Ancient lamps and materials

The bold imagination of physics professor 1802, in the medical college of surgery in Petersburg, Russia, a physics professor named Petrov announced that he intended to "use electricity to get light". /kloc-At the beginning of the 9th century, when bonfires, Song and Ming Dynasties, animal and vegetable oils and gas were still the main lighting methods, and electricity was still a new thing, this decision was tantamount to a fable. However, Petrov's enthusiasm was not suppressed by the public's cynicism, because not long ago, American physicist Franklin got inspiration by flying a kite and drawing sparks: Can the sparks generated when the two ends of the battery are connected by wires become a lasting lamp for lighting? In order to achieve the expected results, Petrov made unremitting efforts. Although he had never seen "lasting light" before his death, Petrov discovered "electric arc"-"If two carbon rods are close to each other, there will be a very bright white light or white flame between them, which will make the carbon rods burn faster or slower and completely illuminate the dark room." This is the earliest statement about electric lighting. The discovery of electric arc marks a decisive step in the transformation from electricity to light.

From arc lamp to incandescent lamp

Almost at the same time, 1809, the famous British chemist David, who was immersed in electrochemical research, also discovered the arc. He made a big battery himself, used 2000 voltaic cells, and got a stronger and brighter arc.

Petrov's experimental device is similar to David's, and it is actually the prototype of a new type of lamp-carbon electrode arc lamp. At that time, this kind of lamp used carbon rods made of ordinary charcoal, which burned too fast and the dazzling arc seemed to be a flash in the pan.

About 30 years later, someone remembered and applied hard and dense coke instead of ordinary charcoal. Because the burning speed of coke is slower than that of charcoal, the time of arc light is much longer.

Later, French scientists and technicians installed a clock device on the arc device, which enabled it to automatically adjust the distance between two carbon rods. In this way, the first carbon arc lamp was officially born.

1876, Russian electrician Ya Bu Lochekov transformed the arc lamp. He canceled the complicated clock mechanism and the magnetic lamp adjusting device, and let two carbon rods stand side by side, separated by an insulating piece made of clay or gypsum. He also used a device that can constantly change the direction of current, so that two carbon rods alternately act as anode and cathode, so that the combustion speed of the two carbon rods is basically the same, and the distance between the two ends can remain unchanged. Because these two carbon rods stand side by side and glow like candles, people give it a nice name "electric candle". Electric candles emit beautiful reddish or lavender light, and each candle can last for about two hours.

In the late 1970s, electric candles were all the rage. The electric candles invested and manufactured by the French General Electric Association were once used as street lamps and lit one by one in the street. In Paris alone, thousands of electric candles have replaced the original 70,000 kerosene lamps on the street, making the bustling Paris a veritable city that never sleeps. Electric candles also lit up the streets of London, Britain and ancient Persia, shining on the Grand Theatre of Rome and the Royal Palace of Cambodia. ...

The advent of arc lamp has opened up a new era of electric lighting, which is of great significance in the history of human lighting. Because of its strong luminosity, high luminous efficiency and good color rendering, arc lamp has unparalleled advantages in printing, plate making, film projection and other fields, and still occupies a place today. The electric candle consumes a lot of electricity, has a short life and produces harmful gases, so it almost disappeared in the lighting field after the incandescent lamp appeared.

From 65438 to 0879, Edison made the first batch of practical carbon filament incandescent lamps in the world on the basis of previous research and practice. Edison used an improved carbonization method to spread a cotton thread with carbon powder, bend it into a horseshoe shape, put it in a clay crucible and heat it at high temperature to make a filament, then sealed it in a glass bulb, and carefully evacuated the air inside. In those two days, 10 and 2 1, this light bulb began to light up and lasted for 45 hours! Edison made a great contribution to the invention of incandescent lamp.

From immaturity to maturity

The brilliance of incandescent lamps is deeply rooted in people's hearts, and a large number of inventors are committed to the improvement of incandescent lamps. In fact, before the birth of carbon filament incandescent lamp, people tried to use all kinds of refractory metals as filament, and after the advent of incandescent lamp, people spared no effort to find the ideal filament. Finally, in the ninth year of the 20th century, American Coolidge discovered tungsten, a filament material with excellent performance. Tungsten has many remarkable characteristics, its melting point is higher than any other metal element, and it evaporates little when heated, so tungsten is the most suitable material for filament. Using tungsten filament as filament to make incandescent lamp is a milestone in the development history of lighting technology. The introduction of tungsten filament made incandescent lamp win a decisive victory in the competition with kerosene lamp, gas lamp and gasoline lamp. The application of tungsten wire has strongly promoted the development of electric lighting industry and opened up a new era of electric lighting technology.

