Traditional Culture Encyclopedia - Photography and portraiture - Camera detailed data collection

Camera detailed data collection

A camera is a device that records images by using optical principles. The invention of the camera was originally used for the production of movies and TV programs, but now it has become popular. Just like cameras, early cameras needed to use negatives (that is, video tapes) for recording, but now the invention of digital cameras enables images to be stored directly in flash memory. Newer cameras directly store image data in the hard disk of the fuselage, which can not only record dynamically, but also shoot statically, without bringing a digital camera at the same time. Family portable camera is light and easy to operate, and it is almost a necessary household appliance.

Chinese name: camera mbth: camera inventor: Jules Janssen classification: high-speed camera description: modern camera has been born: 1872 historical background, classification, high-speed camera, aerial camera, animation camera, network camera, home camera, camera action, definition, main methods, common problems, blurred non-color captured images and poor quality of captured images. /kloc-one day in 0/872, in a hotel in California, Leland Stanford and Cohen had a heated argument: Do horses all land when running? Stanford thinks that a running horse's hoof is empty at the moment of jumping; On the other hand, Cohen thinks that horses always touch the ground when running. No one could convince anyone of the result of the argument, so the usual bet method was adopted to solve it. They hired an excellent horse trainer to judge, however, it is difficult for the referee to judge who is right and who is wrong. This is normal, because it is really difficult to see how the fast-running horseshoe moves with the human eye alone. So the rich man invited British photographer Edward McBride to do the experiment. McBride connected the shutters of 24 cameras with 24 wires. In a short time, he asked the camera to take 24 photos in turn, and then read them one by one to observe how the horse jumped and landed. For this experiment, mcbride and his assistants suffered a lot and paid a lot of labor. It took six years to finally capture a set of valuable information about the "horse track", which also confirmed Cohen's prediction is correct. However, mcbride's success has raised a new problem for people: how to solve the problem of continuous photography, because he can only shoot part of the running horse with 24 cameras. If you run a horse for a long distance of one kilometer, you need thousands of shots, and the length of the film is around the earth. Therefore, how to use a single lens camera instead of a multi-lens camera or a group of cameras has become a key problem to solve continuous photography. 1874, Jules Jean Sang of France invented the camera. He wound the photosensitive film on a toothed film supply reel. Under the control of the pendulum mechanism, the film supply tray moves intermittently in the circular film supply box, and the pendulum mechanism drives the shutter to rotate. Every time the film stops, the shutter will open for exposure. Janssen connected this camera to a telescope, which can take a set of photos of planetary motion at the speed of one per second. Janssen named it a photographic gun, which is the originator of modern movie camera +Y6R. 1882 When mcbride traveled to Europe with his continuous photos, their achievements greatly inspired the French scholar. After several years of unremitting efforts, he used the principle of revolver to create a portable "camera gun", which is the first gun that can shoot from one lens. A camera that takes several negatives a second really solves the problem of continuous photography, which shows that modern cameras and photography technology have been born. In the same year, Jules Marie of France invented another new camera, which can shoot the coherent movements of birds, thus giving birth to photography technology. This camera is shaped like a gun. A round box similar to a large magazine is fixed at the trigger, and a large caliber barrel is installed in front. A glass photosensitive disc coated with silver bromide emulsion is installed in the round box. When shooting, the photosensitive disc makes intermittent circular motion, and the shutter is coaxial with the photosensitive disc and keeps rotating, blocking and absorbing the light beam passing through the lens. The whole machine is driven by a clockwork. You can take photos with the exposure speed of1100 seconds and the frequency of 12 photos per second. 