What is art?

Art can be both a macro concept and an individual phenomenon, and it is a staged achievement displayed by capturing and excavating, feeling and analyzing, integrating and applying (the process of combination of forms, the life process of living things and the development process of stories) and feeling (seeing, hearing, smelling and touching).

Expression: language, voice, writing, painting, eyes, breathing, body, etc.

Art embodies and materializes people's certain aesthetic concepts, tastes and ideals. Both aesthetic creation and aesthetic acceptance of art need to be felt and conveyed through some senses of the subject, and the corresponding aesthetic experience will be triggered. The aesthetic classification of art should be mainly based on the aesthetic feeling and perceptual way of the subject. According to this principle, art can be divided into plastic arts, performing arts, comprehensive arts and language arts.

Extended data:

Intuition is the most basic aesthetic feature of visual art, and the direct perception of vision is intuitive shape, color (or tone), texture (texture or volume) and their relationships. Therefore, in visual arts, both plane (painting, calligraphy, photography) and three-dimensional (sculpture, architecture) modeling attach great importance to the application of the law of formal beauty. Diversity, unity, symmetry, balance, contrast, harmony and the relationship between the picture and the bottom are all important factors that constitute the aesthetic characteristics of visual art.

In visual arts, form and content, image and meaning are expressed in various ways, which constitute the unparalleled aesthetic charm of visual arts. For example, based on the high generalization ability of life movement changes and different textures or senses, lines can produce direct aesthetic interest, and different lines can give people different aesthetic feelings. Therefore, lines not only become the main language element of painting, but also become an important language of other visual arts.

Color has the function of affecting people's emotions, and it is also the main aesthetic element of visual art. Different color configurations or tones can make people have different emotional tendencies, obtain visual pleasure and realize their expressive significance.

(1) Painting and Sculpture

Painting and sculpture mainly use shape, color, quality, point, line, surface and body to form a certain artistic image. The former is expressed in two-dimensional plane, while the latter is shaped in three-dimensional space. Modeling is their most important aesthetic feature.

Because of the different means of expression, there are many kinds of painting, and realism and expression are the two most important ways. Realistic painting directly imitates the images of natural and realistic things and achieves specific figurative effects by realistic means; Expressive painting emphasizes the subjective spirit and directly expresses the emotional experience and aesthetic needs of the subject by exaggeration, deformation, symbol and abstraction, thus shaping the artistic image.

For example, the characteristics of Chinese painting lie not only in the great particularity of its tool materials (brush, rice paper and ink color), but more importantly, it attaches great importance to expressing the inner spirit of the subject, emphasizes "writing spirit with form" and "both form and spirit", and pursues charm, vividness and artistic conception, not to study the material characteristics of the image towards the objective world, but to touch the image of the painting for the needs of the soul and show it implicitly and profoundly.

(2) architecture

Architecture is a symbolic visual art, which "generally can only use things in the external environment to imply the meaning transplanted into it" and "create a work whose external shape can only imply the meaning in a symbolic way".

Architecture fully embodies the organic combination of function and aesthetics, technology and art. Although the forms and uses of various buildings are different, it generally embodies the principle of "practicality, firmness and beauty" emphasized by the ancient Roman architect Vitruvius, and always tries to express the forms of various basic natural forces and the spirit and wisdom of human beings. In other words, buildings have practical functions (people can live in them, and so on). ), at the same time, it has certain aesthetic function characteristics.

Through physical structure, spatial combination and decorative techniques, rhythmic abstract formal beauty is formed to stimulate people's aesthetic association in the process of observation, thus causing various specific aesthetic experiences. For example, the ancient palaces in China are rigorous and symmetrical, giving people a sense of neatness and solemnity; Gothic churches are like minarets and towering towers, which make people feel soaring upwards.

Tiantan in Beijing, pyramids in Egypt, Notre Dame de Paris in France, Sydney Opera House in Australia, etc. All of them give people a unique aesthetic feeling and enlightenment with their unique abstract shapes. With the increasing awareness of ecological environment, the harmony between architecture and environment has become an urgent need of human beings. Blue sky, green land, water surface and green trees have expanded people's visual aesthetics of architecture to a larger scope.