The improvement of incandescent lamps is not complacent. 19 13, Langmuir filled the glass bulb with nitrogen for the first time, which was another major innovation of incandescent lamp after the filament was changed from carbon filament to tungsten filament. When the glass bulb is filled with nitrogen, a thin protective layer of stable gas is formed around the filament, which enables the filament to work at a higher temperature, effectively inhibits the evaporation of tungsten filament, and overcomes the performance defects of tungsten filament in the use process (until today, inflation is still an important process in the bulb manufacturing process).

Later, in order to improve the luminous efficiency of incandescent lamps and prolong the service life of bulbs, people once again made great efforts on the composition and structure of filaments. The inventor introduced a new element-rhenium. Rhenium has the advantages of high melting point, corrosion resistance, good mechanical properties and much higher resistivity than tungsten. After rhenium plating, the strength and resistance of tungsten wire are greatly enhanced, and the service life can be extended by 5 times! At the same time, people began to make the filament spiral. On the one hand, it can reduce the occupied space and improve the luminous efficiency, on the other hand, it can continue to reduce the evaporation of tungsten and prolong the service life, which can be described as killing two birds with one stone. 1936, people made a double helix filament, which raised the working temperature of inflatable incandescent lamps to over 2500, and even reached 3000 for photographic incandescent lamps: the first generation of incandescent lamps was mature.

Throughout the 20th century until the 20th century, incandescent lamps have been a beautiful landscape in the big family of lighting appliances. Although in today's life, there have been more excellent fluorescent lamps, fluorescent lamps and neon lights than incandescent lamps ... but in ordinary people's home life, ordinary incandescent lamps still play an irreplaceable role.

The ancient kerosene lamp, Edison invented the electric light.

Development history of automobile headlights

It is said that the earliest car headlights was a household portable lamp. 1887, a driver got lost in the dark wilderness, and a farmer took him home with a lantern.

1898, the electric car Colombia used electricity as headlights and taillights, so headlights were born. The original headlights can't be dimmed, so they are a bit dazzling when passing by. In order to overcome this shortcoming, an additional photometric regulator was later adopted. This headlight can move vertically, but the driver must get off and move the fixture.

1925, the navigation company popularized the double-line light bulb, and the adjustment of the high beam and the low beam was controlled by the switch installed on the steering column.

The use of turn signals is very interesting. 19 16, an American named c? h？ Thomas's men put a light bulb with a battery on their gloves so that when driving at night, the other driver can see his gestures.

1938, Buick manufacturers provided turn signals as optional accessories, but only installed at the rear of the car.

After 1940, the front of the car is also equipped with a turn signal, and the signal switch has the function of adjustment at any time.

1906, the first battery-powered electric lamp lighting in the world.

1909, acetylene lamp was first used as dimming device.

19 16 years, the United States used running lights.

In 1920, when the reverse gear is selected, the backup lamp is used.

1920, General Motors installed indoor lights for the first time.

In 1926, General Motors moved the headlamp dimmer switch from the steering wheel to the floor.

1938 adopts enclosed interior lamp for the first time.

1898, American electric company extended the parabolic reflector of electric lamp to headlights, side lights and taillights.

The history of neon lights

Neon lamp, the oldest and most important gas discharge light source

At 1. 1893, Moore and geissler's original neon model appeared.

2. 19 10 The first commercial neon light appeared in Paris Palace Building. 19 15 Claude, France, won the first patent for the invention of neon lights.

3. At first, neon lights used gas discharge primary colors or colored glass tubes, but at 1930, fluorescent neon lights appeared.

4. 1926 The first neon advertisement in China appeared on the window of Evans Library on Nanjing East Road.

5. 1927 The first neon lamp in China was made by Shanghai Far East Chemical Factory and used in Shanghai Central Hotel.

In 1930s, neon lights in China gradually developed. By 1949, there are about 30 neon lamp factories in China.

7. 1949- 1979 Neon lamp stagnation period in China.

Since 8. 1980, neon lights in China have flourished, with about 1 10,000 neon light manufacturing, raw materials and device factories.

NEON comes from the English word NEON SIGN, which is actually a transliteration of NEON. Now people have regarded neon as a special word.

The development of neon lights can be traced back to the study of gas discharge by British physicist and chemist Faraday. When current passes through a gas containing a small amount of positive and negative ions, it moves under the action of ultraviolet rays, cosmic rays and a small amount of radioactive substances. After colliding with neutral gas molecules, neutral molecules ionize, so the number of ions doubles. When current passes through gas, it is accompanied by luminescence, which is called glow discharge. Its luminous color changes with the filling of gas. Faraday's theory and his achievements in experiments laid a solid foundation for the development of neon technology.