1888, Marley invented a new camera. He replaced the fixed photosensitive disc with a photosensitive paper tape wound on the shaft. When the photosensitive paper tape passes through the focus of the lens, two color grasping mechanisms fix the photosensitive paper tape to expose it. Later, Marley replaced the photosensitive paper tape with photosensitive film. Marley's camera has been continuously improved, and finally it can shoot 60 shots per second on 9 cm wide film. Camera 1889, Edison of America invented the camera. This camera is driven by a pointed roller 19 mm wide non-porous adhesive tape. Under the control of the ratchet wheel, the adhesive tape is driven to move intermittently and punch holes at the same time. This camera is driven by a motor, the shutter shaft is linked with the phonograph, and the phonograph records the sound when the camera is running. On this basis, the mobile camera was invented. There is a cross wheel mechanism in the camera to control the intermittent motion of the film, and another gear drives the film forward. This camera uses 35 mm perforated film. 189 1 year, Edison obtained the patent of this mobile camera. Cameras are divided into high-speed cameras, which are optical photographic instruments that record moving objects at high speed. It records the flying posture and events of harmony at a high photography frequency. Intermittent and compensated high-speed cameras are often used in flight tests of rockets and spaceships. The film of intermittent high-speed camera is controlled by the film grasping mechanism, and the film is not moved when shooting, and the exposure is controlled by the shutter. After exposure, the film moves by one frame. The film of the compensation high-speed camera is in continuous motion. When shooting, the target and the film are kept relatively still by the compensation mechanism, and the exposure is controlled by the shutter. Intermittent cameras are used to photograph rocket ignition, flame conditions, plug shedding, longitudinal and lateral drift of the rocket when it leaves the frame, etc. The shooting frequency of 35mm synchronous intermittent camera shall not exceed 300 frames per second. The shooting frequency of compensated high-speed camera ranges from hundreds to thousands of frames per second, and it is continuously variable. It is used to photograph the secondary ignition and stage separation of rockets, and also to photograph the encounter of rockets. High-speed camera consists of optical system, shutter, film feeding and winding mechanism, frame and time control mechanism. It can be fixed or installed on the tracking frame to shoot flying targets manually or automatically. Camera aerial camera A camera mounted on an airplane, which shoots vertically to the ground and is used for drawing and measuring. Use film, mostly 24*24 cm images, and shoot with 150 mm wide-angle lens. In addition, there are 1 camera with 4 lenses, which can be used to make multi-spectral band cameras and synthesize color photos from a certain photo. Animation camera A camera equipped with a pause motor can shoot a single frame. When shooting, it can move vertically on the animation stage to change the size of the shot image or produce a scaling effect. Network cameras connect ordinary cameras to switches or routers with network cables, and managers can check the camera situation through local area network or INTERTNET network. Independent webcam, which can be used without a computer, has the characteristics of simple installation and diverse functions. The built-in management web page can run independently without a computer, and IE browser can be used to capture or store remote real-time images. The standard network plug RJ-45 interface is adopted, which has the function of license security verification, and more functions can be realized by software. Another way is to connect wireless AP or wireless router directly with other standards such as 802. 1 1g or 802.1b, without network connection. The camera's home camera shoots all the movements of a paragraph with a distant view or a moving lens. After shooting, if only one camera is used, it is necessary to insert the middle scene and the repeated action of specific shooting into the main shot when editing. The definition of camera motion refers to the motion of a movie camera, the purpose of which is to follow an action or change the presentation mode of the photographed scene, person or object. The main camera modes are 1 and lens push: a, the camera moves along the optical axis; B, take a zoom lens, from short focal length to long focal length. The differences between the two methods are as follows: ① Zoom lenses often have focal points. ② The main feature of zoom lens is subjectivity, while the main feature of lens moving forward is objectivity. The role of pushing the lens: ① bringing the audience into the story environment; (The lens moves forward) ② Protrude the subject (person or thing) from many subjects; (3) Highlight the expressive force of a certain part of the figure's body, such as face, hands and eyes. (4) emphasize and exaggerate the part of a theme. (zoom lens) ⑤ represents the subjective line of sight of the characters in the play. (Zoom lens) 6 Express the inner feelings of the characters. (Zoom lens) French captain's woman, met at the seaside. 