Architecture is also a mirror of the cultural spirit of the times, just like history written in stone. Hugo pointed out when talking about Notre Dame Cathedral: "This is a time system. Every wave of time is increasing its sand layer, and every generation accumulates these sediments on this building. "

Facing all kinds of buildings, people can not only appreciate the beauty of their shapes, but also understand and feel the historical features, changes of the times, national spirit and cultural creation. The solemnity and beauty of ancient Greek architecture, the towering Gothic architecture, the gorgeous style of Rococo architecture, the smooth and thin facade of modern architecture, and the metaphorical deformation, division and exaggerated decoration of post-modern architecture all accurately reflect the cultural spirit of the times and people's aesthetic taste in different historical periods.

(3) Calligraphy

Calligraphy, as a unique art in China, is sublimated from practicality. It uses the particularity of brush and Xuan paper to establish an isomorphic aesthetic relationship between the combined movement of font modeling and human emotions through the stippling of Chinese characters, which makes every Chinese character seem to have life and embodies the calligrapher's spiritual temperament and aesthetic pursuit. "China's calligraphy is rhythmic and natural, expressing a profound conception of life images and becoming an art that reflects life."

Primitive art and modern art

Primitive art is blunt, naive, sensitive and wild, not only because the primitive value relationship is usually low-level, shallow, simple, direct and instinctive, but also because people's cognitive ability was very limited at that time, and they could only use shallow, simple, direct and mechanical art forms to reflect and describe the objective things around them.

Modern art is advanced, exquisite, complex and rational, not only because modern value relations are usually advanced, profound and complex, but also because people's cognitive ability is constantly improving, so advanced, profound, complex and dialectical art forms can be used to reflect and describe the objective things around them.

Realism and romanticism

Realism is based on the existing state of things, observing and analyzing the laws of movement, development and change of things; Romanticism is to analyze and observe the laws of the movement, development and change of things from the basic point of view of the state of things. The emphasis of the two is different: the former attaches importance to the realistic state, while the latter attaches importance to the contact state.

Realism usually focuses on the concreteness and particularity of things, and can only know concrete and individual things, but not abstract and universal things.

Romanticism usually pays attention to the abstraction and universality of things, and abstracts and induces things. All kinds of romantic artistic images have certain autonomy and randomness. They put aside the concrete form and content of real life, are not bound by specific logical conditions, ignore some vulgar and low-level things, reveal the deepest and most suggestive things in the depths of human hearts, and make artistic creation a creative adventure.

In primitive society, people's survival depends entirely on the natural environment, people can only passively adapt to the world, and people's value relationship is simple and stable, which can only be reflected through intuitive feelings. At this time, the most effective artistic way is realism based on the existing state of things.

With the development of social productive forces, people's direct dependence on the natural environment has gradually weakened. People can not only actively adapt to the world, but also actively transform the world. People's value relationship has developed into a complex and changeable value relationship, which needs to be accurately reflected through logical thinking. At this time, the most effective artistic way is romanticism based on the connection state of things.

When the society is in a state of rapid development, the value relationship of people is also in a state of rapid development, and romantic art is more popular at this time; When the society is in a relatively stable state, people's value relationship is also in a relatively stable state. Realistic art is more popular at this time. The development of art is often out of sync with the development of the value relationship it reflects, and usually lags behind for a period of time, so the ideological trend and genre of art usually lag behind the development pace of the value relationship it reflects.

Stylistism

Artists in the early Renaissance and its heyday developed their typical styles from natural observation and careful study of pattern science. When the stylism matured in 1520 (the year of Raphael's death), all the problems of the figurative school had been solved. A series of knowledge relearning. Stylistic artists regard art as their teacher rather than nature. On the one hand, Renaissance artists seek their own styles from nature; On the other hand, stylism seeks a style and a method for the first time.

As far as stylistic painting is concerned, the composition can be unfocused and the space can be blurred. Characters are characterized by dynamic bending, distortion and exaggeration, and elastic elongation of limbs. One hand assumes a strange posture, and the other hand assumes an elegant posture; It's always a small oval head.

This composition is full of color conflicts, unlike the balance between nature and rich colors we saw in the heyday of the Renaissance. Stylistic works of art seek instability and turbulence, and also prefer fables with provocative tendencies.

References:

Baidu encyclopedia-art