Excuse me, who knows what kind of bug this is? The yellow one is bigger than the thumb.

Editor? [chūn Xiang]

Smelly elder sister is a smelly elephant.

Toona is the largest group of Hemiptera. There are about 5000 kinds of Toona sinensis in the world.

Toona sinensis, a famous odor expert, has two types: carnivorous and phytophagous. It has smelly glands, which are located between the abdominal spine when larvae are born, and move to the front of the back chest when adults are born. When it is in danger, it will secrete odorous liquid to defend itself and escape, making it "notorious".

The female offspring of the family Trionychus, whose males often carry piles of eggs, are "good fathers" in the aquatic world.

gingkgo

stink bug

Latin scientific name

Pan-atomic family

Another name

Smelly, fart, fart.

boundary

animal kingdom

eye

Hemiptera. See heteroptera

suborder

Heteroptera Compare homoptera

The branch of academic or vocational research.

Chinese toon

catalogue

1 Introduction

2 morphological characteristics

3 Taxonomy

4 Population distribution

5 means of survival

Attack prevention

Attack characteristics

6 categories

Toona punctata

Blind cartoon

7 Growth and reproduction

8 prevention and control methods

cause

Prevention and control classification

Matters needing attention

9 research and utilization

Appendix to 10

1 1 related news

1 Introduction Editor

Toona sinensis, also known as bug and Toona sinensis, has a smelly gland opening at the back of its body, which gives off a bad smell when it meets the enemy, commonly known as "fart bug", "pear bug", "smelly elder sister", "smelly empress" and "spanking". "Smelly" is smelly, which is common sense, and it is because of smelly that people give it such a bad title. Toona sinensis is a common Hemiptera insect with about 38,000 species, which is the largest group of Hemiptera insects. There are about 5000 kinds of Toona sinensis in the world alone. The body is flat and the size changes from small to large; Its mouthparts are very long, piercing and sucking, mostly agricultural pests. Toona sinensis is an insect that can emit odor. As long as you touch it, it will release unpleasant gas.

Aedes punctatus

There are many species of Hemiptera, about 38,000 species. Insect-eating stinkbug preys on insects, which is beneficial to agriculture; Chinese medicine has aspongopus; There are edible osmanthus cicadas; There are crickets and army worms that endanger agriculture; There are also turtles, pine algae insects and other predatory young fish that endanger the aquaculture industry. Tian turtle is also called negative worm, and the male worm often carries piles of eggs on his back, so he is a "good father" in the aquatic world.

Toona sinensis can be divided into two categories: carnivorous and phytophagous. Most of them are phytophagous, relying on sucking mouthparts to absorb plant juice, so most of them are important pests, which have certain research significance in agriculture, medicine and other fields.

Toona sinensis is also a famous odor expert. They have odor glands, which are located between the abdominal spine when larvae are born, and move to the front of the back chest when adults are born. When they are in danger, they will escape by smelling for self-defense, which makes them "notorious".

Why is "smelly" so smelly? It turns out that the "bug" has a special smelly gland, and its opening is in its chest, located in the back chest and abdomen, near the basal ganglia of the middle foot. When "smelly elder sister" is disturbed, the smelly glands in her body can secrete volatile smelly liquid, and the smelly liquid diffuses into the air through the holes of the smelly glands, making the surroundings stink. The composition of smelly liquid is very complicated, but it generally does not cause harm to people and animals.

Toona sinensis's "smelly bomb" is not an offensive weapon, but smoke used for self-defense and resisting enemy damage, which is the result of long-term adaptation. Once the enemy attacks, it immediately throws smelly liquid to defend itself, so that the enemy dare not attack, and it takes the opportunity to escape. Therefore, when you meet this kind of bug, you can't kill it, otherwise it will stink even more. The best way is to drive it away.

Bugs have a bad reputation, not only because they stink, but also because more than 90% of them are pests that harm crops, vegetables, fruit trees and forests. It has entered the experimental stage to use Toona sinensis, the natural enemy of smelly elder sister, to control "smelly bedbugs" biologically. The field investigation showed that the parasitic rate of Toona sinensis eggs on Toona sinensis eggs was high, with an average of 47.22% and 30.56%. Toona sinensis eggs were natural enemies of smelly bedbugs.

