What season is suitable for fertilizing trees in South China?

Guidance on scientific fertilization of fruit trees

(1) Apple

1. Problems and principles of fertilization

In order to solve the problems existing in apple production, such as insufficient organic fertilizer input, poor site conditions in some orchards, poor soil water and fertilizer conservation ability, high nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer consumption in intensive orchards, widespread soil acidification in old orchards with non-calcareous soil, lack of trace elements in calcium, magnesium and boron from time to time, and lack of iron, zinc and boron in orchards in calcareous soil areas, fruit farmers in some areas do not know enough about applying base fertilizer in autumn, and the amount and proportion of topdressing nitrogen fertilizer in spring and summer are large, so the following fertilization methods are put forward.

(1) Increase the application amount of organic fertilizer, and the amount of base fertilizer should be determined according to the garden soil conditions, tree age, tree vigor, varieties and annual fruit yield. According to the experiment, the application of bio-organic fertilizer in apple orchard with an yield of 2000 kg per mu should reach "Golden Guo Jin Fertilizer"; The yield per mu is 2500-3500kg, and EV bio-organic fertilizer "one catty of fruit and one catty of half fertilizer" is applied; In high-yield gardens with an yield of more than 5,000 kilograms per mu, the amount of organic fertilizer should reach the level of "one catty of fruit and two catties of fertilizer"; According to soil fertility conditions and yield level, the amount of nitrogen, phosphorus and chemical fertilizer should be appropriately reduced; Pay attention to the combined application of calcium, magnesium, sulfur, boron and zinc;

(2) Combined with high-yield and high-quality cultivation techniques, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer were applied by stages according to the tree potential and yield level;

(3) The orchard with acidified soil can improve the soil by applying silicon fertilizer and lime.

A weak tree is the opposite of a prosperous tree. No matter base fertilizer (special bio-organic fertilizer for natural EV fruit trees), topdressing or topdressing outside the roots, it should be applied more and sprayed more appropriately, and early thinning of flowers and fruits should be re-cut properly to strengthen vegetative growth and restore good fruit tree vitality.

(2) Citrus

In view of the neglect of organic fertilizer application and soil improvement fertilization in citrus production, serious soil acidification, large barren area of orchard, large difference in fertilizer consumption among farmers, unreasonable fertilizer consumption and ratio, fertilization period and method, general lack of trace elements such as calcium, magnesium, sulfur, boron and zinc, serious soil erosion and low fertilizer utilization rate, the following fertilization principles are put forward:

(1) Pay attention to the application of organic fertilizer, vigorously develop green manure in orchards, and cover citrus and navel orange trees in the fruit-bearing period, which is prone to conflict between vegetative growth and reproductive growth. The task of fertilization in the growth and fruiting period is to coordinate vegetative growth and reproductive growth, so that they can develop synchronously and enter the full fruit period as soon as possible. Fertilization is generally divided into four times. The first time is to promote the shoot and strengthen the flower fertilizer. According to the standard of 30 kilograms per fruit tree, 5 kilograms of bio-organic fertilizer is applied to each fruit tree, and spring water is poured at the same time. Complete the task of fertilization and irrigation before the end of February. Open radioactive furrows in flat orchards and directional furrows in inclined orchards. The second time is the strong fruit fertilizer. According to the standard of 30kg per fruit tree, 2kg bio-organic fertilizer is applied to each fruit tree, which will be finished in early July. The third time is nutrient accumulation fertilizer. According to the standard of 30 kg per fruit tree, 3 kg of bio-organic fertilizer is applied to each fruit tree, which will be finished in late September. The fourth time is fertilization after fruit picking. After fruit picking, individual plants are weak due to too many negative fruits, and 2-3 kilograms of bio-organic fertilizer can be applied to fruit trees alone. In case of drought, irrigation in time after fruit picking will help to restore tree vigor as soon as possible. ;

(2) Appropriate application of calcium silicate fertilizer, lime and other acidic soil conditioners in severely acidified orchards;

(3) According to citrus varieties and orchard soil fertility, optimize NPK fertilizer dosage, application ratio and fertilization period, and supplement appropriate trace elements such as calcium, magnesium, sulfur, boron and zinc;

(4) Fertilization mode is changed from whole garden to centralized point application or furrow application; (5) Fertilization should be combined with water management and high-yield and high-quality cultivation techniques, and fertilization should be combined with rainfall or irrigation in dry season, especially in spring drought.

