Traditional Culture Encyclopedia - Photography and portraiture - What are the different national costumes in China?
What are the different national costumes in China?
Clothes with traditional ethnic forms. Also known as folk clothing. It is a reflection of national politics, economy, thought and culture, and embodies the national psychological quality. National costumes are formed in specific social life and natural environment, and conform to the living habits and aesthetic consciousness of the nation. Its national characteristics are mainly reflected in the shape, style, color, material and clothing accessories of clothing.
Han costumes
In the thousands of years from the Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors to the Ming Dynasty, the Han nation relied on their own wisdom to create a colorful Han costume culture and developed a unique Han costume culture. A unique clothing system - Hanfu system. Hanfu, which is extensive, profound, complete in system, time-honored and beautiful, is China’s rare wealth and something that every descendant of the Yan and Huang Dynasties should be proud of. Objectively speaking, the national costumes of the Han people in certain historical stages, such as Chinese flags/cheongsam/mandarin jackets, etc., can never be called "Hanfu" because they have no normal evolutionary connection with the real Hanfu. The main feature of Hanfu is the cross collar. , The right gusset does not need buttons, but is tied with a rope, giving people a free and elegant impression. These characteristics are obviously different from the costumes of other ethnic groups. Hanfu can be divided into formal clothes and regular clothes. From the shape point of view, there are mainly "top and lower skirts" system (the skirt in ancient times refers to the lower skirt), "shenyi" system (the top and lower skirts are sewn together), "skirt" system (ru, that is, short clothes), etc. type. Among them, the mianfu with a top and lower skirt is the most solemn and formal dress for emperors and officials; the robe (deep clothes) is the common dress for officials and scholars, and the underskirt is the favorite wear of women. Ordinary working people generally wear short clothes on top and long trousers on bottom. Accessories: Headwear is one of the important parts of Han nationality clothing. In ancient times, when both men and women of the Han nationality came of age, they would tie their hair into a bun and tie it with hairpins. Men often wear crowns, scarves, hats, etc. in various shapes. Women's buns can also be combed into various styles, and various accessories such as beads and flowers can be worn on the buns. Both sides of the temples are decorated with sideburns, and some wear curtain hats and hijabs.
Hui Nationality Clothing
The domed white hat is sewn with white cloth. The mouth of the hat is slightly larger than the top of the hat, and the brim is shallow, so it can be worn to the base of the upper ear. It is usually double-layered on the inside and outside, and some have a text on the top of the hat. Among the Weining Hui people, the round-top white hat is the symbol of men's clothing. Imams and Awen students often wear it, and most people wear it during festivals. The hijab and dove-tailed headbands are special symbols that distinguish Weining Hui women from other ethnic groups. Hijab is made of cyan, white or light green cloth into a triangular shape. Some women wear it during festivals. The dove-tail style bun is made of green handkerchief or blue cloth, with the hair not exposed, and the middle shape is like a dove tail. It is a common headdress for Hui women, especially popular among middle-aged and elderly women in the rice field dam area. The costumes of the Hui people in the north and southwest of Weining, which borders Zhaotong and Ludian of Yunnan, often include men wearing white handkerchiefs without exposing the top of their heads, or wearing white hats without folding the edges. Agui's white hat is embroidered with Arwen on the top. Most of their jackets are short casual clothes, a few wear long shirts, and their trousers are 7-9 inches wide. Girls like to wear earrings, usually one with a silver bell, and rarely one with two silver bells, which are light and delicate. Their heads are not wrapped, but they wear embroidered ties or red or green scarves, and their hair is mostly tied in a single braid. Wearing a short coat with a large placket on the upper body and an embroidered apron on the waist, the color is bright. Wearing exquisite embroidered shoes on feet, silver bracelets and silver rings on hands. After marriage, the headband should be wrapped in a dovetail style, the hair should not be exposed, and the clothes should be slightly longer. As we age, the color changes from bright to dull. Elderly women wear many white buns on their heads, with white scarves tied around their dovetail buns. In the southwest, there are villages adjacent to Huize and Xuanwei. Most of the young and middle-aged men have their heads wrapped in green, blue or white cloth, and they wear big hoods. Wearing a tight-fitting short cardigan with thin and short cuffs, several pieces can be worn on top of one another. Clothes buttons are mostly made of glue thread or cloth strips, and some are made of bronze and silver coins welded into buttons, which are arranged in pairs and rows. Some have blouses, coats and gowns. The gown is made of blue cloth, sewn with white thread, and eight pockets are connected along the lower edge. They are black and white with distinct colors and are extremely eye-catching. The trousers have large legs, and the widest trouser mouth must be sewn with the eight small pieces of cloth before liberation, and the waist must be folded into pleats. Married men wear a white cloth patterned belt around their waist, with a beard at the top and down to their knees, which flutters in the wind when walking. A married man's belt reflects the quality of a woman's handicrafts and is one of the criteria for evaluating a woman. Men mostly wear cloth-eared straw sandals with floral patterns. Some young people like to wrap their heads with green silk handkerchiefs or white cloth, with black and white evenly crossed and angular, commonly known as "magpie flower headbands", and wear silver earrings on both ears. After marriage, they usually wear a bun with a bun cover and a silver hairpin. Some also tie a string of small silver bells on their heads. When walking, the bells jingle, clear and sweet. Wear a large-breasted short coat, usually made of sky blue fabric, with a floral apron. The bottoms are matched with the tops, and it is generally suitable to use different colors of clothes and pants. They wear large flower shoes, mostly covered with bright red and green flowers, and some have a red tassel on the toe.