2 morphological feature editing

Toona sinensis length 1.7 ~ 2.5 cm. The body color is dark brown; There are a pair of tiny orange-yellow or orange-brown longitudinal spots on the back of the head. Two-thirds of the end of the antenna in the last section is orange-yellow or orange-brown, and some individuals still have orange-yellow or orange-brown spots in the second and third sections There is a sharp thorn on the outer edge of the front chest backboard and a horizontal arc orange-yellow or orange-brown spot in the center.

The membranous part of the upper wing is dark brown. The abdomen part is exposed to the outside of the upper wing, and there are orange spots on each node. The hind foot is particularly developed, especially the base of the tibiofibular joint is semi-flat and leaflike, which is the most important distinguishing feature of this species. There are many yellow spots on the ventral surface of the body; The biggest feature is that the tibial segment of the hind foot is leaf-shaped.

The first half of the upper wing is leathery, and the membrane part overlaps in the ventral back to form a three-cone shape. It has developed piercing-sucking mouthparts. Eggs are cylindrical, with a lid on them, usually neatly arranged on leaves. Terrestrial stinkbug developed a short whip antenna; Most aquatic stinkbug have sickle-shaped front legs; Amphibian stinkbug's hind legs are particularly slender and look like spiders at first glance.

The common one is Toona sinensis, which preys on insects and is beneficial to agriculture. The traditional Chinese medicine aspongopus is used for food.

A bug with a face.

Sweet-scented osmanthus cicadas, as well as military insects that harm agriculture, especially turtles and pine algae that prey on young fish and endanger aquaculture, belong to Hemiptera.

The hind feet are particularly slender and look like spiders at first glance.

3 classified editing

Chinese name: Toona sinensis

Chinese aliases: bug, smelly bug, smelly sister, fart bug.

Field: animal kingdom

Phylum: Arthropod phylum

Class: Insecta

Subclass: pterodactyla

Objective: Hemiptera.

Suborder: Heteroptera

Family: Toona of stinkbug.

Type: stinkbug scientific name of tumor margin.

There are many miracles in the world. However, this bug's singing is not good! [ 1]

Pinecone superfamily

Gallnut superfamily, echinoidea

Euonymoidea

Oedogonium

Toona sinensis

Among them, Toona sinensis seems to be a single line in general and traditional understanding, but the other three superfamilies will form a mixed group, so it is very necessary to redefine it. For example, Celastraceae is sometimes classified as Celastraidea, and sometimes it is classified as Celastraidea alone, a single line.

Dermatophytes are usually classified as long-eared hieroglyphics, but it is better to set it as "undetermined" before more careful study, because some of the oldest members of this family are very similar to some prehistoric flat-eared hieroglyphics; Before the relationship between them is clarified, it seems a bit hasty to admit another monoculture dermatophyte, but it may eventually become the most well-founded direction.

Smelly, fart, fart

That is, stinkbug, no longer uses the word "stinkbug", it is a Hemiptera insect (stinkbug; ; Stinkbug)。 This is a large class of insects, an order of Hemiptera Insecta. It is divided into HOMOPTERA and Heteroptera, but most scholars advocate upgrading the two suborders to orders, and one of the Hemiptera should be the name of Heteroptera.

Heteroptera is called "bug" or "Toona sinensis".

Flat body, from small to large. The mouth is beak-shaped, suitable for puncture and sucking. The front wing is semi-leathery at the base and semi-membranous at the end; All hind wings are membranous or degenerated. There is a volatile smelly gland opening next to the basal segment of the hind foot, which emits odor when encountering the enemy, hence the name "fart bug". There are many kinds, about thirty thousand kinds. For example, all kinds of bedbugs and army worms are agricultural pests. Bedbugs are pests in medicine and animal husbandry; Insect-eating Toona sinensis preys on small insects and is beneficial; Common aquatic species are soft-shelled turtle, safflower and pine algae, which prey on young fish and are the enemy of freshwater culture; Chinese medicine Aspongopus and edible Aspongopus are resource insects. morphological character

4 population distribution editor

stink bug

Distributed in Central America, between North America and South America, including Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Bahamas, Cuba, Haiti, Jamaica, Dominica, Antigua and Barbuda, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Saint Lucia, Barbados, Grenada, Trinidad and Tobago and other countries and regions. This creature is also distributed in Asia. Adults can be seen almost all year round, especially in summer, but the number is small in winter, and they are widely distributed in the central plateau to middle altitude mountainous areas. China is mainly distributed in Hebei, Beijing, Shandong, Sichuan, Chongqing, Hunan, Hubei, Yunnan, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Jiangxi, Taiwan Province and other provinces (regions). Of course, it is sometimes encountered in other areas, especially in Hebei.

