Brief introduction of Cao Cao's tomb.

Gaoling Tomb Road Gaoling, the tomb of Cao Cao, Emperor Wu of the Three Kingdoms, is recorded in the History of the Three Kingdoms, Shu Wei, Emperor Wu Ji. In February, Ding Mao was buried in Gaoling. [1] Regarding Gaoling, since the Song Dynasty, there have been 72 suspected tombs, including those outside Xuchang, under Zhanghe and under Tongquetai. [2] On February 27th, 2009, 65438, Henan Provincial Cultural Relics Bureau announced that Gaoling was located in the south of Xigaoxue Village, Anfeng Township, Anyang County, Henan Province, but it was controversial. [Edit this paragraph] The aerial photo of Gao Xue Cun's mausoleum structure shows the A-shape of Gao Xue Cun, sitting west to east. It is a two-chamber brick tomb with an inclined entrance, which is large in scale and complex in structure. It is mainly composed of the entrance, front and back chambers and four side chambers. The slope pyramid-shaped mound is 39.5 meters long and 9.8 meters wide, and the deepest part is about 15 meters from the surface. The plane of the tomb is slightly trapezoidal, with a width of 22 meters in the east, 19.5 meters in the west and 18 meters in the east and west. The tomb covers an area of about 740.78 square meters. [3][ Edit this paragraph] Discovery process Gaoling moved in 2008, and the Henan Provincial Cultural Relics Bureau planned to conduct a rescue excavation of an Eastern Han tomb in Anyang County. From June 5 to February 2008, with the approval of National Cultural Heritage Administration, Henan Provincial Cultural Relics Bureau organized Henan Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology to start excavation.

This mausoleum in the Eastern Han Dynasty was stolen many times, but some important funerary objects were still preserved. According to statistics, more than 250 unearthed cultural relics, including gold, silver, copper, iron, jade, stone, ancient, lacquer, pottery, mica and other textures. There are mainly copper belt hooks, armor, iron swords, iron shovel, jade beads, crystal beads, agate beads, stone laurels, stone walls, stone pillows, stone tablets, pottery figurines and so on. Among them, 59 stone tablets engraved with the inscription * * * were unearthed, which were rectangular and GUI-shaped, and the inscription recorded the names and quantities of buried objects. Eight of them are extremely precious, with inscriptions such as "King Wei Wu once killed the tiger with a halberd" and "King Wei Wu once killed the tiger with a spear". The inscription "Comfort Stone Commonly Used by King Wei Wu" is engraved on the stone pillow unearthed after the restoration of the mausoleum. These unearthed written materials provide an important and direct historical basis for studying and determining the identity of the tomb owner.

At the same time, a large number of stone reliefs were unearthed in the tomb. These stone carvings are exquisite in craftsmanship, exquisite in carving and rich in content. They have designs such as "God Beast" and "Revenge of Seven Women", and are engraved with words such as "Lord Sparing Cars", "Xian Yang Ling", "Ji Liang", "Assistant Minister", "Song Wang Che", "Ten Scholars of Wang Wen" and "Drunkers", which are rare in Han Dynasty stone reliefs. [4]

In the process of cleaning the grave, some remains such as skulls and limbs bones were found. Experts initially identified them as three people, a man and two women. The owner of the tomb is a male, and experts judge that the age is around 60, which is different from Cao Cao's 66. Presumably, this is the remains of Cao Cao.

After expert argumentation in Henan province, it is confirmed that the tomb of the Eastern Han Dynasty is the Gaoling recorded in historical books, but it is controversial. [Edit this paragraph] Nine points of evidence given by the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences. First, the age of the tomb. This tomb is a multi-chamber brick tomb, and the main tomb has a quadrangular pyramid roof. The shape of the tomb brick is the same as that of the tomb top of Cao Wei Zhengshi in Luoyang, and it is a special large-scale tomb brick, which is the same as or even larger than that of the Eastern Han tomb brick excavated on Mangshan Mountain in Luoyang. Combined with unearthed pottery, five baht before the Eastern Han Dynasty, stone reliefs and other evidence, experts unanimously identified it as a tomb in the late Eastern Han Dynasty.

Second, the scale of the tomb is consistent with its identity. Compared with the tombs of the same period, this tomb is large in scale, extraordinary in momentum, complex in structure, and deeply buried, with only half of the pyramid-shaped mound. Its pyramid-shaped mound is nearly 40 meters long, its upper mouth is nearly 10 meter wide, and its deepest part is 15 meter. In terms of width, it is more than twice as long as Zhang Wan's tomb of Gao Yang, the founding emperor of the Northern Qi Dynasty, and its length is 10 meter. Belong to the rank of a prince, consistent with his status. The whole tomb is as deep as 15 meters, which is consistent with what Cao Zhi described in his poems.

