Complete collection of detailed information of night swallows (mammals)

Night swallows are bats. Bats are mammals among chordates. Bats of Bata suborder have good eyesight and big eyes, and distinguish objects mainly by vision; Members of Bataana usually have degraded vision and small eyes, and mainly rely on echoes to distinguish objects. Some kinds of faces have evolved special structures to increase sonar reception, such as nose wings, wrinkled faces and complex big ears.

The Latin scientific name of bat: Fu Yi, alias: Fuyi, Fairy Mouse, Flying Mouse, Rat, Fairy Mouse, Night Swallow: Animal kingdom: Chordata: Vertebrate Subclass: Mammalian Subclass: Anita: Chiroptera: overview of bat, animal description, living habits, nocturnal activities, reproduction, feeding habits, hibernation, physiological structure and morphological characteristics. In particular, Battaia. Chiroptera is the second largest mammal group after rodents. There are 962 species belonging to the genus 19 185 in China, about 8 1 species, which are distributed all over the world except some islands in polar regions and oceans. Eocene bat fossils are close to modern types, and their origin can be traced back to an earlier period. Chiroptera may have originated from the most primitive true mammals, such as insectivores. The two suborders of Chiroptera have different evolutionary routes. Bata suborder is closely related to primates, and Bata suborder is closely related to insectivora animals. Bat Chiroptera is covered with a thin and tough cortical membrane between its limbs and tail, which can fly like a bird, which is not available to any other mammal. In order to adapt to flying life, Chiroptera has evolved some features that other groups do not have, including the slender phalanges and cortical pterygoid membranes that are specialized in connection, which are used to grasp the claws of the toes of its forelimbs and hind limbs. The developed sternum has evolved into a keel-like process similar to that of birds, which is beneficial to the implantation of pectoral muscles. Some bats can fly at a speed of more than 50 kilometers per hour. Bats can capture and distinguish 250 sets of echoes in 1 second. (Note: One round trip of sound waves is counted as one group. ) Bat Chiroptera can be divided into two suborders: big bat suborder and small bat suborder, also known as fruit-eating bats and insect-eating bats. As the name implies, the former is large in size and mostly feeds on fruits, such as the famous flying fox, whose wingspan can reach 90 cm. The latter is much smaller than the former. Besides eating insects, there are carnivores and bloodsuckers, but some members have the same diet as Battaia. Hepialidae is a subfamily of Hepialidae, with about 300 species. They can be divided into two categories: big bats and small bats. Bats are distributed in tropical and subtropical areas of the old hemisphere, with large size and primitive body structure, including family fetus 1. Small bats are distributed in tropical and temperate regions of the Old Hemisphere and the Western Hemisphere. They are small in size and have more specialized body structures, including more than ten families, such as Batidae, hipposideridae, Batidae, Haemophagidae and Batidae. Abbreviation of bat animal: bat pinyin: biān fú English name: bat alias: Fu Yi, fairy mouse, flying mouse, sky mouse, fairy mouse and night swallow. Batata Bat: Chordata: Mammal: Mammal: True Mammal: True Mammal: Lauesia: Chiroptera: Its head is like a mouse. Its taste is salty, flat and nontoxic. Rat excrement (also known as rat method, stone liver, spermatorrhea sand and black sand star): pungent and cool. Living habits Nocturnal bats are nocturnal, usually moving in groups, and the number can reach one million. Some species in temperate regions migrate before winter, mainly inhabiting caves, tree holes and forests. The reproductive capacity of bats is not high, and there is a phenomenon of "delayed fertilization", that is, fertilization does not occur during mating before hibernation, but * * * overwinters in the female reproductive tract. After waking up in the next spring, the mated females begin to ovulate and fertilize, and then they are pregnant and give birth. Bats breed once a year, pregnant for about 2-6 months, and give birth to one fetus at a time. In summer, the female bat gives birth to a fully developed larva. The newborn baby is covered with fluff, and its claws are firmly hung on its mother's chest to suck milk, so that it will not fall off when her mother flies. Insectivorous bats have a wide range of food habits. Some species like nectar and fruit, others like to eat fish, frogs and insects, suck animal blood and even eat other bats. Generally speaking, big bats generally feed on fruits or nectar, while small bats mostly prey on insects. Many bats in tropical and subtropical regions feed on the