Neon lights originated in France. At that time, the glass tube of the lamp body was 45 mm in diameter. First, the glass tube was bent into the required characters or patterns, and then it was powered by 10000 volt/transformer to make it glow. At that time, the electrodes at both ends of the lamp tube were made of graphite, and when nitrogen or carbon dioxide gas was filled, the former would emit red light and the latter would emit white light. Because these two gases are active, they are easy to react with graphite electrodes. The graphite splashed by the cathode quickly forms a black film on the inner wall of the glass tube, which absorbs a lot of gas filled into the lamp tube, so that the inflation pressure of the lamp tube drops rapidly, resulting in a short life of the neon lamp. At that time, in order to solve this problem, the special solenoid valve 1 was added to the neon lamp tube, and a certain amount of gas was added to the lamp after the neon lamp was used for a period of time, but this did not fundamentally overcome the above defects. Therefore, this kind of lamp is not only short in life, complicated in manufacturing process, but also expensive and difficult to popularize.

From 1907 to 19 10, scientists Claude and Linde invented the liquid air fractionation method. By adopting the invention, a certain amount of inert gas is filled into the neon lamp, which obviously slows down the consumption speed of gas in the lamp tube, enriches the colors and can produce four colors of red, green, blue and yellow. On the eve of World War II, photoluminescent materials were developed. This material can not only emit various colors of light, but also has high luminous efficiency, which we call phosphor. After the phosphor is applied to the production of neon lights, not only the brightness of neon lights is obviously improved, but also the colors of lamps are more vivid and diverse, and the process of making lamps is simplified. So after World War II, neon lights developed rapidly.

In general, the life of neon lights is longer than that of fluorescent lights and incandescent lights. To reach this level, we must do three things:

1, the production personnel are excellent, and the exhaust personnel bombard and degas properly and thoroughly;

2. The transformer that starts it should not be overloaded;

3, the installer carefully and reasonably installed; As long as the above requirements are met, practice has proved that neon lights

Life expectancy is longer than that of fluorescent lamps and incandescent lamps, and the company has such a successful example.

Neon lamp equipment and color code

Neon color code

Lamp feet: special consumables for fixing neon lights, which are classified as:

&# 183; Organic lamp holder: made of polycarbonate, high-quality lamp holder has excellent transparency, weather resistance, acid and alkali resistance, and can be used for more than 8 years. It is a substitute for plastic lamp holders, mainly used for dense straight tubes of neon lights. However, if it is a recycled material, its service life will be greatly reduced.

&# 183; Plastic lamp holder: made of high-quality plastic, with several colors such as red, blue, white, yellow and green, with a service life of 3-5 years. However, if it is recycled, the service life will be greatly reduced, and it may be "broken" in less than half a year, mainly used for neon lights.

&# 183; Glass lamp feet: glass material, strong weather resistance, can be used for more than 8 years. Mainly used for bending lamp tubes, such as word tubes.

Electrode: the "heart" of neon lights.

&# 183; No matter "bombardment degassing" or "vacuumizing", the better the electrode, the longer the life of neon lights, mainly mica and ceramic rings, and ceramics are better than mica.

&# 183; The better the electrode, the longer the life of neon lights is not necessarily. The life of neon lights is directly related to "bombardment degassing" and "vacuum pumping". No matter how good the electrode is, if the bombardment degassing is not complete, it may not have the same life as the ordinary mica electrode.

Development course of xenon lamp

Xenon lamp, also known as gas discharge lamp, was successfully developed by Philips for five years, and was mainly used for industrial and architectural lighting earlier. Its advantages are high illumination brightness, long irradiation time, good stability and power saving. Xenon lamps are generally divided into 120V, 240V and 380V, with wattage ranging from tens of watts to several kilowatts. Automobile xenon lamp is improved on the basis of industrial xenon lamp. The voltage of automobile xenon lamp is 12V, and the wattage is 35W and 55W. Most cars are 35W, and a few 55W are equipped with high beam. At present, there are many major manufacturers of automobile xenon lamps in the world, and Europe has always been the representative in technology. The brands generally recognized in Europe are: Haila; Philips (Philips); Osram; Doctor (Bosch); Lang Wei, the top five manufacturers. In the model of automobile xenon lamp, it has developed into two categories: special type and mass type. Generally, the models provided by Europe to the world's major automobile manufacturers are special models, including D2S/D2R, which are determined according to the lamp assembly of Hella. Volkswagen models are mainly equipped according to the original halogen lamp models. H 1, H3, H4, H7, 9005, 9006, Lang Wei has also introduced H 10, H1,H 13, 9004, 9007 and other models.

