The 13-meter-old Great Wall was discovered in Huairou, Beijing.

A 13-meter-long remnant of the Great Wall before Ming Dynasty was found in Huairou. Yesterday, such a news once again attracted the attention of all parties.

Different from the well-known Great Wall of Ming Dynasty such as Mutianyu and Badaling, there is an ancient Great Wall before Ming Dynasty hidden among the mountains in the suburbs of Beijing. However, due to the lack of historical documents and the scarcity of unearthed cultural relics, people have only glimpsed this slightly mysterious Great Wall for many years, and it is difficult to see the whole leopard.

The news from Huairou yesterday undoubtedly added good news for people to explore the ancient Great Wall. Previously, Mentougou, Yanqing, Changping and other districts and counties have discovered the remains of the ancient Great Wall. The ruins that appear frequently make this ancient Great Wall, which was originally intermittently hidden among the grassy areas in Shan Ye, gradually become clear.

As Yue Shengyang, a professor of historical geography in Peking University, said, although there are only a few records in the literature, the relics discovered frequently in recent years are filling the gaps in the history of the Great Wall in Beijing. "Now, it can be preliminarily judged that this ancient Great Wall enters the present Beijing boundary from Dongling Mountain, all the way to the east, through Mentougou, connecting Changping, turning into Yanqing in the north, and then entering Huairou and Miyun in the east." Yue Shengyang said.

The latest discovery of the remnant Great Wall in Huairou broke into the photographer's lens

Symmetrical stones, trapezoidal walls, scattered stone piles ... These scenes can not help but bring the viewer into the years when the horses and horses are full of danger. Yesterday, several photographers in Huairou District filmed at the top of the west of Beiweitan, Sancha Village, Bohai Town. No one ever thought that, among the thorns and dense grass, suddenly, a remnant Great Wall with a length of more than a thousand meters broke into the lens. Experts preliminarily concluded that this is probably the site of the Great Wall in the Northern Qi Dynasty.

this section of the remnant great wall is located on the watershed beam head between sancha village in Bohai town, Huairou district and zikou village in sihai town, Yanqing county, and it runs northeast and southwest. If divided by the Liangtoushan Road where the two villages communicate, the northeast section is about 5 meters and the southwest section is about 8 meters.

According to field survey, the remnant Great Wall site is trapezoidal, and the highest point of the existing site is about 1 meter. According to the analysis of collapsed and scattered stones, the original Great Wall is at least 2 meters above. On the two commanding heights of this section of the Great Wall, there are also two ruins of watchtowers, which are circular in shape and have an area of about 1 square meters of scattered stones. These watchtowers were chosen at the commanding heights. First, they were chosen for reconnaissance and observation of the enemy. The second is for the garrison soldiers to change their defenses and rest.

there is no joint between the remnant Great Wall and the Ming Great Wall

It is worth mentioning that this isolated remnant Great Wall has no joint with the Ming Great Wall. According to this analysis, Zhang Lingmian, the old director of Huairou Cultural Relics Management Office, who is nearly seventy years old, said that this remnant Great Wall was built at least before the Ming Great Wall. From its architectural structure, the Great Wall in Ming Dynasty is mostly stone base, brick wall stack, and white mortar jointing. This section of the Great Wall is a dry-ballasted wall structure, with no stone base and no scattered brick piles.

Geographically, this section of the Great Wall is located at the junction of Huairou and Yanqing villages, with the Outer Great Wall in the north, Erdaoguan and Nanyekou Great Wall in the south. Coupled with such a simple construction structure, at least it can be confirmed that this section of the Great Wall is not like the ruins of the Great Wall in Ming Dynasty.

The Ming Great Wall was rerouted, but the Northern Qi Great Wall survived

So, when was this section of the Great Wall built? "History of Yanqing Prefecture" said: "The ancient Great Wall is more than 2 miles south of the state, that is, Yansai. Yan Zhaowang used Qin to open a plan and put it on the valley, from the north of Shanggu to the west of Liaoning. Qin Shihuang was built because of its former site, and the site still exists in Yongning area to the north of the fork road. "

Song Guoxi, a scholar of the Great Wall, once wrote an article on the China Great Wall website: "The side wall of the stone at the junction of Haizikou in Sihai Town, Yanqing County and Sancha Village, Bohai Town, Huairou District, was called Qin Changcheng by the locals."

However, there is a concentrated view in academic circles that most of the early Stone Great Wall Scienc Spot on the Beijing boundary was built during the Northern Qi Dynasty about 1,5 years ago. Because many of the later Ming Great Wall were built on the early Great Wall, the remains of the Northern Qi Great Wall exposed on the surface are rare. Only where the Ming Great Wall was diverted or not built for some reason can it be clearly seen.

According to the preliminary judgment, this section of the Great Wall discovered in Huairou belongs to the above situation. "This section of the Great Wall is not included in the statistical mileage of Huairou Great Wall. According to the statement that the Ming Great Wall was built on the basis of the Northern Qi Great Wall, this section of the Great Wall is likely to be a section of the Northern Qi Dynasty when the Ming Great Wall was built at that time." Zhang Lingmian said.

