Professional knowledge of film and television II: Interpretation of lens form

This lecture: lens form

1, fixed lens

Fixed lens: this is the easiest to understand, that is, the picture taken when the camera does not change the position of the fuselage and there is no movement.

The strictly fixed shot is a single shot with static composition, only the figure scheduling changes, without the participation of the camera, and the basic composition form remains unchanged; A moving camera lens that zooms or shakes while the camera position remains unchanged is not a fixed lens in a strict sense.

Long fixed lens-a complete record of the action process of a scene and a character, with objectivity, without any guidance and evaluation.

Short fixed lens-more important details and transition links are explained, and the information is clear. Close-up scenes are often used to establish the rhythm of the lens.

2. Motion lens

Dynamic shooting: a shooting method that moves the camera during shooting to keep the characters in the picture in motion all the time.

Action shots not only add a sense of movement to the picture, but also make the film different from other artistic modeling features, divorced from the aesthetic characteristics of drama, and reproduce the movement form of people's eyes when watching; Make the picture get a three-dimensional sense of space, and also make the action get a greater degree of true reproduction.

pan

Pan-tilt lens: the camera position is still, and the camera body can be changed up and down, left and right by using the tripod and pan-tilt shooting direction.

When shooting a moving object, you can keep the object in a picture; When a character moves from one position to another, translation can always keep him in the center of the picture composition, thus showing the state and details of the main movement of the character.

(1) environmental space translation and graphic translation

The translation of environmental space is mainly based on panorama and panorama. In epic film shooting, panoramic translation is often used to show the grandeur of the scene, and it can also show the opposing sides in the war in one shot.

The planning of indoor small environment has a strong subjective point of view, which is often used to express the observation and exploration of characters on the environment.

The use of character translation: the translation between characters in the dialogue, showing the translation of logical relations in the scene; Translation dialogue scenes often have a strong sense of communication, and both sides of the dialogue communicate frequently and react quickly.

(2) Fast translation and slow translation

The quick shake shot is often used as the transition between two shots, emphasizing the internal relationship between the starting frame and the left picture; Causing visual impact, with sudden, unexpected and amazing visual effects and strong expressive effects.

It can also be seen as a transitional way, that is, the effect of the two pictures is like a quick shake.

Slow roll is often used to describe the scene scale of large scenes. When passing objects have some similar properties, they can produce emotional effects of accumulation and sublimation.

(3) Horizontal translation and vertical translation

In addition to expressing the breadth and scale of space, translation can also reproduce the theme state in motion and imitate people's subjective sight, just like people follow and watch in situ in life.

Vertical translation can show the height and depth of space in the picture modeling, and it is a typical technique to show the breadth of space in combination with rolling or lateral movement, and it is also suitable for showing people's observation line of sight in the vertical direction.

Push the lens

Push lens: a close-up shooting method that moves forward along the optical axis of the camera. The scope of the picture is getting smaller and smaller, showing the feeling of entering a certain field.

It conforms to the viewpoint that a moving figure pays attention to the scenery in the environment.

It accords with people's visual attention to objects in fixed positions.

It conforms to the viewpoint characteristics of an attention center and a performance center that directors and photographers want to emphasize.

It has the function of highlighting a part and a detail from the whole to the part and from the environment to the details.

Often used at the beginning of a movie or scene to bring the audience into the story.

(1) Enter a large range of scenes or scenery.

Case: Hitchcock's films often use the beginning (city building-a building-a window).

(2) Emphasize important details and promote narrative.

When expressing what the result is about to discover, cutting a big close-up will emphasize the suddenness of discovery, but pushing the camera at a constant speed will show gradual discovery and revelation, giving the audience time to discover the causal relationship in the story by themselves.

Case: In Psychopaths, Marianne took the money that her boss asked her to put in the bank, tried to keep it for herself, and then ran away. The camera was deliberately "pushed" three times.

(3) for the characters in the play.

Express and reveal the inner state of the characters.

Remind the audience that the picture is like a bigger and bigger subject.

Intentional "pushing" of a character emphasizes a certain state and thinking of the character at the moment, and is often used to imply his ideological motivation and next action.

Case: We will find that in some films, we often use the push lens to express the murderer's facial expression, emphasizing the psychological activities of the characters before they meet the killing link.

Pull the lens

Pull lens: a shooting method that moves back and forth along the optical axis of the camera and the picture range is wider and wider.

The subject in the picture ranges from single to multiple, from shooting only one object to shooting more objects.

Like "pushing the lens", it reveals the relationship between the individual and the environment.

Often used at the end of a film, as the conclusion of the lens and the sublimation of emotion.

It shows the unknown and surprising things by retreating the lens, so it can be used as a humorous lens and can also be widely used in suspense films and horror films.

Step 3 move the lens

Moving lens: the camera moves in all directions.

From the shooting technology, the moving lens can be divided into: rail car moving shooting, rocker arm moving shooting, hand-held camera moving shooting, aerial photography, special moving lens equipment shooting and so on.

Tracking shooting

Follow-up shooting: the shooting method in which the lens follows the moving person or thing.

According to the position relationship, it is divided into: front heel, heel and side heel. The front heel lens emphasizes the motion state of the moving subject, and the rear heel lens strengthens the tracking viewpoint, which is often used in horror movies. The dynamic picture of the side heel lens is the strongest.

It means that the viewpoint and the main body of the picture change synchronously.

The documentary feeling produced by the shaking of the lens is not real life, but only reproduces people's confused and messy subjective feelings about the strange environment.

Horizontal moving shooting of rail car

Horizontal moving shooting of rail car: referred to as "translation shooting", the camera moves horizontally on the track.

It will bring constant changes in the angle, direction, scenery and composition of the picture, and the visual content is rich.

It can not only represent the complete space, record and track the movement, but also enrich the change of viewpoint position.

High altitude photography system

Aerial photography system: computer-controlled moving lens system. The camera is suspended in the air by four cables, each of which is remotely controlled by a computer.

Panoramic overlooking shooting can be realized.

It can realize the scene jump from detail to foreground and the rich three-dimensional (horizontal, vertical and depth) spatial relationship display in one shot.

Give the audience a novel perspective such as flying over the scene (often used for the broadcast of sports events and large-scale TV cultural festivals).

4. Long focal length lens

Long shot: a method of continuously shooting a complete scene, event or recording a complete coherent action.

A meaningful paragraph composed of several long shots is called a "long shot paragraph". However, it should be noted that the overuse or improper use of long lenses can easily lead to some incomprehensible images or empty expressions.

Documentary long shot: the earliest form, emphasizing the authenticity of time and synchronization with events, and reproducing the integrity of time and space.

The view of an objective and detached observer.

Documentary footage is full of unpredictable visual elements and has certain randomness and contingency.

The audience needs to mobilize their personal life experiences and feelings to communicate with the film when watching.

Narrative long shot: it embodies the unity of time and space, and the narrative purpose is more clear.

There are obvious intentions in camera movement and character scheduling, and the changes in visual content of the picture are dramatic.

It can well reveal the spatial relationship between characters and give people a sense of fluency in one go.

Long shot

Time long shot: this kind of long shot does not present strong dramatic conflict, does not intervene in the events on the scene, and only records from a distance.

Hou Hsiao-hsien's Long Shot of Time often shoots life scenes in a fixed way, without too many dramatic stories. The camera is like a witness of time, showing the ordinary but very touching world.

The audience needs to have a perceptual voice for the charm of the scene and be able to enter the aesthetic viewing level.

5, on-site scheduling

Scene arrangement: to "stage" or "put into the scene" an action.

The elements involved in scene scheduling, including the up and down of characters, the position movement of characters, and the change of spatial relationship of characters, are all forms of spatial changes related to actors.

(1) describes the spatial relationship of the scene and emphasizes the performance of the actors.

Make the characters in the same space in the picture connect, convey the necessary spatial information to the audience, and emphasize the performances of key actors.

(2) Guide and emphasize drama.

The change of moving lens and the position of characters will inevitably bring new narrative information into the scene and break the original balance of the picture. At this time, scheduling has become the main means to break through the flattening of films, divide performance venues in the same space, and present causality.

Repeated scheduling can also emphasize the atmosphere of the scene.

(3) The type of scene scheduling

Role scheduling: Actors move in the scene through actions and change their position in the picture, including the scheduling changes of the mutual position relationship between actors. There are five kinds of person scheduling: horizontal scheduling, deep scheduling, vertical scheduling, circular scheduling and comprehensive scheduling.

Camera scheduling: a scheduling method in which cameras move but people don't move. Because the lens scheduling is the movement of the lens and the subject remains still, the movement of the lens has become an obvious factor in the change of the visual content of the picture. This method is suggestive and instructive, and has a certain purpose or significance.

Comprehensive scheduling of characters and shots: keeping the consistency of shots and characters in motion is conducive to maintaining the audience's realistic illusion of the scene.