5 means of survival editor

Attack prevention

When attacked, fart bugs can release a lot of poisonous fog from the upper abdomen and spray it at the attacker. In order to produce these pulse bombs, the fart bug has a gland that is specially used to store different chemicals. When attacked, they will mix these different chemicals in a pair of combustion chambers. The poisonous fog produced in the combustion chamber is released through the exhaust hole on the exoskeleton, and even accompanied by sound. Some farting insects in Africa also have axial nozzles, which release poisonous fog bombs more accurately and more aggressively.

Attack characteristics

Body length1.7-2.5cm, dark brown, with a pair of tiny orange-yellow or orange-brown longitudinal spots at the back of the head, orange-yellow or orange-brown spots at the end of the last segment of the antenna, orange-yellow or orange-brown spots at the second and third segments of some individuals, sharp spikes at the outer edge of the chest backboard and a horizontal arc at the center. In particular, the base of the lower tibiofibular joint is semi-flat and leaflike, which is the most important distinguishing feature of this species, and there are many yellow spots on the ventral surface of the body; The biggest feature is that the tibial segment of the hind foot is leaf-shaped.

The first half of the upper wing is leathery, and the membrane part overlaps with the ventral part to form a three-cone shape, and the suction device is developed. Eggs are cylindrical, with a lid on them, which are often arranged neatly on the leaves. Terrestrial stinkbug has developed short whip antennae. Most aquatic stinkbug have sickle-shaped front legs; The middle and lower layers of the amphibious stinkbug,

6 category editor

Common species, such as rice black stinkbug, rice brown stinkbug, rice green stinkbug and rice little red stinkbug, mainly harm rice; Li stinkbug, Shuo stinkbug, Ma Pi stinkbug and Tea Wing stinkbug mainly harm fruit trees; Vegetables stinkbug, short horn melon stinkbug and fine horn melon stinkbug mainly harm melons and vegetables; In addition, such as bugs, bugs, bugs, etc. Hunting other soft-bodied insects for food.

Toona punctata

Toona sinensis egg

Scientific name: Erthesina fullo, also known as Aedes albopictus and stinkbug. Small and medium-sized Toona sinensis is about 1.5 cm ~ 2.5 cm long, with gray-black body and yellow stripes. It contains unpleasant glands and gives off an unpleasant smell-hence the name smelly bug. Spring and summer is the breeding season, and the eggs of Toona sinensis can often be seen on the leaves, which are yellow-green and neatly arranged. The living environment is flat or low altitude area. In summer, they often haunt the Woods, sucking the sap of trees or fruits for a living, and in winter, they hide in secret places for the winter, which is not easy to be found.

Macular stinkbug, newly hatched nymphs gather around empty eggs.

Scientific name: Sophianus kerzhneri, belonging to Cochrane genus in stinkbug.

Nickname: smelly turtle is also called "Toona sinensis". Because it has a smelly gland opening at the back of its body, it stinks when it meets the enemy, commonly known as "bug". Toona sinensis is a kind of insects with abnormal wings, with about 30 thousand species, most of which are pests and a few are beneficial insects. They are characterized by their flat bodies, large and small, and their mouthparts grow into beaks, which are suitable for piercing and sucking. Sweet-scented osmanthus cicadas, as well as military insects that endanger agriculture, specialize in preying on young fish, such as turtles and pine algae that endanger aquaculture.