■ Xenon lamps have the following characteristics:

1, high color temperature, blue color. Looks more handsome. K number is the symbol of K number. Generally, the color temperature of halogen lamps is below 3000. Xenon lamps generally start at 4500k, and 7000k is very common. Two days ago, I saw a buddy who said there was a xenon lamp with 12000k K. He was crazy, and it must be blue and purple. A high K number is generally easier to accept when it is closer to the sun, but I think the real benefit of high color temperature is just good-looking, and other effects are not great.

2, high brightness, pay attention to color temperature and brightness are fundamentally different concepts, xenon lamp is not because of high color temperature, but because of high brightness. The unit of brightness is lumens, and the lumen number of xenon lamps is generally three times that of ordinary halogen lamps.

Other elephants consume less energy and live longer, which has little to do with us.

■ Several problems that must be understood before installing xenon lamp:

1, the classification of xenon lamps, xenon lamps are divided into six types according to the form of light bulbs. High beam with lens and low beam with lens (the above two lamps are generally used in original xenon lamp systems such as pst and Audi. ) h 1 (high beam bulb), h3 (fog lamp), h4 (low beam bulb) and h7 (low beam bulb).

2. There are two ways to modify the xenon lamp system.

A) One is the more luxurious revision of the common name ―― that is, the common name of headlights and the total replacement of light bulbs. This method has no effect, but it has two limitations: first, the price is too high; Bora has more than 65,438+00,000 Haila components, and 4,000-5,000 light bulbs are returned to Haila. The second assembly is limited by the original manufacturer's accessories. If there is no xenon lamp assembly at all, there is no way out. For example, a small incision is definitely not an original xenon lamp.

B) The second one is just to change the light bulb.

3. The process of modification: only the xenon lamp of light bulb is replaced. The product consists of four parts: booster and ballast. The above two things are iron boxes the size of cigarette cases, just fix them in the car, light bulbs and wires. There is no need to modify the line, just connect the line originally connected to the bulb to the booster. It's simple.

4. Risks that must be considered before deciding to modify:

A) About high frequency interference: it takes 3 seconds for the xenon lamp to start. 50 thousand volts of high voltage. There is a certain possibility that it will interfere with the electrical appliances in the car, such as the stereo, and Bora seems to interfere with the wiper. The proportion of occurrence is very small, but it is possible, and psychological preparation is needed.

B) Regarding the penetrability, the K value of xenon lamp is relatively high. According to the optical principle, the higher the K value, the easier it is to be blocked by light with low K value. General street lamps are only below 2000k K ... the effect is not obvious. Need to adapt. But if you look at the reflector, you will know that the brightness of the lamp is enough. The darker the surrounding environment, the better the effect of xenon lamp. Especially walking on the dark mountain road, you will find him very cute. However, there is a problem worthy of attention: the penetration of xenon lamps is relatively poor in rain, snow and fog, and the decline is relatively severe. Need to consider the brothers who like extreme cross-country. From the practical application, it has rained and snowed several times in Beijing. Although the penetration of xenon lamp is reduced, it is not much worse than halogen lamp, because the brightness is reduced by half and brighter than halogen lamp.

C) About the light horn: Due to the characteristics of the xenon lamp itself, it takes several seconds from lighting to maximum brightness. It may not feel like flashing headlights at will. From the actual feedback, it's not that serious: first of all, when the headlights flash for the first time, the light is very weak, but it's still the same sentence-but half the brightness is enough, which is much brighter than halogen lamps. Also-then flash the headlights, there will be basically no brightness lag. It should be a capacitor. Xenon lamp will not have a great influence on the light horn.

D) About the effect of xenon lamp installation: There are two most important effects after installation: First, dimming, you must dim. Because the xenon lamp is already very bright, if it is not adjusted slightly, it will have a great impact on other vehicles. So be sure to dim it, for others. Second, it is very important: it is the general quality of lamps, which we can't change. Generally speaking, the round lamp bowl with far and near light works well, and the lamp with square base with far and near light is the worst, among which Bora is the worst. Unfortunately, this is the case in Che Xiao. I haven't seen the light carefully. Interested people can take a closer look at whether the light from the small incision is very divergent, if not very divergent. There should be no problem. If it is too divergent, forget it.

E) Safety: Xenon lamp should be a relatively mature modification, and there should be no problem without changing the wiring of the original car. The key is to repair all the parts. In addition, although it is only 35w, the fever is still quite severe. Don't use inferior lamp holders.