(1) Orchard with a yield of more than 3,000 kg/mu: 2-4 cubic meters of bio-organic fertilizer for Tianwu EV fruit trees, 25-35 kg/mu of nitrogen fertilizer, 8- 12 kg/mu of phosphorus fertilizer (P2O5) and 20-30 kg/mu of potassium fertilizer (K2O).

(2) 1500 ~ 3000kg/ mu orchard: tianwu EV fruit tree bio-organic fertilizer 2 ~ 4 m3/ mu, nitrogen fertilizer (N)20 ~ 30k g/ mu, phosphorus fertilizer (p2o 5)8 ~ 10kg/ mu and potassium fertilizer (K2O)/kloc.

(3) Orchard with yield below 65,438+0,500 kg/mu: organic bio-fertilizer for EV fruit trees for 2-3 days, nitrogen fertilizer (N N) 655,438+05-25 kg/mu, phosphorus fertilizer (P2O5) 6-8 kg/mu and potassium fertilizer (K2O) 65,438+.

(3) Pears

In view of the problems existing in pear production, such as low application of organic fertilizer, low organic matter content, high input of nitrogen fertilizer, low input of potassium fertilizer and medium and trace elements, unreasonable fertilization period, fertilization method and fertilizer ratio, lack of medium and trace elements such as calcium, iron, zinc and boron in pear orchard soil in general, especially phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium in southern pear orchard soil, and serious soil acidification, the following fertilization principles were put forward:

(1) Apply more organic fertilizer, plant grass, cover soil and fertilize the orchard; Orchards with serious soil acidification should be improved by applying lime and organic fertilizer; First, apply more organic fertilizers to improve the soil.

Tianwu EV bio-organic fertilizer not only contains all kinds of nutrient elements needed for pear tree growth, but also can improve soil structure, increase soil nutrient buffering capacity, increase soil water retention capacity, improve soil aeration, reduce soil root growth resistance, and is beneficial to pear tree growth and development.

1, according to the yield to determine the amount of fertilizer.

The amount of base fertilizer is based on "Golden Guo Jin Fertilizer", and the amount of chemical fertilizer is 3% of the total output.

2. Determine the amount of fertilization according to the age of the tree.

Different tree ages have different fertilization rates, which can be used for reference as follows:

1-5 years to apply tianwu EV bio-organic fertilizer 1000- 1500 (kg)/mu.

During 6- 10 years, 2000-3000(kg)/ mu of Tianwu EV bio-organic fertilizer was applied.

1 1- 15 Apply 3000-4000(kg)/ mu of Tianwu EV bio-organic fertilizer.

16-20 years, the application amount of Tianwu EV bio-organic fertilizer is 3000-4000(kg)/ mu.

In 2 1-30 years, tianwu EV bio-organic fertilizer was applied at 4000-5000(kg)/ mu.

3. Determine the amount of fertilization according to the soil fertility level.

You can compare the surrounding land. If the soil nutrients are below the medium level, the amount of fertilization can be increased by more than 25% on the basis of the standard. For the land above the medium level, it is advisable to reduce the amount of fertilization by 25% on the basis of the above standards.

4, according to the tree potential to determine the amount of fertilizer.

The lack of some mineral elements is mainly judged according to the unique symptoms of tree growth, appearance, branches, leaves, fruits and roots to guide fertilization.

Second: fertilization time

Fertilization of pear trees should be based on base fertilizer. The best base fertilizer (Tianwu EV bio-organic fertilizer) is applied in autumn, and it is applied after the fruits of early-maturing varieties are harvested. Mid-and late-maturing varieties can be harvested before fruits. The benefits of autumn application are:

1. According to the observation of root growth law, pear root system has two growth peaks at 1, one in March-May in spring and the other in September-165438+1October. The basal fertilizer was applied in early autumn from August to September after harvest, which happened to meet the peak of root growth in autumn. Before freezing, the roots have a growth period of 2-3 months, which can make the injured roots heal earlier and promote a large number of newly absorbed roots.

2. These newly absorbed roots after autumn can promote the absorption of autumn roots and the photosynthesis of autumn leaves, increase the level of storage nutrition, improve the quality of flower buds and the plumpness of branches and buds, thus improving the cold resistance with excellent results.

3. The most important thing is that the roots born in autumn move earlier and absorb fertilizer earlier than those born in spring, which promotes the growth peak of roots in spring, thus being very beneficial to germination, leaf spreading, flowering, fruit setting and young fruit growth. Especially for the spreading and photosynthesis of leaves in the early stage of middle and short branches, the effect is more obvious.

4. Apply base fertilizer in autumn, and the fertilizer efficiency will get the best play in the critical period of nutrition from April to May in the coming spring. However, if the fertilizer is applied in winter or spring, it will be too late to decompose and bury it in the soil, and it will not be strong when fertilizer is needed in spring. It can only be decomposed after the rainy season.

Utilization, on the contrary, leads to the prosperity of autumn buds. Autumn shoots flourish and compete for a lot of fertilizer, but short branches lack nutrients, flowers are few, storage level is low and insufficient, and they are vulnerable to freezing injury. Therefore, the dense planting garden must adhere to the application of base fertilizer in autumn.

Three: Top dressing time

The application period of topdressing varies with different tree potentials, and it is usually carried out before germination, flowering and fruit expansion.

1. Before germination 10 days or so, the absorption roots began to move. Flower buds, leaf buds, new shoots, leaf growth, flowering and fruit setting all need a lot of protein, and topdressing should be the main method at this stage. The amount of topdressing should be larger, and water should be poured after topdressing.

2. Fertilizer is in the transition period from vigorous growth after flowering to stopping growth, and preparing for nutrition before flower bud differentiation is also the transition period of old and new nutrition. If the fertilizer supply is insufficient or not timely, it is easy to cause physiological fruit drop and affect flower bud differentiation. It is best to apply ternary or multivariate compound fertilizer in this period.

3. Overcoming nutrient competition Spraying fertilizer can overcome the concentrated nutrient competition caused by each growth peak. Short and medium branches and leaves can be directly absorbed and utilized to form more flower buds, which is especially suitable for young and old trees.

4. Increasing local nutrient accumulation and spraying fertilizer combined with measures to promote flowers in summer, such as branch pulling and girdling, can increase local nutrient accumulation of treated branches and promote flowers and yield more obviously. In pear orchards lacking trace elements, spraying fertilizer is the most suitable effect. Foliar spraying fertilizer is 0.3% urea, which can be sprayed from spring to autumn, and urea can be added in combination with spraying. Secondly, spraying 0.3%-0.5% potassium dihydrogen phosphate for 2-3 times from the physiological fruit dropping period to the harvest. In order to improve the effect, it is best to spray fertilizer early and late on windless sunny days, avoid spraying fertilizer at noon, and prevent high temperature from causing phytotoxicity. Because of the differences of varieties, geography and climatic conditions, the experiment before the first large-scale spraying of fertilizer is very important.

(4) peaches

1. Problems and principles of fertilization

Aiming at the problems of great difference in fertilization amount, unreasonable fertilization amount, ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, unreasonable fertilization period and method, and ignoring the coordination between fertilization and irrigation, the following fertilization principles are put forward:

(1) reasonably increase the application amount of EV bio-organic fertilizer, and reasonably control the application level of NPK fertilizer according to soil fertility, early, middle and late maturity varieties and yield level. The fertilizer requirement of early-maturing varieties is 20% ~ 30% less than that of late-maturing varieties; Pay attention to the coordinated application of calcium, magnesium, boron and zinc;

(2) Fertilizers should be distributed in autumn one month after peach fruit picking, and the key period of topdressing is around the swelling period of peach fruit;

(3) Combined with high-quality cultivation techniques, it is not advisable to topdressing nitrogen fertilizer and irrigate a lot three weeks before picking, so as not to affect the quality; Taoyuan in the plain area with poor drainage in summer needs to do a good job in soil management such as ridging, film mulching and planting grass; In arid areas, plastic film mulching and cave storage technology are advocated.

2. Fertilization amount and method

(1) The output level is above 3,000 kg/mu: EV bio-organic fertilizer is 2-3 m3/ mu, nitrogen fertilizer (N) 15- 18 kg/mu, phosphorus fertilizer (P2O5) is 8-10 kg/mu, and potash fertilizer (K).

(2) The output level is 2000kg/mu: EV bio-organic fertilizer 1 ~ 2 m3/ mu, nitrogen fertilizer (n)12 ~16kg/mu, phosphorus fertilizer (P2O5) 7 ~ 9kg/mu and potassium fertilizer (K2O)/kloc.

