The pronunciation of Jinhua dialect

The following tonal and tonal system is based on the old-school Jinhua urban dialect of the 1990s. There are example characters after the International Phonetic Symbols in the table of initial consonants and finals (characters with different pronunciation in Chinese and English are mostly read in their white pronunciation). Initial consonants and finals that are only used in Chinese pronunciation are marked with "文" in the lower right corner of the International Phonetic Alphabet. Jinhua dialect has 27 initial consonants.

Jinhua dialect initial consonants bilabial labiodental alveolar palate velar glottal nasal m door n difficult? fish stop voiceless unaspirated p class t short k light aspirated p? broken t? greedy k? basket unaspirated voiced b row d segment ɡ mad stop fricative voiceless unaspirated ? paper ? chicken aspirated ? female ? stream unaspirated voiced ? magnetic ? piece fricative voiceless f anti s division ? x shrimp voiced v annoying z time ? longevity ?Wen Han Bian l Lan Note:

1^ There is a big gap between the actual sound values ??of the voiced fricatives, voiced stops, and voiced affricates in Jinhua dialect and the real voiced initial consonants (in the "voiced - between "clear" and "voiced", which is the so-called "voicing and unvoiced flow"), but it is generally still recorded as the initial consonant of voiced sounds (no further explanation below).

2^Some elderly people pronounce "I" as /?o/ (other humanities pronounce it as /o/).

3^ Or record the zero initial consonant in Jinhua dialect as glottal stop [?]. Jinhua dialect has 51 finals (including self-contained syllables [m?], [?], excluding Erhua rhyme), of which there are 9 special finals for literary reading: opening and closing vowels, closing rhymes, opening calls?female ɑ class o Spin? Plate? Go? Cup? a horse ei with ɑu package eu 贴 Qi teeth call i Wei ia father iɑ she ie edge i? she i?吆 iɑu bird iu put your hands together and call u wu uɑ return u? many u? pieces uiguichuukouhuiywateryɑ唰y?originaly?handsome nasal rhyme nasal final rhyme stop consonant final rhyme open call?pan?fanɑ?help?men o?wind?north o?woodqi teeth call i?acting iɑ ?上i?平io?bugi? Enter io?yu合口狠u?Huanuɑ?Geng u?faint u?bone pinch mouth call y?Xuan yɑ?double y?yun y?tangerine other?l ear m?mu ?Children's Note:

The actual place of pronunciation of the nasal final [?] in the four rhymes of 1^[?] and [?], [i?], [u?], [y?] is relatively close At the front, the contact between the tongue surface and the palate is relatively slight, and the sound value is relatively weak and vague. It can also be recorded as a palatal nasal [?] or even an alveolar nasal [n].

2^The throat stop tail of the stop rhyme [?] is obvious when it comes to the yin tone, but not obvious when it comes to the yang tone.

3^It may be recorded as a squeaky call [yo?]. The tones of Jinhua dialect are very complex. The following table lists the main rules for continuous tone changes of two-character groups. The left column of the table shows the tones of the first character, and the column at the end of the table shows the tones of the last character. The numbers in the table all represent the tone value, and 0 means soft. Among them, although the characters Gu Qing Shang and Gu Zhuo Shang are both Yin Shang in Baidu single-character tones, they are different in the continuous tones of the two-character group, so they are divided into Yin Shang and Yang Shang in the table. The green-yellow background indicates that the tone-shifting pattern is mainly used in word groups with verb-object structures. The cyan background indicates that the tone-shifting pattern is only used in "quantitative" (numbers + quantifiers) word groups and "substantial and imaginary" (content words + function words) words. Group.

The tone change rules of two-character groups in Jinhua dialect ↓ Previous characters \ Yinping 334 Yangping 313 Yinshang 535 Yangshang 535 Yinqu 55 Yangqu 14 Yinru? 4 Yangru? 212 Yinping 334 33+33 33+55 33+313 33+55 33 +535　33+55 33+535　33+55 33+55 33+14　33+55 33+?4 33+?12 Hinata 313 33+33　31+55　53+55 33+313　31+55　31+14 33+ 535 31+55 53+55 33+535 31+55 31+14 33+55 31+55 33+14 31+14 33+?4 33+?12 Yin Shang 535 55+33 55+313 53+14 55+ 14 53+535　53+55 53+535　53+55 53+55 55+14 53+?4 55+?12 Yangshang 535 55+33　53+55 55+313 53+535 33+535 53+55　55+ 14 55+14 53+?4 55+?12 Yin Qu55 55+33 33+33 33+55 55+0 55+313 33+313 33+55 33+14 55+0 53+535 33+535 33+ 55 53+535 33+535 33+14 53+55 33+55 55+0 55+14 33+55 33+14 55+0 33+?4 55+?12 55+0 Yang Qu 14 55+33 53+ 55　　14+0 55+313　53+55　53+14　14+0 33+535　53+535 33+535　　14+0 31+55　　53+55 55+14　　31+14　　14+0 53+?4 55+? 12 Yin enter?4 ?4+33 ?4+55 ?4+0 ?4+313 ?4+55 ?4+535 ?4+535 ?4+55 ?4+14 ?4+55 ?4+?4 ?4+?12 Yang enters ?212 ?21+33 ?21+55 ?21+313 ?21+14 ?21+535 ?21+55 ?21+535 ?21+55 ?21+14 ?21+55 ? 21+14 ?21+?4 ?21+?12 The continuous tone changes of the three-character group are more complicated.

For details on the tone changes caused by diminutive names, please see the "Tone Changes in Nicknames" section below.