Basic knowledge of film and television photography

Photography refers to the process of recording images with some special equipment. Generally, we take pictures with mechanical cameras or digital cameras. Sometimes photography is also called photography, that is, the process of exposing the photosensitive medium by using the light reflected by the object. The following is the basic knowledge of film and television photography I brought to you. Welcome to reading.

1, lens push-pull skills

The push-pull technology of lens is a set of opposite technologies, and one of them can often be used to realize the other in nonlinear editing. Pushing the lens is equivalent to walking directly along the straight line of the object to see the object, while pulling the lens means that the camera keeps leaving the object. Of course, both of these technologies can be realized through a zoom lens. The role of push lens in shooting focuses on highlighting important people or objects in later films, which is the most common role of push lens. It can make the audience's line of sight gradually close to the subject, and gradually guide the audience's observation from the whole to the part. In the process of pushing the ground, the content contained in the picture gradually decreases, that is to say, the movement of the lens abandons the superfluous things in the picture, highlights the key points and leads the audience's attention to a certain part.

This effect can also be achieved by using a zoom lens, that is, gradually moving from a short focal length to a long focal length, so that the audience can see the subtle parts of the object and highlight the key to express the content. Pushing the lens can also show a huge space.

Pulling a lens is just the opposite of pushing it. This means that the camera keeps moving away from the subject, and you can also shoot with a zoom lens (gradually adjust from a long focal length to a short focal length). It has two functions, one is to show the position of the protagonist or scenery in the environment. The lens moves backward and gradually expands the field of vision, which can reflect the relationship between the part and the whole in the same lens. Second, it is also necessary for the connection between shots. For example, the former is a close-up shot of one scene and the latter is a shot of another scene, so it is much more natural for the two shots to connect like this.

The push-pull effect of lens is different from zoom. For example, in the technique of pushing the lens, the method of using zoom lens is equivalent to magnifying a part of the original subject. The effect on the screen is that the relative position of the scene remains unchanged, and the scene remains unchanged, but the original picture is enlarged. It is more suitable to use zoom lens to achieve this lens effect when the main body of the shooting scene has not changed and it is necessary to approach the object continuously at any speed without shaking. Moving the lens to push the lens is equivalent to observing close to the subject. The effect in the picture is that the objects in the scene move backwards and the size of the scene changes. This is very effective when shooting narrow corridors or indoor scenery. There is a clear difference between moving the camera and using the zoom lens to achieve the push-pull effect of the lens, so we need to have a clear understanding of the shooting concept and cannot simply replace the two.

2, shaking the lens skills

This lens technology was pioneered by French photographer Dixon in 1896, and also developed according to people's visual habits. When using the panning technology, the position of the camera does not move, and the lens changes the shooting direction, which is very similar to when we stand still and turn our heads to see things.

There are several types of panning lenses, which can swing left and right, up and down, tilt or mix with moving lenses. The function of panning is to let the audience show the scenes to be shown one by one. Slow panning skills can also cause prolonged space-time effects and give people an impression.

Shake the lens to show the content from beginning to end in one go, so it is required that the purpose of the lens picture at the beginning and end of the film is clear, and a series of processes between the two lenses should also be the content to be shown. Moving the telephoto lens away from the subject will also cause lateral movement or lifting.

The movement speed of the pan/tilt lens must be uniform. When it starts, it will stagnate for a moment, then gradually accelerate, decelerate at a uniform speed, and then stagnate, and the left picture will be slow.

3, the skills of moving the lens

This lens technology was inspired by 1896, when French photographer Promio was on a yacht in Venice. He envisioned "shooting with a moving film camera, so that stationary objects can also move", so he pioneered the "side lens" in the film, that is, putting the camera on a moving car and shooting to one side of the track.

The purpose of this kind of lens is to show the spatial relationship between people and things, people and things in the scene, or to show something coherently. There are similarities between moving lens and shaking lens, both of which are to show the relationship between subject and companion in the scene, but the visual effect on the screen is completely different. Pan-tilt lens means that the position of the camera is fixed, and the shooting angle and the angle of the object are changing, which is suitable for shooting distant objects. However, the moving lens is different, that is, the shooting angle is unchanged, the camera itself moves, and the angle with the object is unchanged, which is suitable for shooting objects and subjects with close distance.

Mobile phone photography is mostly dynamic composition. When the subject presents a static effect, the camera moves to make the scene pass through the picture in turn, resulting in a visual effect of patrol or display; When the subject is dynamic, the camera moves with it, forming a visual effect of following. It can also create a specific mood and atmosphere.