fruits of plants. They eat a lot. About 70% bats prey on insects, and they usually send out ultrasonic waves to explore their prey, mostly in the air. Bats are very agile in catching prey. Through high-speed photography, it is found that some bats prey directly with their mouths, some intercept their prey with their wings, and some use their tail membranes to scoop worms into their mouths like spoons. There are many ways to hunt. Bats eat a lot of insects and can eat about one third of the dead insects every night. There are few carnivorous bats. There may be two kinds of fake vampire bats that often prey on rodents, birds, frogs and lizards. At present, little is known about their behavior, and it is not certain whether they are active predators. Some bats can fish, and Mexican harelip bats can catch more than 30 small fish in one night. The only bats that eat fish are Mexican rabbit-lipped bats, Sonora rat-eared bats and Bigfoot rat-eared bats. Fish-eating bats are characterized by long legs and big feet, and sharp hooked claws on their toes. When hunting, stick close to the water surface, use ultrasonic waves to detect the waves aroused by small fish, and wait for an opportunity to catch the prey with their feet. The life habits of honey-sucking bats are similar to hummingbirds. They have evolved features suitable for sucking honey, such as a slender nose and mouth, a suddenly smaller jaw and a slender and malleable tongue. While sucking honey, bats also pollinate plants, especially some plants that open at night (such as gourd trees and cacti). Hibernating bats generally have the habit of hibernation. Since autumn, a layer of fat has accumulated in the lower abdomen of bats, and the weight before hibernation has become more than 1.5 times that of summer. When hibernating, the ability of metabolism is reduced, breathing and heartbeat are only a few times per minute, blood flow slows down, body temperature drops to the same temperature as the environment, but hibernation is not deep, sometimes it will excrete and eat during hibernation, and it will return to normal immediately after waking up. Bats with large physiological structure have good eyesight and big eyes, and mainly rely on vision to distinguish objects; Members of Bataana usually have degraded vision and small eyes, and mainly rely on echoes to distinguish objects. Some kinds of faces have evolved special structures to increase sonar reception, such as nose wings, wrinkled faces and complex big ears. The wings used by bats to fly. The structure of wings is different from that of birds, which is composed of skin membranes connected between forelimbs, hind limbs and tails. The second, third, fourth and fifth fingers of the forelimb are particularly long and suitable for supporting the skin membrane; The first finger is very small and grows outside the skin membrane, and there are claws at the end of the finger. The hind legs are short, with five toes and claws on the toes. When resting, I often hang my body upside down in a cave or under the eaves with my claws. When crawling on trees or the ground, grab rough objects with your forefinger and feet and move forward. Bat's skeleton is very light, with a protuberance on the sternum similar to the keel process of birds and muscles that affect the movement of its wings. The wingspan of the pig-nosed bat is only 14 cm, and the wingspan of a flying fox as big as a dog is 2m wide. Bats Bats have wide mouths and small sharp teeth, which are suitable for catching flying insects. Its vision is weak, but its hearing and touch are very sensitive. Different parts of the bat brain can intercept different components of the echo signal. Some neurons in the bat brain are sensitive to the echo frequency, while others are sensitive to the time interval between two consecutive sounds. The cooperation of all parts of the brain enables bats to judge the characteristics of reflected objects. The flexibility and accuracy of bats in catching insects by echolocation are amazing. According to statistics, bats can catch an insect in a few seconds and a dozen insects in a minute. At the same time, bats also have amazing anti-interference ability. They can detect a special sound from the chaotic echo full of noise, and then quickly analyze and distinguish this sound to distinguish whether the object reflecting sound waves is an insect or a stone, or more accurately determine whether it is an edible insect or an inedible insect. Twenty thousand bats live in the same cave and will not interfere with each other because there are too many ultrasonic waves in space. The morphological characteristics of bats look like birds, but they actually belong to mammals, and their wings spread like swallows. Clinical application of Fuyi 1, upper energizer fever, daytime sleepiness. Grind a bat (baked with intestines and bones), marble (fried), clematis, Petunia (fried) and amaranth, cinnabar and red lead, and half a grain of greasy powder into powder. Add honey to make balls, such as mung beans. Take seven tablets each time and take Mutong mutton soup. This prescription is called "Xianru Pill". 