Manchu costumes
Chinese national costumes can be described as: diverse and colorful; a hundred flowers blooming, each showing its own style; long-standing and continuous; sublimated and shining at any time. As long as you observe Chinese national costumes carefully and carefully, it is not difficult to find that this culture, I think Manchu costumes, have more traditional characteristics. Manchu costumes are mainly divided into four parts: Hat accessories: Manchu women have no hats, while men have hats, including top hats, skullcaps, hoods, felt hats, and Kunqiu hats (women keep out the cold in winter); Clothing: There are four main forms: cheongsam (i.e. robe) ), mandarin jacket, waistcoat, overalls. Cheongsam can be worn by both men and women regardless of season. Mandarin jackets are worn by wealthy men with status in spring, autumn and winter. The waistcoat is a woman's outerwear.
Chaps are cotton trousers with no waistband and are fixed with two suspenders. They are mostly worn by elderly women in cold weather. The difference between Manchus wearing trousers and other ethnic groups is the leg straps that must be tied for travel. Shoe decoration: Men's shoes are cloth-soled and tied with double leather strips on the face. Pigskin or cowhide boots are worn in winter, and most elderly people wear high-waisted felt shoes. Women wear wooden-soled high-stake shoes that are narrow at the bottom and wide at the top, with the tip of the shoe face protruding from the upper wing, green flowers on both sides, and a shape like a boat. Specifically, there are horseshoe sole shoes, flowerpot sole shoes, flat shoes, square-toe shoes, and pointed-toe shoes; Accessories: The ornaments worn by the Manchu people include bone ornaments, stone ornaments, bead ornaments, gold and silver ornaments, etc. Choosing which kind of jewelry to wear should be based on status. Generally speaking, the quality of jewelry can reflect the status and the wealth of the family. The traditional costumes of the Manchu people are cheongsam and mandarin jacket cheongsam, which are called "Yijie" in Manchu. They are divided into four types: single, jacket, leather and cotton. This kind of "clothes are all connected with Shang" (in ancient times, it is a garment on the top and a Shang on the bottom) and Han nationality's traditional clothing. There are obvious differences between the two pieces of clothing on the top and bottom. It is a favorite clothing of Manchu men. It is also called a big shirt or a robe. The style and structure of the cheongsam worn by Manchu men are relatively simple. It was originally worn by Manchus when riding and shooting. It has a round collar (it is customary to add a false collar when there is no collar), a large placket, narrow sleeves, slits on all sides, a left vent, buckles and belts, which are suitable for riding horses and hunting. The cheongsam worn by Manchu women is beautiful in style and pays attention to decoration. The collar, sleeves, and placket are all embroidered with lace of different colors, some with as many as a dozen laces, which make them look slim and graceful. There is a kind of women's cheongsam called "big rolled sleeves", in which patterns are embroidered on the sleeves. "It looks more beautiful when it comes out. The cheongsam worn by Manchu women is very particular about its style and workmanship. Several stripes or colored teeth are inlaid on the collar, skirt, sleeves, etc. of the cheongsam, and some even have 18 hems. It is considered beautiful. The style of the cheongsam has undergone some changes since then. The open seam has been changed from four sides to two sides; the hem has also been changed from wide to narrow; the cuffs have also changed from narrow to fat, and from fat to thin, making it more fitted. Nowadays, cheongsam is no longer limited to Manchu women. It has become one of the most popular clothing items for women of all ethnic groups.