(3) Yield level1500kg/mu: EV bio-organic fertilizer1~ 2m3/mu, nitrogen fertilizer (n)10 ~12kg/mu, phosphorus fertilizer (P2O5) 5 ~ 8kg/mu, potassium fertilizer (K).

For orchards with early defoliation or high load in the previous year, top dressing outside the roots should be strengthened. Spraying 1% ~ 3% urea 2 ~ 3 times before germination. After germination, 2 urea and 1 potassium dihydrogen phosphate should be sprayed regularly, and the concentration of potassium dihydrogen phosphate is 0.3% ~ 0.5%.

If a large amount of organic fertilizer is applied in the previous year, the application amount of nitrogen and potassium fertilizer can be reduced by 1 ~ 2 kg/mu in the autumn of that year, and the application amount of nitrogen and potassium fertilizer can be reduced by 2 ~ 3 kg/mu in the fruit expansion period.

In autumn after peach harvest, all EV bio-organic fertilizer, 30% ~ 40% nitrogen fertilizer, 100% phosphorus fertilizer and 50% potassium fertilizer were used as base fertilizer. The remaining 60% ~ 70% nitrogen fertilizer and 50% potassium fertilizer were applied at different stages of germination, hard core and fruit expansion of peach trees in spring (early-maturing variety 1 ~ 2 times, late-maturing variety 2 ~ 3 times).

(5) bananas

1. Problems and principles of fertilization

In view of the problems in banana production, such as the general neglect of organic fertilizer application and soil fertilization, the lack of trace elements such as calcium, magnesium and boron, the coexistence of insufficient and excessive fertilization, and the late application of potassium fertilizer, the following fertilization principles are put forward:

(1) Fertilization is based on the principle of "rational distribution of fertilizers and key application in key periods";

Fertilization technology of banana

Banana is an important tropical fruit in southern China. Fruit has good flavor and rich nutrition, which is of great benefit to improving human health. Banana trees are graceful and evergreen, which is one of the ideal fruit trees for greening the environment and regulating the climate. In addition to applying sufficient base fertilizer before planting, the newly planted banana garden also began to apply fertilizer when two new leaves were pulled out. Generally, fruit tree bio-organic fertilizer 100- 150kg is applied per mu, mixed with water for 3-4 times, and applied with water and fertilizer for about 4 times in the first half of the year. From August to September, after the big leaves are pulled out, heavy fertilizer is applied, and 3-5 kilograms of bio-organic fertilizer is applied to each fruit tree to promote germination before 10. Banana plants that can't catch up with budding in that year are required to reach the height of 1 m or more before the winter growth stops, so as to ensure the banana yield in the next year. It is necessary to control the fertilization amount of big seedling plants in winter. Fertilization in the old banana garden was concentrated in the first half of the year, which provided sufficient nutrition for flower bud differentiation and fruit development. Before flower bud differentiation, it is full of fat and there are many differentiated female flowers. During the fruit development period, the fertilizer is sufficient, the fruit grows rapidly, the yield is high, and the buds are vigorous, which lays the foundation for high yield in the coming year. Generally, it needs to be fertilized five times a year. The first time is before the root fertilizer. It is applied before banana plants grow a large number of new roots after winter (about the beginning of spring) to promote the growth of new roots and accelerate the growth of new roots and buds. Apply 3-5 kg bio-organic fertilizer to each fruit tree, and apply urea 100 g about 20 cm away from the banana head. The second time is vigorous and fat. Suitable for the vigorous growth period of plants (before and after Qingming). At this time, fertilizer is most needed, and heavy fertilizer must be applied. Apply bio-organic fertilizer 5- 10 kg, urea 100 g and potassium sulfate 200 g to each fruit tree, so that the plant can draw 5-6 leaves every month, make and accumulate more nutrients, and lay the foundation for flower bud differentiation and yield. The third time is to fatten your head. When the plant begins to form stems (flower bud differentiation stage) (bananas are being planted in June-July). Applying 5 kg bio-organic fertilizer to each fruit tree can promote flower bud differentiation and early germination, and has obvious effect on increasing fruit nodes and single fruit weight. The fourth time is before the fruit is fat. Before the mother plant is harvested. Apply 3 kg of bio-organic fertilizer to each fruit tree to promote the rapid growth of bud absorption. The fifth time was too cold and too fat. Used during 10- 1 1. The plant was applied with 2-3 kg bio-organic fertilizer from Tianwu EV fruit tree, and it was applied in shallow ditch 50 cm away from banana head. Then cover the soil, keep warm and moisturize, and enhance the cold resistance of bud absorption.