2, coughing for a long time, taking medicine for many years is ineffective. Some bats remove their wings and feet, burn them and grind them into powder to eat with rice soup. Bat 3, malaria has been a long time. Half of bat (roasted), snake slough (roasted), spider (planed and roasted), tortoise shell (roasted with vinegar) and musk are ground into powder, and honey is added to make balls, such as hemp seeds. Five capsules each time, send warm wine. This prescription is called "Fuyi Pill". 4. The child was shocked. Put a piece of cinnabar San Qian in the belly of a bat with thorns, calcine it, cool it and grind it into powder, and take it four times. If the child is very young, take it five times, all with boiling water. 5. Many years. Sprinkle black beans on the heads of bats and cats, burn them to ossification, grind them into powder and apply them to the affected areas. If the sore surface is dry, adjust the oil before applying it. Oral forsythia decoction rat excrement 1, internal and external obstacles. Dissolve spermatorrhea sand in pig liver and boil the juice for drinking. Effective. 2, green blindness does not look. Grind one or two of noctilucent sand (glutinous rice sand yellow) and one or two of cypress leaves (baked) into powder, and add bovine bile to make balls as big as five. Every night when you sleep, take 20 tablets of bamboo leaf soup and 20 tablets of rice soup at the fifth watch until you are cured. 3. Children with night blindness. Stir-fried with luminous sand, finely ground, and mixed with pig bile to make mung bean-sized balls. Take five pills each time, and the rice soup will be delivered. Another prescription: divide the night sand and Scutellaria baicalensis equally, and cook pig liver with washed rice to get juice for half a dollar each time. 4, five malaria is not limited. At the end of the night-Mingsha, giving Leng Cha a sum of money every time is effective. Another prescription: when malaria attacks, it will not heal for a long time. Fifty pieces of night jasmine sand, half a dollar of cinnabar and one dollar of musk are ground into powder, and glutinous rice is added to make balls as big as adzuki beans. Take ten capsules with boiling water before onset. 5. Cough. Use bats to remove wings and feet and burn them into powder. One yuan for each meal, and take it with boiling water after the meal. Bat 6, ear juice. Use 20 cents of cordate telosma sand and 20 cents of musk to grind into powder and rub the affected area first. Then powder it. 7. Reduce swelling and discharge pus. Grinding one to two parts of cordate telosma, half part of cinnamon and one part of frankincense into powder, adding half part of dry sugar, mixing with water, and applying to the affected part. Bionic Chiroptera mostly move at night, and they mainly rely on ultrasonic echo to locate, which is the basis for people to invent radar. Bats that feed on insects have echolocation systems to varying degrees, so they are called "live radars". With the help of this system, they can fly and catch food in complete darkness, and send out ultrasonic signals by echolocation under a lot of interference without affecting normal breathing. There are structures called "nasal lobes" on the nose and mouth of their heads, and there are complex special skin folds around them. This is a unique ultrasonic device, which has the function of emitting ultrasonic waves and can continuously emit high-frequency ultrasonic waves. If you encounter obstacles or flying insects, these ultrasonic waves can be reflected back and then received by their extraordinary big auricles, so that the feedback information can be analyzed in their tiny brains. This kind of ultrasonic detection has high sensitivity and resolution, so that they can not only identify the direction and locate their own flight path according to the echo, but also identify different insects or obstacles for effective avoidance or pursuit. Bats can fly freely in the air with accurate echolocation and extremely soft skin membrane, and even fly in a dexterous curve, constantly changing the direction of emitting ultrasonic waves to prevent insects from interfering with their information systems and trying to escape. Cultural Research The image of bats in traditional decorative patterns in China is homophonic with the word "blessing", so in China culture, bats are a symbol of happiness and auspiciousness, and bat shapes often appear in many traditional Chinese patterns. For example, "Five Blessingg's Birthday" means that five artistic bat shapes surround a birthday pattern. The green-winged bat king in martial arts novels has the characteristics of evil spirits