The five most dense sections of the ancient Great Wall in Mentougou are hidden in Mentougou

Only in Mentougou District, there are five sections of the Great Wall in the early Ming Dynasty: Beiyanggou Great Wall in Matao Village, Yanchi Town, the Great Wall from Beixiling to Desheng Temple, Fangliang Village, Yanchi Town, Dongling Great Wall in Jiangshuihe Village, Qingshui Town, and Dongtai Ridge Great Wall in Matao Village, Yanchi Town. It is the densest area of the ancient Great Wall discovered so far in this city.

This is the result of the national Great Wall census as of last year. On the basis of field investigation and literature review, the Great Wall Survey Team in Mentougou District confirmed that these five sections of walls are all the Great Wall in Beiqi, with a total length of about 7, meters.

The ancient Great Wall in Mentougou defends against the north and east

The Great Wall was built in Beiqi mainly to defend against the invasion of northern minorities (i.e. Rouran and Turkic). The direction of the Great Wall in Mentougou in the early Ming Dynasty was northeast-southwest, southeast-northwest and north-south, and the basic defense direction could be determined as north and east. Gu Dayong, a senior Great Wall cultural relic expert, told the reporter.

it is easy to understand the defense in the north, but what is the explanation for the defense in the east? Gu Dayong said that at that time, the focus of the Northern Qi Dynasty's defense was now Taiyuan in Shanxi, Luoyang in Henan and Linzhang County in Hebei (then Yecheng), while the eastern part of the Mentougou area at that time was not like a large capital city built after the Liao and Jin Dynasties, and it was probably an open land. Once Juyongguan was broken, it could reach Hebei and Shanxi through the mountain road of Mentougou, and it was not easy to be found.

In 563 AD, the Turks mobilized 2, soldiers to destroy the Great Wall, and in 564, they plundered the borders of Youjing (now Beijing) and Heng (now Datong, Shanxi) several times, which enabled the Northern Qi Dynasty to carry out a large-scale repair of the previous Great Wall in the first year of Tiantong.

Wang Ping Town keeps the earliest record of building the Great Wall

hebei village, Wang Ping Town, which is not far from Mentougou, has a three-year stone carving of Wuding in the Eastern Wei Dynasty. On the stone carving, the words "Great Wei Wuding was three years old, and on October 15th, General Pingyuan and Hai 'an prefect built the city to make Yuan Le, and they used 1,5 husbands, 1 husbands and 31 township governors, and completed their work on the 1th" were written in four lines.

This article records that General Pingyuan stationed troops here to build a city in the third year of Wuding in the Eastern Wei Dynasty (AD 545). Now, traces of rammed earth walls can be seen on the hillside where the stone is carved. The word "city" in the stone carving and the word "city built by cutting mountains" both mean city walls. Therefore, this carved stone is the earliest recorded physical remains of the Great Wall found so far in Mentougou.

The longest existing Great Wall in Changping is

19 kilometers. The survey results of the Great Wall published by Changping District Cultural Relics Management Office show that last year, a 19-kilometer-long ancient Great Wall site was discovered from Jiezi Shi Cun in Dazhuangke Township, Yanqing to Dalinggou in Changping, and then to Badaling. According to preliminary inference, this section of the Great Wall was built in the Northern Qi Dynasty, with a history of about 1,5 years, and it is the longest ancient Great Wall ever discovered in Beijing.

This is also the third Great Wall site found in Changping District. At the same time, this discovery also proves that there is actually an ancient Great Wall in the vacancy of the Ming Great Wall in the northwest of Beijing.

there was an earlier Great Wall at the broken end of the Ming Great Wall

Why did the Great Wall site in Changping District go to the boundary of Yanqing County? It turns out that the Ming Great Wall has a gap of about 19 kilometers in the northwest of Beijing: from east to west, the Ming Great Wall entered Shi Cun in Yanqing from Huairou Huanghua City and suddenly stopped; From west to east, the Badaling Ming Great Wall disappeared after crossing the Shuiguan.

Why is there a gap in the northwest of Beijing in the Ming Great Wall, which should be endless? In this regard, the academic community is still inconclusive. However, in the large-scale Great Wall survey held in the whole city in 26, cultural relics workers found that many Ming Great Walls were built on the ruins of the ancient Great Wall before the Ming Dynasty. According to the general trend of three stone wall remains found in Changping, it is likely to be related to the decapitation of the Ming Great Wall.

In May, 21, a step-by-step investigation team composed of four staff members from Changping District Cultural Relics Management Office came to Shi Cun, Yanqing County for a field visit. On the hill in the north of the village, the Ming Great Wall extending from Huairou came to an abrupt end in the position of the last enemy station. The enemy platform is made of strip masonry, and the main part has collapsed, but the base is still well preserved. Standing on the enemy platform and looking southwest of the disappearance of the Ming Great Wall, sure enough, the stone ridge-like wall remains on the mountain are very similar to those found in Changping.

under the guidance of the local elderly, the survey team started from the broken end of the Jiezi Shiming Great Wall and followed the mountain to the southwest. Along the way, stone walls are looming, some areas are well preserved, and some areas are completely invisible. Well-preserved stone walls range in height from 1m to 1.5m and width from 1m to 2m. Most of the stones piled on the stone wall are crushed stones made from local materials, with different shapes and sizes. Some are scattered and piled up, some are mixed with soil and piled up together. