Principles and skills of lens assembly

Film is a technology in which many shots are connected logically and rhythmically to explain or describe the occurrence and development of something. Let's take a look at the principles and skills of lens assembly that I carefully recommend for everyone. After reading this article, maybe your questions will be answered.

First, the principle of lens combination

Lens assembly should conform to people's living habits and cognitive laws, so the following principles should be followed.

(1) The combination of shots should be logical.

The combination of shots is not random. As mentioned above, sleeping children, pencils and cigarettes are connected, and I don't know what to say. The combination of lenses must conform to the logic, the logic of the development of things, the habits of life, and the logic of cognition and thinking.

The motion state of things has an inevitable law of development. People are also used to understanding and thinking about problems according to this law of development. For example, if the teacher puts a slide on the projector, the students will want to see clearly what image appears on the screen. When athletes draw their bows and arrows, the audience will want to know what the next goal is. There is a movie about shooting an amusement park, including archery, horse racing and camel riding. The photographer took many wonderful shots, but he ignored the principle of lens group pressing when editing. After a shot of archery, he pressed a shot of horse racing. People are still a little worried about whether the shot arrow hits the running horse. A similar lens group press also caused a heap? Counter-revolution now? Keith. Are you online? ""? In the early days, the TV station broadcast a news film of militia training, followed by the shooting of militia, followed by the meeting of militia in the Great Hall of the People. ? Rebellion? Grasping this point, it is said that the hospital pointed a gun at Chairman Liu Zhun, which is a great hatred for Chairman Mao, including the fact that the dean was internally labeled as a counter-revolutionary. Although they were not really counter-revolutionaries and were later rehabilitated, they were indeed wrong in the logical reasoning of the lens combination. Therefore, the combination of shots cannot be arbitrary and must be logical.

(B) Follow the axis law of lens scheduling

Following the axis rule of lens scheduling, when assembling the lens, it is

It can keep the position and moving direction of the main object in the lens consistent, which conforms to the observation law of people. Otherwise, there will be directional confusion. For example, in football, Team A shoots at the left goal and Team B shoots at the right goal. If a shot is shot from the opposite direction, it seems that Team A also shot at the target. For another example, there are three people standing on one side and shooting at the target. When shooting the first person, they shot to the right. When shooting the second person, the plane seat moves to the other side, so it looks like shooting to the left and the third person shooting to the right. The screen effect after this combination is that one person hits one person.

In order to avoid this kind of lens with chaotic direction, we must abide by the axis law of lens scheduling when shooting, that is, when dealing with the action direction and communication of two or more characters, there is an invisible line between them. Axis? (See Figure 5? 1)。 If the camera jumps over the axis to the other side, after the lens is assembled, it will destroy the sense of unity of space and cause direction error.

The picture shows a conversation between two people. We shot the conversation into four clips as shown in the picture.

Lens 1: Mid shot, A and B are talking;

Shot 2: Close-up, A speaks;

Shot 3: Close-up, answer B;

Scene 4: Close-up, A speaks.

Here, the lens 4 is an off-axis lens. Because the long angle orientation 1 of the lens is set in area A, the slit lens taken later cannot pass through area A; If you cross zone A to zone B, it is an off-axis or off-axis lens. The off-axis lens and the upper and lower lenses cannot be assembled, and after assembly, there will be a directional error, that is, A was talking to B, and the result was in turn talking to B.

(3) The farewell transition should be natural and reasonable.

When two adjacent lens groups representing the same object are reasonably connected smoothly without jumping, the following three rules must be observed:

1, the scene must have obvious changes, otherwise: there will be obvious picture jumps.

2. When the scene is not much different, the camera position must be changed. Otherwise, it will jump, as if a continuous shot was cut from the middle.

3, can't connect with the scene. Because it shows the same object in the same environment, the scenery is the same, the picture content is similar, and the change is not big, so the connection is meaningless; If it is in a different environment, there will be a magic environment jump.

(4) Dynamic connection, static connection and static connection

Verb to verb refers to the movement of the subject in the picture. If the running car is connected with the crowd passing quickly on the white road, it is a moving body and a moving body, which can achieve a smooth effect, but the speed and direction of the movement cannot be too different.