Blind cartoon

"smelly elder sister"

Blind stinkbug is distributed in most cotton-growing areas in China, and it is the dominant species of many insects that harm cotton in the cotton-growing areas of the Yellow River and the Yangtze River. Both adults and nymphs can suck the liquid on the terminal bud, tender leaves, buds or young bolls of cotton plants. After the bud is killed, only two thick cotyledons are formed; After the leaves are killed, there are a lot of holes and uneven contraction, which is called "leaf-broken madness". The axillary bud or growth point is covered with black spots after injury, which can be stiff and fall off. Morphological characteristics: The adult is about 5 mm long and 2.2 mm wide, with green body, triangular head, yellowish brown, dark green chest and back plate, many small black spots, green leathery wings, translucent membrane and dark gray.

Pests that live on the nutrition and water of melons. Adults are unlikely to feed in groups on the same plant. Host plants include Leguminosae, Cucurbitaceae, cereals and other plants. The back of the body is dark brown, and the tibia of the hind foot is leaflike. Can suck melon juice. There are many yellow spots on the ventral surface of the body. There is a yellow crescent-shaped transverse spot on the chest, which will give off a pungent smell to protect itself in case of danger. Terrestrial Toona sinensis has different habitats because of its different feeding habits. Carnivorous Toona sinensis has no special fixed prey, so it can be seen among plants. Amphibious aquatic stinkbug usually lives in still water, such as ponds, swamps, lakes and other environments, so it is easy to find their whereabouts.

Adults are unlikely to feed in groups on the same plant. Host plants are plants such as Leguminosae and Cucurbitaceae, which suck the juice of melons.

7 growth and reproduction editing

From March to April of the following year, when the average temperature is above 10℃ and the relative humidity is about 70%, the eggs begin to hatch, and after the jujube tree germinates, the larvae begin to harm the tree. The flowering period of jujube trees is the peak of damage. After the end of May, the temperature becomes higher and the insect population becomes less and less.

The second to fourth generations appear in early June, mid-July and mid-August, respectively, and the life span of adults is 30-50 days.

It has strong flying ability, lurks during the day, crawls quickly when it is slightly disturbed, and is not easy to be found. In the morning and evening, adults will climb onto the flower buds to feed.

Toona sinensis occurs several generations a year and overwinters with eggs on branches or bark of alfalfa, broad bean, pea, castor and hibiscus. From March to April of the following year, when the average temperature is above 65438 00℃ and the relative humidity is about 70%, the eggs begin to hatch. After the jujube tree germinated, the larvae began to harm the tree.

stink bug

After hatching from an egg to a nymph, its appearance is similar to that of its parents, but it is smaller and has no wings. After that, it can grow into an adult without going through the pupa stage. In the mature stage, it basically has the same mouthparts and eats the same food as the nymph, which is an incomplete metamorphosis.

In the first half of May, the flowering period of jujube trees is the peak of damage. After the end of May, the temperature became higher and the insect population became less and less.

The second generation to the fourth generation appeared in early June, mid-July and mid-August respectively. Adult life span is 30 ~ 50 days.

Its flying ability is strong, it lurks during the day, and it is not easy to be found when it is slightly disturbed. In the morning and evening, adults crawl on the buds to feed.

In the cotton region of the Yellow River Basin, 3-5 generations occur every year, and the eggs overwinter in the dead branches of alfalfa, broad bean, pomegranate and apple, and in the dead branches and bolls of cotton. It hatches in the first half of April and emerges in the second half. The peak period is from mid-June to mid-July. Adults have phototaxis, dense cotton fields lay more eggs and like high temperature and rainy weather. The temperature and relative humidity of 25℃-30℃ are above 80%, which is suitable for egg hatching and reproduction, and the damage is most serious near alfalfa field, green manure field or cotton field with many weeds.

In the suburbs of Beijing, smelly elder sister mainly harms pear, peach, apple and other fruit trees, and the damage rate is generally around 15% to 25%, and the damage rate to fruits is as high as 70%, which makes the fruits become "Hericium erinaceus" and "pear pimple", with bitter taste and loss of edible value. In urban areas, smelly elder sister harms many kinds of greening trees and flowers, such as willow, elm, mulberry, poplar, locust tree, Eucommia ulmoides, paulownia and pomegranate. They suck the juice of buds, petals, leaves, tender leaves and fruits, which greatly reduces the greening and beautification effect.