and blood-sucking, which is close to the viewpoint of western culture and has a great gap with the auspicious image in traditional culture. In western culture, bats are a symbol of evil. Because of its ugly appearance, some people think that bats are the embodiment of vampires, and then some people think that bats are evil animals that feed on blood, but in fact, bats mostly feed on insects and fruits, and only a few species live on blood (concentrated in the blood-sucking bat subfamily of Batidae). But on the other hand, there are also superheroes Batman who use his dark side to uphold justice. Protection Like other animals, many bats are less and less in nature and tend to be extinct. Poisons and wood protectants used to kill insects kill them during hibernation, and many wrong ideas also make humans kill them in large numbers. Some kinds of hollow trees were cut down, and the ruins were torn down or rebuilt tightly, so they could not survive. Bats play an important role in maintaining the ecological balance of nature. All kinds of insect-eating bats can kill a large number of mosquitoes, moths, scarabs, nuns and other pests, and can prey on more than 3000 in one night, which is beneficial to human beings. The excrement collected by bats is also good fertilizer, which is very useful for agricultural production. The processed bat dung is called "night sand" and is a traditional Chinese medicine. A cave was found on the hillside of Huangjiagou, Guangou Village, Shuanglong Town, Xixia County, Henan Province. There is a century-old bat dung with medicinal value in the cave-"Yesha" cave is more than 600 meters deep, 15 meters wide and 40 centimeters narrow. In the cave, three or five groups of bats hang on the stone wall, and their excrement has accumulated nearly two meters thick and the color is like dark brown soil. According to reports, bat dung has the functions of clearing heat, improving eyesight and removing fire. After years of accumulation, its medicinal value is higher. According to experts' calculation, these bat droppings, which are called "luminous sand" in medicine, have a history of at least 100 years and weigh about 80 tons, which is rare in China. Literature discussion 1, namely bat. That is, bats, the name of excrement is nocturnal sand, which is salty and non-toxic. Wings are used to burn ashes, and night sand is used to roast. ... invented Benjing to treat itching and pain of eyes. In modern times, noctilucent sand is used, but rarely used. It can break blood stasis and promote digestion, so it is used for blindness, malaria, scrofula and carbuncle. Source: Traditional Chinese Medicine 100 Must-read Materia Medica Volume (Continued) 2. Small size. Short ears, short ear screen. The wing membrane is very long and stops at the bottom of the toe. It tastes salty and light. Non-toxic cloud A is slightly hot and toxic. Formerly known as Bat, there are many ancient temples. Flying day and night, renamed Fuyi. Sympathetic, fetal ... light. It's also night sand, that is, excrement discharged. Burning gray wine clothes, pregnant and dead; Stir-fry wine, cure scrofula and prolong neck. Get rid of bibimbap and treat children's innocence. Source: Compendium of Materia Medica 3. Herbal Medicine of Tang Dynasty: Fu Yi, daytime with its wings. "Li Bencao" cloud, that is, rats are also. There is another cloud: there are no voles in Xiping Mountain, and they will be taken in November and December. Its brain dominates women's facial blisters. 4, "Outline": The performance of bats purifies people, and the prescriptions for treating gold sores are all beneficial, and their toxicity is known. 5, "Bao Puzi" said: "Chitose bats are as white as snow, with upside-down sets and heavy brains. If you get it and put it in the shade at the end, it will be a long life. Wu's Materia Medica also said that bats "die in the shade in the long summer, which makes people see at night", and even said that bats "take it and serve it, so that people don't die". Latest progress: An outbreak of rabies spread by bats in Peru, in which 500 people were bitten and 4 people died. Rabies carried by bats broke out among indigenous tribes in the Amazon basin of Peru, and more than 500 people were bitten by bats. So far, four children have died. According to a recent study in Britain, some bats have evolved a new type of ultrasound, which can "invisible" moths. As a result, some bats have evolved functions similar to "stealth fighters", which can change the emitted ultrasonic waves and make it difficult for moths to detect their existence. The history books of the Song Dynasty recorded the confessions of thieves: "From September to February, the nights are long and the weather is cold, and people are afraid of being cold and lazy, so they can be thieves. "This kind of thief who breaks in when the night is long and the weather is cold is called' Night Swallow'.