Static contact Static contact refers to the stillness of the subject of the picture, and the picture itself is a fixed shot. Static connection, like dynamic connection, uses the consistency of the rhythm inside the picture to connect, so that it won't feel sudden. However, when the moving lens of the subject is connected with the static lens of the subject, the moving element cannot be connected with the static subject picture until it stops. For example, when the manual centrifuge rotates at high speed, it needs to stop rotating, take down the test tube, and then take a close-up of the test tube, which feels smooth, instead of taking a close-up of the test tube at high speed. Similarly, when the moving lens is to be connected with the static lens, the moving lens must have a static start-up time of one to two seconds. So when shooting moving shots, you must have enough time to ups and downs, otherwise it will be difficult to assemble and edit.

(5) The transition between light and tone should be natural.

The light and tone of two adjacent lenses should not be too different, otherwise it will also lead to sudden changes and even affect students' attention and thinking.

Second, the skill combination of the lens

In addition to the usual idle and fast switching, the connection between two adjacent shots can also be combined with various techniques through electronic stunt machines, such as fading and scratching.

(a) light changes

Fading is also called slow transition or overlap. It is a combination way that two adjacent shots gradually transform each other in a certain period of time. It is different from switching (or cutting). Switching combination means that the images of two adjacent shots are transformed in a short time, and the images are not staggered (see Figure 5? 2a). This exchange time is only a few tens of microseconds, which is imperceptible to the naked eye. Fading means that the first picture slowly disappears and the second picture slowly appears, so it is also called this exchange. Fade in and out? , or? Fade in and out? ,? Become a person? . In this fading process, the picture images can be staggered or separated for a period of time, so it can be divided into X fading, V fading and U fading.

1, x faded. The gradients of the two images are complementary and staggered (see Figure 5? 2b). When image A is at full amplitude, image B will not appear. As the amplitude of image A weakens (fades out), the amplitude of image B gradually increases (fades out). When the time reaches t 1, the amplitudes of the two images are the same, and an overlapping image with half the intensity appears at the same time. When the image A disappears completely, the image B appears completely, and this fading process is completed.

The combination of X-fade mode is often used in the following situations: (1) When two adjacent shots are separated for a long time, it means the passage of time. For example, the diffusion phenomenon of solution, image A is two drops of red ink in a beaker filled with clear water, and image B after X fading is a completely evenly diffused reddish solution. In this way, the time process of intermediate change is omitted by X fading. The growth of animals and plants, the movement and change of things, etc. Can be applied to any picture that will last for a period of time. (2) Comparing, abstracting or expressing progress, etc. For example, the bone of a real fish fades out, and the interference pattern in the book fades out, which is the interference phenomenon of waves.

2. V fade (see figure 5? 2c). The fading of two images is not staggered and uninterrupted. When the image A just fades in, the image B gradually appears until it shows normal intensity to complete the fade-in process. V-fade combination can separate two shots, such as representing paragraphs, or representing differences in time, place and category.

3. u fade (see figure 5? 2a) After image A fades out, the black images are separated by a period of time △t, and then images B and U fade out, and the separation effect is more obvious.

(2) Change

Scratch is also called electronic curtain. Is it before the boundary of the next image appears and is pushed away?

The transformation mode of the image. The boundary of the latter image can be divided into dozens of ways, which can be roughly divided into two categories:

1, circle, circle people Its characteristic is to change the boundary of the pattern and form a closed pattern, such as a circle, a square, a diamond, etc. The transformation of two images is realized by the diffusion or contraction of boundary graphics. This transformation is usually used to represent inserted narratives. Or the change of time and space.

2, draw it, draw people. Characterized in that the scratch pattern is a straight line or a broken line edge, and when the front image picture is drawn, the rear image picture is drawn. This combination can be used for comparison or to express the transformation of time and space.

There are many forms of skill combination, but we must use them carefully, and we can't blindly pursue more tricks, which will dazzle the audience and only get the opposite effect.

& gt& gt& gt The next page is (3) the transition mode of lens assembly.