8 prevention and control methods editor

cause

(1). There is too much rain. After entering the spring, especially in April and May, more rain leads to the increase of air humidity, which provides favorable conditions for the hatching of overwintering eggs and greatly improves their hatching rate.

(2) The population base is too large. Due to the serious occurrence of blind stinkbug in September, most cotton farmers are unfavorable in prevention and control, resulting in a large egg base, which provides favorable conditions for the occurrence of blind stinkbug.

(3) Prevention is not timely. Because the occurrence of blind stinkbug was about 15 ~ 20 days earlier than in previous years, cotton farmers did not prevent it in advance, and the untimely prevention and control was also a reason for the serious harm of blind stinkbug.

(4) medication confusion. For many years, cotton farmers used to use conventional organophosphorus and pyrethroid pesticides such as malathion and high chlorine to control pests in cotton fields, which made blind stinkbug resistant, and the control effect of organophosphorus and its compound decreased obviously.

(5) It belongs to insects, and it can emit very smelly gas.

(6) It is a pest. It likes to live in the wild and can be seen in spring, summer and autumn.

Prevention and control classification

Although bedbugs are harmful to fruits, their occurrence is generally small, and artificial control should be given priority to. Pay attention to the protection of natural enemies, and only use chemical control when necessary.

(1) Adults and nymphs artificially controlled mostly inhabit the leaves or fruits outside the crown in the morning or rainy days, and can be killed in the morning or evening when the dew is still wet and inactive. Eggs are mostly found in egg blocks on leaves and are easy to find. During the spawning period of adults from May to August, you can go deep into the orange orchard to check and remove the egg pieces in time. However, it is found that there is a black ring under the egg cover, which indicates that the egg has been parasitized by parasitic bees, so it should be protected in the field to make it reproduce naturally and increase the number of parasitic bees in the orange orchard.

(2) There are abundant natural enemies in the biological control of Bactrocera dorsalis, including yellow ants, parasitic bees, mantis and spiders, which should be protected and utilized.

(3) If there is too much insect population under artificial control, 80% trichlorfon emulsion 1000 dilution or 90% trichlorfon crystal 800 ~ 1000 dilution can be sprayed. If some mixture of pine alkali is added to trichlorfon [span] solution, the control effect can be improved, and it can be controlled in the first and second instar nymph [span] period, and the effect is better.

Natural enemies: yellow ants, flat-bellied bees, mantis, spiders, etc.

Matters needing attention

Toona sinensis harms human beings

Prevention and control measures should be aimed at the special climatic conditions and the particularity of blind stinkbug, and pay attention to the following points:

(1). The control period should be reasonable. In the early stage of blind stinkbug, chemical control should be started in the nymphae stage of blind stinkbug as far as possible to avoid the harm of adult migration.

(2) Select appropriate control agent. When selecting the control agents for blind stinkbug, the chaotic high toxic organophosphorus pesticides in the market should be banned. At present, the effective control agents for blind stinkbug are Than Shwe and 80% Regent water dispersible granules produced by Bayer. Than Shwe and Than Shwe are used together, and the dosage is 30ml +2 capsules per mu, and 30kg of water is sprayed evenly, and the validity period can last for about 25 days. It can also treat some small flying insects such as cotton bollworm eggs and aphids. The dosage of 80% Regent is 2g per mu, and the duration is 20 days. The control effect of these two pesticides on blind stinkbug can reach more than 95%.

(3) Choose the prevention and control period. Blind stinkbug began to harm cotton in the middle and late May, so spraying chemicals to control it from around May 20th, spraying Than Shwe+partner once every 25 days and spraying it 3-4 times throughout the growing season, which can control the harm of blind stinkbug well.

(4) According to the living habits of blind stinkbug, when spraying chemicals, spray them evenly and thoroughly to improve the control effect.

(5) Catch two key periods for spraying. The first period is the spring recovery activity of overwintering adults (about the middle and late March). When the overwintering adults have poor drug resistance and do not lay a lot of eggs, they are sprayed for the first time. The second stage is before the third instar of nymph (Guangzhou is in the middle and late April). (2) Drug type: 10% highly effective acetaminophen 2000 times solution, or 90% crystal trichlorfon 500-800 times solution, or 80% dichlorvos EC 800- 1000 times solution. (2) It is best not to open the window.