Third, the ground conditions of tombs conform to the final system. In June of the 23rd year of Jian 'an (AD 2 18), it was finally written, saying, because the height is the foundation, there is no tree to seal. This tomb is located at an altitude of107-103m, which is10m higher than Gu 'an Northern Dynasties Cemetery three kilometers away, which meets its height requirements. There is no soil seal on the excavated grave, and there is no sign of its monument. Fully meet the requirements of the "final system".

Fourthly, the literature records the location of Gaoling. According to the Records of the Three Kingdoms, in the 23rd year of Jian 'an, in June, it was ordered that those buried in ancient times would live in a barren land, and the ancestral temple of Ximen Bao Temple was named West Shouling. "

Ximen Bao Temple is located in the west of the old city of Yecheng, on the south bank of Zhanghe River, one kilometer south of today's Zhanghe Bridge, and belongs to fengle town, Anfeng Township, Anyang County, Henan Province. Its former site still exists, and now it is a high platform, about 2 to 3 meters from the ground, which is the site of the Eastern Han Dynasty to the Southern Dynasties. There are still many buildings scattered on the ground in the Eastern Han Dynasty and Eastern Wei Dynasty, such as temples and palaces.

According to the record of turbid Zhangshui in Shuijing Annotation, Zhangshui flows south from Wucheng in east longitude, and from northeast to Ximen Bao Temple. There is a hidden monument on the east side, which is the word ancestral hall. The stone pillar on the east side clearly says "It was also built by Zhao Jianwu." This is one of the earliest temples in Ximen Bao that we know at present. It was built during the period of Zhao Jianwu, that is, from 335 to 348 AD. This column is now stored in Linzhang County Cultural Relics Protection Office.

Ye County in Xiangzhou is clearly recorded in Yuanhe County Records of Tang Dynasty. Wei Wudi Xiling is 30 miles west of the county seat. The same book also records that Ximen Bao Temple is in the west of the county seat 15. Now the tomb is located in Yecheng 14.5 kilometers, so the position is consistent. This is a map measurement based on satellite images, not a straight line distance. This is the site of Ximen Bao Temple, a key cultural relic protection unit in Henan Province. There are stone carvings from Song Dynasty, Qing Dynasty and Ming Dynasty. This is the location of Gao Xi's cave tomb.

Fifth, circumstantial evidence of cultural relics unearthed nearby. 1in April, 1998, villagers in Xigaoxue Village allowed to dig in a small square pond in the west of the village, and built it for 1 1 year after digging. In 345 AD, the epitaph of Daduhe recorded that the owner's death time was only 18 when Cao died.

Sixth, the title is consistent. According to the Records of the Three Kingdoms and the Ji of Emperor Wudi, Jian 'an 18 was announced in May, and the emperor ordered (Cao) to be Duke Wei. In the summer of Jian 'an 1 1, Cao Cao was canonized as Wang Wei by the Emperor of Heaven. After his death, Cao Pi attacked Wei. Because Cao Cao named the country Wei, it should naturally be called Wang.

In October of the same year, Cao Pi established the Wei Dynasty on behalf of the Han Dynasty, respecting his father as Emperor Wu and the temple name Mao. Since then, Cao Cao's national title has been Wei Wudi. Therefore, Cao Cao's title came first from Gong Wei, then from Wang Wei, then from King Wu of Wei, and then from Emperor Wu. This is a very clear process. Wei is a short-term title.

7. Among the nameplates unearthed in this excavation, there are 7 nameplates engraved with the word "Wei", among which the stone plate engraved with the words "King Wei Wu used to use tigers" is the most complete and unearthed in the front room of the tomb. However, because it was broken into two sections, it was unearthed twice. One section was the south wall 1.40m and the west wall was 3.40m..

In addition, more than 50 stone tablets were unearthed from the north and south side rooms of the back room. Except for one unearthed from the north side room, the rest were unearthed from the south side room, and some of them were directly pressed against lacquer wood, and the position we dug remained unchanged. Experts point out that it has the nature of potential capital.

Eight, the remains.

