper rest and avoid fatigue; Diet should be warm, avoid cold and cold; Be regular and comfortable in daily life, and avoid wading in the wetland or rain. In addition, underwear and toilet paper should be washed frequently and put in the menstrual belt. It is not advisable to take a full-body shower too often to avoid catching a cold.

3. Irregular menstruation should be treated as soon as possible: Irregular menstruation means that the menstrual period, menstrual volume and menstrual volume of most infertile women change or amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea, metrorrhagia and other phenomena exist to varying degrees. So it can be said that irregular menstruation is a signal that it is difficult to conceive. The reasons for girls' irregular menstruation are relatively simple and the treatment is relatively easy. Therefore, when girls have irregular menstruation, they should be treated as soon as possible and strive to cure the future trouble once. It can be treated with traditional Chinese medicine, and the general effect is better.

4, menstruation late marriage late: some girls have late menarche, 18 ~ 20 years old before seeing menstruation, the amount is qualitative, light and thin. This shows that the reproductive system function is relatively low, not only can not get pregnant after marriage, but also the menstrual situation is getting worse and worse, until amenorrhea or other diseases are complicated. Therefore, girls with late menstruation and slow development should exercise seriously and supplement drugs appropriately.

5. avoid x-ray examination during pregnancy, especially abdominal irradiation, so as not to damage the fetal gonad.

6. If you find abnormal reproductive organs in infancy, you should go to the hospital for treatment in time.

7. Never abuse drugs yourself, so as not to be hurt by harmful substances.

8, pay attention to personal hygiene, totally.