Grasp two key periods of spraying. One is that the overwintering adults resume their activities in spring (middle and late March), and the overwintering adults have poor drug resistance and have not laid a large number of eggs for the first time. Second, before the third instar (middle and late April), the drug resistance of overwintering adults dropped to the lowest point, and when the drug resistance was poor below the third instar, all newly hatched nymphs were sprayed for the second time. Chemical variety: 10% methomyl 2000 times, or 90% crystal trichlorfon 500-800 times, or 80% dichlorvos EC 800- 1000 times. It's best not to open one window or another.

In addition, experts in Lin Bao taught several tricks to treat smelly elder sister, and she should be prevented from the nymphal stage, because smelly elder sister can only crawl but not fly during this period.

9 research and use editing

stink bug

The DNA of Toona sinensis intestinal bacteria provides information on the evolution and origin of bacteria. Researchers say that the intestinal bacteria of Toona sinensis, a disgusting and smelly bacteria, may provide us with interesting information about the evolutionary origin of pathogenic bacteria.

Toona sinensis lays eggs in small pockets formed by special intestinal bacteria, where pupae, the offspring of bedbugs, eat and drink. When pupae mature, their intestines split: the top layer is a vesicle that can digest plant juice, and the bottom expands into a fermentation chamber. Special intestinal bacteria can provide nutrition for stinkbug. Without these nutrients, bedbugs will die.

TakemaFukatsu of Japan Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology made an evolutionary tree of bacterial DNA to determine the relationship between bacteria in different insect species. To their surprise, the DNA evolutionary tree model of Toona sinensis is basically the same as the DNA evolutionary spectrum model of this bacteria, which means that bacteria and Toona sinensis evolved simultaneously.

This discovery completely subverts people's understanding of free-living bacteria in insect intestines. In addition, this bacterium has the same genome shrinkage and other changes as many pathogenic cells. The research team believes that these changes reflect the way bacteria adapt to their hosts.

10 appendix editing

stink bug

Mazu's salamanders can be seen everywhere, easily observed among flowers, branches and leaves, and even some soils are native species. According to the investigation record, you must find it under the stone. Mazu, the seasons in stinkbug are quite different. Some bugs are very small, while others are very big. Most of them have two pairs of wings, the front and rear wings are different in shape, and the base of the front wing is cortical. The other part is membranous, and when resting, the wings are folded flat on the back.

According to the data, Toona sinensis is a kind of insect with abnormal wings, with about 30 thousand species, of which more than 90% are pests. Their similarities are that their bodies are flat, large and small, and their mouthparts grow into beaks, which are suitable for piercing and sucking.

When Toona sinensis eats, it always uses a piercing mouthpart as sharp as a straw to penetrate the plant epidermis and suck the juice. Their morphology is very different, but they all have similar mouthparts. After hatching from an egg to a larva, its shape is similar to that of its parents, but its size is smaller. No wings. After that, it grows into an adult without going through the pupa stage, and the mature stage is basically the same as that of a nymph, with the same mouthparts. And eat the same food, which is an incomplete metamorphosis.

Amphibious and aquatic stinkbug usually lives in still waters, such as oceans, ponds, swamps, lakes and other environments, and it is easy to find their whereabouts.

Most terrestrial stinkbug feed on the sap of plants, and they also take this plant as shelter. More common in Toona sinensis in northern China.

1 1 related news editors

Chun Xiang (8 photos)

Darlene Muravski, an American photographer, photographed a smelly bug. The back texture of this stinkbug worm presents a human face with eyes, nose, mouth and curly hair, which is very similar to the face of rock star Elvis Presley.

If a woman's nails are palm-sized, they are generally dark brown, and there are a pair of shiny nail wings on her back. She has many feet, compound eyes and can fly. They grow in large numbers on the river beach and are snacks used by some local people for recreation in winter.

Toona sinensis is a kind of insect with abnormal wings, with about 30 thousand species, of which more than 90% are pests. They are characterized by their flat bodies, large and small, and their mouthparts grow into beaks, which are suitable for piercing and sucking.