Nine, the unearthed objects are consistent with the thin burial. Although the tomb is large in scale, all the unearthed pottery is plain, small in size and rough in workmanship, which is in line with Cao Zhi's statement in the book that "there is no decoration in the singing instrument, and the pottery is easy to record". The gold wares buried with him were all used on clothes before his death, instead of the gold wares and jade wares specially made for his burial. Only the ritual vessels such as Gui and Bi were all stones, which met the requirements of his suicide note. [Edit this paragraph] The significance of discovering jade and agate ornaments in Gaoling. According to the Records of the Three Kingdoms, Shu Wei and the Ji of Emperor Wudi, Cao Cao issued the last command in June of 2 18 (twenty-third year of Jian 'an): "Ancient burials must live in barren land. According to its regulations, the west of Ximen Bao Temple was originally a mausoleum. Because of its height, it was not sealed or planted. "

The discovery of Gaoling confirmed that the location of Cao Cao's Gaoling, Cao Cao's hobby and the thin burial system advocated by him in the literature were all true and credible. The excavation results of Gaoling set a standard time scale for Han and Wei archaeology. [Edit this paragraph] All parties responded that after the announcement of the confirmation of Gaoling by Henan Provincial Cultural Relics Bureau, it aroused great concern from all walks of life. Some scholars say that the evidence is still difficult to support the "new theory", and some experts believe that the tomb of the Eastern Han Dynasty discovered this time is indeed Gaoling.

Yuan Jixi, deputy dean of the Institute of Chinese Studies of Renmin University of China, who specializes in the literature of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, said that the evidence of Cao Cao's tomb in Anyang published by relevant parties is not first-hand material or strong proof. Publishing relevant news without direct evidence goes against the serious spirit of academic research.

Yi Zhongtian, a professor at Xiamen University, Fang Beichen, a professor at the School of History and Culture of Sichuan University, and Song Jian, director of the Archaeological Department of Shanghai Museum, and other well-known cultural scholars and archaeologists in the three countries hold a calm attitude, believing that this "new theory" needs further proof in the absence of more convincing unearthed cultural relics.

On February 29th, 2009, Hong Evening News published an article signed "Zhang Jingwei", which pointed out that a relatively tight logical chain had been formed in terms of epitaph form, unearthed cultural relics and bones in the tomb. There is no doubt that Cao Cao Gaoling was discovered this time. [5]

65438+1October1/Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences 12 expert delegations rushed to Anyang City, Henan Province to inspect the Cao Wei Tomb in Gaoxidong. On June 5438+04, the "Archaeological Forum 2009 of China Academy of Social Sciences" was held, and the Report on the Investigation and Analysis Results of Cao Cao's Tomb in Anyang, Henan Province was officially made public.

At the same time, the 9th Archaeological Forum of China Academy of Social Sciences was held in Beijing on June 5438+1October 65438+April 4, 2009, and Cao Cao's tomb was selected as one of the six new archaeological discoveries in China.

On October 28th, 65438/KLOC-0, National Cultural Heritage Administration stated that "the procedures of archaeological excavation, academic appraisal and publication of research results of Cao Cao Gaoling conform to the regulations of archaeological work". [Edit this paragraph] A brief introduction to Cao Cao (155—220), whose name is Meng De, and whose name is Azhen and Ji Li, are from Guo Peiqiao County (now Bozhou, Anhui Province). An outstanding politician, strategist, writer and poet in the late Eastern Han Dynasty. Politically and militarily, Cao Cao eliminated many separatist forces, unified most of northern China, and implemented a series of policies to restore economic production and social order, which laid the foundation for the founding of Cao Wei. In terms of literature, under the impetus of Cao Cao and his son, Jian 'an literature represented by "Three Caos" (Cao Cao, Cao Pi and Cao Zhi) was formed, which was called "Jian 'an Style" in history. His poems are famous for their generosity and tragic, which left a glorious stroke in the history of literature. After his death, he was buried in Gaoling (now south of Xigaoxue Village, Anfeng Township, Anyang County, Henan Province, which was confirmed by archaeology on February 27, 2009, but it is still controversial and the final conclusion remains to be discussed). After the establishment of Cao Wei, Cao Cao was honored as "Emperor Wu" by his son Xelloss, and his temple name was "Taizu", which was called Wei Wudi in history. [Edit this paragraph] Shaanxi Gaoling Gaoling is located in the hinterland of Guanzhong Plain, north of xi 'an. Founded in 350 BC (the 12th year of Qin Xiaogong), there is Zheng Feng tableland in the territory, which is tall and long, so it is called Ling, hence the name Gaoling. In four years (the fourth year of Emperor Ping of the Western Han Dynasty), Wang Mang changed his name to Ganchun, Gaoling in the early Eastern Han Dynasty, Gao Lu in 220 (the first year of Cao Wei) and Gaoling in 606 (the second year of Sui Daye), making it one of the earliest counties in China. 1949, belonging to ternary region. 1May, 950, belonging to Xianyang area. 1953 65438+ 10 was changed to Weinan area. 1956 10 directly under the provincial government, 196 1 changed to Xianyang area. 1983 10 5 is under the jurisdiction of Xi 'an.