(6) Litchi

Aiming at the problems of common soil acidification, poor fertilizer and water conservation ability, general lack of magnesium, boron, calcium and molybdenum, unscientific fertilization amount, unreasonable fertilizer ratio, abuse of foliar fertilizer and weak pertinence in litchi orchard, the following fertilization principles are put forward:

(1) Pay attention to the application of organic fertilizer, apply fertilizer according to the growth period, reasonably mix N, P and K fertilizers, and adjust the fertilization scheme according to the variety, growth and climate of litchi;

(2) The survival period of litchi from colonization to fruiting is young tree stage. At this time, the main goal of management is to quickly expand the crown and lay the foundation for early fruiting and high yield. Therefore, in terms of management measures, it is necessary to strengthen soil management, cultivate developed roots, and promote a large number of new shoots to form a high-yield tree potential. But because the root system is tender, it is very sensitive to fertilizer. Therefore, it is necessary to master the principle of small, frequent, timely and diligent fertilization. Litchi seedlings generally germinate 4-5 times, and the rooting period is before each germination. There are many fine roots when rooting, and the fertilizer is absorbed quickly. Fertilization before each shoot is the best time. Fertilize more than 6 times a year for 3 years after planting; After 3 years, with the expansion of root system and crown, fertilizer can be gradually enriched and the frequency can be reduced year by year. It is best to open an annular ditch with a depth of 20-25 cm for fertilization. Ditching position should be 0/5cm away from fibrous root/kloc-. This fertilization method can induce the root system to expand and grow outward, and can constantly renew and germinate new roots. The application amount of EV bio-organic fertilizer per plant is 2-3 kg.

Litchi enters the full fruit stage 20-30 years after planting. During this period, the root system expansion gradually reached the maximum, the nutritional level improved, and the yield increased year by year, thus consuming a lot of nutrients. Improper management of soil, fertilizer and water in this period is not only easy to produce results in different years, but also easy to accelerate the aging of trees due to the decline of nutrient accumulation level and nutrient growth. The fruiting mother branch of litchi is mainly autumn shoots, which are abundant and strong, which is the key to overcome the phenomenon of litchi in different years and ensure high yield every year. Therefore, after fruit picking, heavy fertilizer should be applied at one time and appropriate irrigation should be applied to make the plants recover quickly, and new shoots should be pulled out in August-September to provide more fruiting mother branches for high yield in the next year, which can promote flower bud differentiation, which is the key measure to ensure high yield every year. The specific method is to loosen the soil around the roots to the depth of 10 cm, apply 5- 10kg EV bio-organic fertilizer to the plants, and cover them with a thin layer of soil after application.

(2) In orchards with strong soil acidity, proper application of lime and calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer can adjust soil pH value and supplement corresponding nutrients;

(3) Adopting appropriate fertilization methods and applying medium and trace element fertilizers in a targeted manner;

(4) Fertilization should be combined with other management measures, such as drip irrigation.

(1) fruiting tree (about 50kg per plant): apply EV bio-organic fertilizer10 ~ 20kg per plant, nitrogen fertilizer (N) 0.75 ~1.0kg, phosphorus fertilizer (p2o 5)0.25 ~ 0.3/mu, potassium fertilizer (K2O) 0.

(2) Young trees do not bear fruit or bear little fruit: each tree is applied with EV bio-organic fertilizer 5- 10 kg, nitrogen fertilizer 0.4-0.6 kg, phosphorus fertilizer (P2O5) 0.10.5 kg and potassium fertilizer (K2O)0.3-0.5kg.

Fertilizer is applied in 3 ~ 4 times, after harvest, before flowering, when flowers wither and when fruits are strong. According to the growth of litchi trees, it can be combined with pre-flowering and flower wilting fertilizer, and can also be combined with flower wilting fertilizer and strong fruit fertilizer. The application rates of nitrogen fertilizer in the above four growth stages are 45%, 65, 438+00%, 20% and 35% respectively. Phosphorus fertilizer can be applied once or twice after harvest or before flowering, and the application rates of potassium, calcium and magnesium fertilizer are 30%, 65, 438+00%, 20% and 40% respectively.

Orchards lacking boron and molybdenum should be sprayed with 0.2% borax and 0.05% ammonium molybdate before flowering, during flowering and fruit expansion; Orchard with pH & lt5.0, lime per mu 100 kg, 5.0