When moving the lens, you can use other moving tools, such as airplanes in high-altitude photography, trains and cars in the wilderness, in addition to the moving car laid on the track. Its movement can be roughly divided into lateral movement and deep movement according to the direction of movement. When the camera is not moving, changing the focal length or moving the subject in the background can also achieve the effect of moving the lens.

4. Follow the camera skills

Refers to the camera following moving objects, such as pushing, pulling, swinging, lifting, rotating, etc. Follow-up keeps the dynamic subject in the picture unchanged, while the foreground and background may be constantly changing. This shooting technique can not only highlight the subject in motion, but also explain the direction, speed and posture of the object and its relationship with the environment, so as to keep the movement of the object coherent and help to express the mental outlook of the characters in the dynamic.

5, lifting lens

This lens technique refers to the picture taken by the camera moving up and down, and it is a method to express the scene from multiple viewpoints. Its changing methods include vertical direction, oblique lifting and irregular lifting. Changing the camera's height and tilt angle will bring rich visual experience to the audience. If skillfully used, it can enhance the illusion of spatial depth and produce a sense of height. If the lifting lens moves properly in speed and rhythm, it can creatively show the emotional appeal of a plot. It is often used to express the development law of events or the subjective emotions of the subject moving up and down in the scene. If we can combine the skills of other lenses in actual shooting, we can show changeable visual effects.

6, lens throwing skills

This technology requires a higher cameraman, that is, after a picture is shot, the camera quickly "shakes" in another direction, thus changing the picture of the camera into another content, and the content shot in the shaking process becomes blurred. This is also very similar to people's visual habits, much like we suddenly turn our heads to another thing when observing things, which can emphasize the transformation of space and the juxtaposition of scenes in different scenes at the same time.

Another way to throw a shot is to shoot a moving image shot thrown in the required direction, and then edit it between the front and back shots.

The effect of camera swing is an extremely fast rhythm, which can cause a sudden transition. When editing, the direction, speed and speed of throwing and the length of the process should be adapted to the movements of the front and rear lenses and their direction and speed.

Step 7 rotate the lens

There are several common shooting methods for pictures with rotating subject or background: 1. Rotating shooting along the elevation angle of the lens optical axis; Second, the camera shakes 360 degrees quickly; Third, the subject and the photographer rotate 360 degrees on almost one axis; 4. When the camera is stationary, the image or photo on the film or tape is rotated, inverted or turned to any angle of the 360-degree circle for shooting, and it can move clockwise or counterclockwise. In addition, you can also use a rotating carrier to shoot, and you can also get a rotating effect.

This kind of lens technique is often used to express the subjective sight or dizziness of the characters in rotation, or to set off emotions and render the atmosphere.

8. Shake the lens skills

This kind of lens is not widely used in actual shooting, but using this technique under appropriate circumstances can often produce strong shock and subjective emotions. The camera shake technology refers to the camera body swinging up and down, left and right, back and forth when shooting. Often used as a subjective lens, such as in the performance of drunkenness, trance, dizziness, or ship, car shaking, bumpy effect, to create a specific artistic effect. If we have carefully watched Zhang Yimou's film Speak Out, we will certainly have a deep understanding of it.

How much swing amplitude and frequency this technology needs in actual shooting depends on the specific situation. It is best to hold a camera or shoulder when shooting.

These lens technologies mentioned above are not isolated in actual shooting, but often ever-changing, and can be combined with each other to form a colorful comprehensive motion lens effect. However, when we want to use lens expression skills, we need to determine them according to actual needs. When shooting, the lens action should be even, steady and decisive. Don't abuse the lens skills aimlessly, pause or shake back and forth for no reason, which will not only affect the expression of the content, but also dazzle the audience and be at a loss. The direction and speed of lens movement should also consider the consistency of rhythm and speed of the front and rear lenses.

Expand one's knowledge

Composition skills of film and television photography

1. Balanced composition.

Give people a sense of satisfaction, perfect picture structure, clever arrangement and balanced correspondence. It is often used for moonlit nights, water, night scenes, news and other topics.

2. Symmetrical composition.

Its characteristics are balance, stability and relativity. Disadvantages: dull, lack of change. It is often used to represent symmetrical objects, buildings and objects with special styles.

3. Changing composition.

Deliberately arranged scenery in a corner or a side can give people thinking and imagination, leaving room for further judgment. Full of charm and interest. Often used in small landscapes, sports, artistic photography, humorous photos, etc.