2. Two cases of pulling the lens: a. The camera moves backward along the optical axis; B, take a zoom lens, from long focal length to short focal length. The difference between the two camera modes: ① Zoom lenses often have focal points. ② The main feature of zoom lens is subjectivity, and the main feature of camera retreat is objectivity. The function of zoom lens: ① display the relationship between the subject and its environment; (2) Ending a paragraph or ending the whole movie. 3. Shake the lens when shooting, and the camera position will not move, only the body will rotate up and down, left and right. "Shake shot" can be divided into three categories: ① pure descriptive shake shot; (2) Expression translation: based on a certain skill photography, express a person's impression or thought, such as the translation of a tree in "Flying in the Wild". ③ Dramatic translation. The main functions of shaking the lens are: ① introducing the environment. (2) from one topic to another. The camera ③ shows the movements of the characters. ④ Represents the subjective sight of the characters in the play. ⑤ Express the inner feelings of the characters in the play. 4. Moving lens The camera moves in all directions along the horizontal direction. ("Up" and "Down" are vertical directions). Two situations: a, people don't move, and photography is moving; B, people and cameras are moving. Close to "follow", but at different speeds. 5. Tracking camera The camera moves with the subject. The difference between "following" and "moving": ① The moving speed of the camera is consistent with the moving speed of the subject; ② The position of the subject in the picture composition is basically unchanged; ③ The scene of picture composition remains unchanged. 6. Still life lens should establish a big concept of movement. Under this concept, "still shot" is also a kind of film movement. For example, the still shot of the bird man. Such as the static depth of field lens of "City of Sorrow". Finally, it needs to be explained that in the actual shooting of a film, push, pull, shake, move, follow and static are often used comprehensively. They should not be strictly separated. Frequently asked questions: The specific performance of the shot image achromatic color is that all the pictures have become black and white images. There are several reasons for the failure of achromatic color: (1) The camera is not in focus. Because of defocusing, the chroma signal of 4.5 MHz is lost, and the image clarity is also seriously reduced. It is very important to check the focusing and current stabilizing circuits on the camera autofocus circuit board. (2) The gain amplifier stage of the chroma signal is turned off, and as a result, the chroma signal is not output. Emphasis should be placed on checking all levels related to gain amplification in chroma signal channels, such as input and output amplification stages, automatic chroma control stages, buffer amplification stages, etc. (3) The chroma signal is interrupted. The reason is that the signal transmission line is open or the signal is short-circuited into the ground, so that the camera only outputs brightness signals, and the focus of inspection should be on the chroma channel integrated circuit. The camera image is blurred. This fault can be divided into two specific situations. One simple reason is that the image displayed by the viewfinder is blurred. Another situation is that the image output by the camera is blurred (at this time, the image displayed by the viewfinder must be blurred). For the first case, that is, the viewfinder image is blurred, the main reason is that the focusing voltage of the viewfinder is unbalanced. The solution is to readjust the focus voltage. There are several solutions to the image blur output by digital camera: (1) The lens of digital camera is not clean. Just wipe the dirt off. (2) Improper adjustment of focal length. Especially when the digital camera is in manual focus, the auto-focus function does not work, so the focus switch should be set to the auto position; In addition, if the shooting conditions are not suitable for autofocus, the focus switch can be set to the manual position, and the image can be restored to a clear state by manually adjusting the focal length; (3) It is the fault of the camera circuit, which is mainly manifested in the poor focusing performance of the lens unit. At this time, it is important to check the focusing current stabilizing circuit. The poor quality of the photographed image is mainly manifested in poor definition, pseudo color and fixed spots on the picture. In this case, after eliminating the above-mentioned focusing circuit fault, the main reason should be the poor quality of CCD sensor. The front video output waveform of the sensor can be observed through the oscilloscope, and the poor performance of the sensor can be determined after troubleshooting related peripheral components. The reasons for the poor quality of the captured images are not only the faults of the camera, but also the faults of the video recording part, such as the pollution or damage of the magnetic head or the faults of related circuits.