Tibetan clothing
The Tibetan people have a long history and splendid culture. Mainly distributed in Tibet, Qinghai, Gansu, Sichuan and Yunnan in my country. The basic structure of its clothing is a fat waist, long sleeves, and a large-breasted robe. Wearing this kind of clothing with a large structure can be used as a quilt when sleeping at night. The sleeves of the robe are spacious and the arms can be stretched freely, which not only prevents cold and warmth, but also facilitates daily life and travel. When the temperature rises during the day, one arm can be detached to facilitate heat dissipation and regulate body temperature. Over time, the one-sleeved attire has formed a unique style of Tibetan clothing. According to historical records and archaeological discoveries, this basic feature of Tibetan clothing has been formed long before the Warring States Period, and it still retains strong characteristics of the plateau ethnic group. Both men and women love jewelry. Tibetan men and women from all over the world pay special attention to jewelry. The texture of jewelry is many, including silver, gold, pearls, agate, jade, turquoise, silk, jade, coral, amber, etc. It is widely used in headwear, hair accessories, sideburns, earrings, necklaces, chest accessories, waist accessories, rings, etc. Beautiful appearance, mostly natural shapes. Women like to wear coral, agate, necklaces and silver Buddha boxes; men generally wear various waist knives, fire sickles and other accessories, as well as earrings, rings and bracelets. Bold and exquisite color matching Another feature of Tibetan costumes is also prominently displayed in the sequential increase of colors and composition. The lace of leather robes in pastoral areas is often made of blue, green, purple, cyan, yellow, rice and other vertical color blocks, which in turn form five-color belts. The shoulders, hem and cuffs of women's leather robes are often decorated with black, red, green and purple stripes nearly 10 centimeters wide. They often use cross-pattern flower collar robes and boots as decoration, which gives people the association of "charity", "caressing" and "being kind to others". They boldly use contrasting colors such as red and green, white and black, red and blue, yellow and purple, and skillfully use multiple colors and gold and silver threads to achieve bright and harmonious artistic effects. The color matching is very bold and exquisite. Tibetan Women's Clothing Culture Tibetan women have slim figures, soft waists, and beautiful faces. They also like to dress up very much and are good at dressing up. Rural girls on the banks of the Brahmaputra River wear black sleeveless Pulu robes, red, white or green shirts, bright rainbow-colored Pulu aprons around their waists, "Sumba" boots with beautiful patterns, and black hair mixed with The five-color silk thread is tied into a big braid and coiled on the top of the head. It is simple, fresh, gentle and kind, like a Gesang flower in the field. The shepherd girl's clothing has the atmosphere of the grassland. The smooth leather Tibetan robe with strong texture wraps up the strong body. The leather robe is inlaid with wide edges of black, red and green. Various silver or copper tools are hung around the waist, such as nipple hooks. , needle sheath, fire sickle, flint, animal whip, knife, etc. They are also accessories that match the waist. The Shepherdess likes to comb her hair into numerous thin braids and hang them behind her back. The hair braids are decorated with corals, shells, turquoise, silver coins, etc. In the summer pasture, the grass is green, and the shepherdesses in costumes gather in groups, their long skirts trailing on the ground, walking gracefully, and the ornaments all over their bodies making sweet sounds. The attire of Lhasa women has a unique charm. Their robes are often made of dark satin, serge, and Pulu. In summer, sleeveless robes are worn, lined with various colorful silk shirts, and tightly tied with belts to complement the graceful figure. In spring and autumn, they wear robes with sleeves, and in winter, they wear leather robes that reach to their ankles. Lhasa women in full dress wear coral and turquoise headdresses called "Bazhu"; gold and silver earrings inlaid with turquoise; a silver bracelet on their left hand and a white conch shell on their right hand. The white conch has been worn on the hand since childhood. It is said that it can guide people to the other side of happiness after death. Beeswax beads are hung around the neck, and a silver box is hung on the chest, containing a protective Buddha or various sacred objects.
We can still see these costumes on the sommeliers at festivals today; they also appear on Tibetan opera and opera stages. However, at present, Lhasa women, especially young women, are developing in terms of clothing and decorations that are simple, practical, beautiful, and better able to show body lines and aesthetic taste. On the basis of traditional clothing, they show a variety of New style.
The clothing of the Miao people
The clothing of the Miao people reflects the characteristics of the Miao people's long history, scattered residence and diverse customs. Miao people's branches and branches, counties and counties can easily move between villages There are strict differences in clothing. The main colors of their clothing are also not consistent. The so-called "White Miao", "Black Miao", "Hua Miao", "Han Miao", etc. are self-proclaimed or other names based on the color or style of the clothes they wear, and some are also called according to the women's skirts. In this way, they are called "long skirt seedlings" and "short skirt seedlings". In fact, for the same title, women's clothing in different regions also differs. They are both "White Miao". People from Malipo area wear green cloth clothes with round necks, open placket and narrow sleeves. The sleeves and elbows are lined with three black cloths. They wear white clothes underneath. The white clothes are exposed at the collar and chest, and the forehead is decorated with white cloth. The scarves are intertwined and wrapped, and the white scarf is wrapped with a black scarf, which makes black and white clear; while the "white seedlings" in Zhenxiong and Weixing areas wear long green and black slanted skirts and pleated floral skirts. All collars, cuffs, and waists are They are all embroidered with five-color silk threads, and their heads are wrapped with green and black cloth about five inches wide and more than ten feet long. The highlight of the white color is the white cloth leggings. Most of the Miao costumes are covered with patterns, and a variety of methods such as embroidery, cross-stitching, batik, weaving, and interlining are used together. The workmanship is very exquisite and dazzling. In particular, the history and symbolic connotations of the Miao people can often be found in embroidery patterns, which can be described as "meaningful forms." For example, Wenshan's "Hua Miao" has red, yellow, blue, white and other patterns embroidered on the collar and sleeve elbows of its black round-neck slant-breasted narrow-sleeved coat. The patterns are mostly in the shape of flowers and rivers. It is said that these patterns symbolize the Miao people. The place where the ancestors lived: the red and green wavy patterns represent rivers, the large flowers represent the capital, the staggered patterns represent the field ridges, and the flower dots represent the ears of grain. The large flower seedlings in Luquan, Wuding and Anning like to wear flowered shawls with three square patterns embroidered on them, which is consistent with the saying in the ancient Miao song "Ge Chiyou's old military training ground Guanghua Three Ways", so it is said that it symbolizes The ancient military training grounds and command flags, and the patterns on both ends of the shawls represent the cities and streets of the past capital... The origins of most of these costumes are related to the ancient Jiuli Sanmiao and the Yellow Emperor competing in the Central Plains. After their defeat, they retreated from the Yellow River Basin to the Yangtze River, and then retreated again. It is related to the history of Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau. Therefore, not every man and woman who can weave and embroider can weave and embroider the Miao clothing patterns as they please. There are strict regulations on what patterns should be decorated where, what patterns represent what, and what patterns should be worn by people of any status and age. The "Pianmiao" in Wenshan and other places wear a green right-front cardigan, a skirt that reaches their feet, and black cloth leggings. Unmarried women have their hair pulled up and turned to one side, and married women have partial hair. A wooden comb is inserted on it; "Hua Miao" wears a black round-collared slant-breasted narrow-sleeved blouse with red, yellow, blue and other colors embroidered on the collar, sleeves and elbows. The patterns are mostly in the shape of flowers or rivers. According to legend, , these clothing patterns are symbols of the places where the Miao people lived in the past. For example, the red and green wavy patterns represent rivers, the large flowers represent the capital, the staggered stripes represent the ridges, and the dots represent the ears of grain; the Shaodao flower skirt is knee-length and tied with Waistband, a white cloth belt, an embroidered scarf behind the waist, patterned leggings wrapped around the waist, hair pulled up on top, tied into a bun. After marriage, a woman wears a wooden comb in her mane, and then uses a blue and black cloth scarf to tie her hair into a bun. It is in the shape of a large plate, with a wooden comb exposed at the top. Old women also use dark thread to wrap their hair and shape it into a "horn" shape with a small top and a big bottom, about half a foot long. The "White Miao" in Malipo County wear a green cloth coat with a round neck, open placket and narrow sleeves. The sleeves and elbows are surrounded by three strips of black cloth about three inches wide. They wear white clothes underneath, with white clothes exposed at the collar and chest, and black clothes underneath. Wearing a long cloth skirt, the head is wrapped with a scarf about one foot high. The scarf is divided into two layers. The forehead is wrapped with a white scarf in the shape of a cross. The white scarf is wrapped with several black scarves, making black and white distinct. The "Bai Miao" in the Zhenxiong and Weixin areas wear long green and black slant-breasted clothes and pomegranate skirts, which are as long as the knees. They wrap their heads with green and black cloth about five or six inches wide and about one foot long. Square flower breast scarf, tied around the waist, and white cloth leggings. The collar, cuffs, and waist are all embroidered with five-color silk threads. In Pingbian and other places, "black seedlings" wear black cloth lace skirts; "hua seedlings" wear linen floral skirts; "qingshui seedlings" wear cyan cloth skirts; "green seedlings" wear green and blue cloth clothes; "green seedlings" wear salty clothes and headbands Use blue cloth. All Miao women wear silver ornaments. The "White Miao" women in Wenshan area have large silver rings on their necks; Hua Miao earrings have large silver rings; some wear silver medals on their chests, circles, square bracelets, and rings. When walking, the silver ornaments jingle and their skirts sway, which is extremely disturbing. Rich in ethnic and local characteristics. Miao men generally wear double-breasted or slanted-breasted knee-length clothes, wide-brimmed trousers, a ribbon tied around the waist, and a green and black handkerchief wrapped around their head, with hair exposed at the top, which is very simple.
Clothes of the Shui tribe
Old men of the Shui tribe usually wear flexible shirts and casual clothes, and wear long gowns during festivals or other celebrations. There are five kinds of clothing for Shui women: one is a blue gown, indigo trousers, an embroidered apron on the chest, a silver necklace hanging from the upper end of the apron to the neck, and jacquard ribbons tied on both sides of the middle part of the apron trailing behind the body. Hook hole flower shoes or Yuanbaogai embroidered shoes, a long comb inserted diagonally between the left forehead hair, and a white handkerchief about six feet tall. The unmarried woman has a collar, a flower apron, and flower shoes; In addition to the above similarities, the waistcoat, placket, cuffs, trouser legs, etc. all have large embroidered beveled green cloth edges. Second, the clothes and legs are narrow, and the headband is worn on hot days. The headscarf is tied at the back of the neck and the hair is knotted on the top, and is wrapped with a flowered square scarf.
The third is that the clothes and trousers are all made of blue-purple pleated fabric with fine yarn and deep dyeing. They wear a waistcoat with very particular silver chains and ribbons. The fourth is that the head is covered with a long handkerchief and tied horizontally with a white towel. The clothes and trousers are All are trimmed with lace, and the clothes are nearly knee-length. The fifth is the large-breasted clothes that are shortened to the hips.
The clothing of the Yao people
There are white pants Yao, Qing pants Yao, and long shirt Yao, and their costumes also have their own characteristics. Yao women in long gowns wear "miniskirts", which are characterized by wearing mid-length skirts on the outside and miniskirts on the inside. The number of miniskirts ranges from seven, nine, or eleven. The number of miniskirts depends on the family background, but it must be In the odd number, so many short skirts are worn inside, and the outside of the mid-length skirt is tied with a cloth belt to outline the curves. Therefore, all women in long-sleeved Yao have plump hips and waists, and charming figures. Baiku Yao men wear chic white breeches, only reaching the knees, with black belts and leggings, which are typical hunting characteristics. The white trousers Yao women's tops are made of two pieces of fabric loosely connected by loops, with a round hole at the top. The front fabric is mostly cyan, and the back fabric is mostly light blue or dark gray, embroidered with patterns. The bottom is worn in all seasons. skirt.
Edit this section about national costumes of various countries in the world
There are many kinds of national costumes in various countries around the world. For example, the national costumes of the Soviet Union have thousands of styles. The clothing of each ethnic group has distinctive national characteristics, such as the Afghan chadri, a cloak-style women's dress that covers the whole body, and the Philippines' women's suit Thanon, which consists of a saya skirt and a panuelo top. (terno), Japanese kimono, Indian women's sari, Indonesia's unisex wrap skirt sarong, Scottish men's pleated Celtic skirt, Hawaiian straight dress muumuu, The cape-style coat of the Indian nation, Pang Qiu, etc.
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