4. Diagonal composition.

Arranging the subject on the diagonal can effectively use the length of the diagonal of the picture, and at the same time, it can also make the companion have a direct relationship with the subject. Dynamic and lively, it is easy to produce the convergence trend of lines, attract people's attention, and achieve the effect of highlighting the subject (such as spotlight illuminating the subject).

5. x-shaped composition.

Lines and light and shade are arranged in an X-shape, which has a strong sense of perspective and is conducive to guiding people's sight to move from the periphery to the center, or the scenery has the characteristics of gradually enlarging from the center to the periphery. Often used in architecture, bridges, highways, fields and other themes.

6. The composition is compact.

Enlarge the main body of the scene in the form of close-up to make it full of pictures, compact, delicate and microscopic. Often used for portraits, micrographs or showing local details. Depicting a character's face vividly and unforgettable.

7. Triangle composition.

Three visual centers are the main positions of the scene, and sometimes the geometric composition of three points into a plane arranges the position of the scene to form a stable triangle. This triangle can be a regular triangle, an oblique triangle or an inverted triangle. Among them, oblique triangle is more commonly used and flexible. Triangular composition is stable, balanced and flexible.

8.s-shaped composition.

The scenery on the screen is in the form of S-shaped curve composition, which has the characteristics of extension and change, making people look rhythmic and producing a beautiful, elegant and harmonious feeling. When it is necessary to express the subject in the form of curve, we should first think of S-shaped composition. Commonly used in rivers, streams, winding paths, paths, etc.

9. Jiugongge composition.

Place the subject or important scenery at the intersection of Jiugongge. The four intersections of the word "well" are the best positions of the main body. Generally speaking, the intersection on the upper right is the most ideal, followed by the intersection on the lower right. But it is not static. This composition format is more in line with people's visual habits, making the subject naturally become the visual center, with the characteristics of highlighting the subject and making the picture tend to be balanced.

10. Sketch composition.

By means of close-ups and ideas, it is a way of composition to turn a small scene that is not surprising into a humorous picture full of interest and profound meaning. It is characterized by free imagination and eclecticism. There are no certain rules in this composition.

1 1. centripetal composition.

The main body is in the center, and the surrounding scenery is in the form of composition concentrated towards the center, which can strongly lead people's eyes to the center of the main body and play a role in gathering. It has the distinct characteristics of highlighting the subject, but sometimes it will also produce the feeling of oppression and embarrassment.

12. Vertical composition.

Can fully show the height and depth of the scene. It is often used to show pictures composed of vertical lines such as towering trees, steep rocks, waterfalls and skyscrapers.

13. Composition of dichotomy.

Divide the picture into two parts with the ratio of 2: 1, forming a left-right echo or an up-and-down echo, and the performance space is relatively broad. One part of the picture is the subject and the other half is the partner. Often used to express people, sports, scenery, architecture and other themes.

Employment direction of film and television photography

Training objectives:

This major trains senior professionals with rich knowledge of scientific culture and artistic theory, film, television, advertising and photography, who can engage in photography art creation, teaching and research in film factories, television production departments, advertising and publicity departments and audio-visual publishing departments.

Training requirements:

Students in this major mainly study art, literature and aesthetics. Receive training in film photography, TV shooting and advertising production, and master the basic abilities of film photography, TV shooting, advertising photography and photo photography creation.

Graduates should have the following knowledge and abilities:

Master the basic theory and knowledge needed by photography major;

2. Master the photography creation and production methods of movies, television, advertisements and pictures;

3. Understand the art, news guidelines, policies and regulations of the Party and the country;

4. Understand the theoretical frontier, application prospect and development trend of film and television and advertising art;

5. Master the basic methods of literature retrieval and information inquiry, and have certain scientific research and practical work ability;

6. Have high theoretical literacy, innovative ability and practical ability.

Main course:

Art foundation, art appreciation, lighting technology, photography technology and skills, photography composition, trick photography, nonlinear editing, photography modeling, advertising photography and so on.

Employment direction:

Cultivate high-quality professionals who can engage in photo photography, digital image, media processing and production, master the basic laws of print advertising and art design, and use this as a means to design and create art. Main courses: comprehensive modeling foundation, design composition principle and artistic expression, camera card, darkroom, lighting composition principle, photography foundation and thematic photography creation, computer graphics processing, digital image, film and television artistic creation (DV camera shooting and post-production) and so on.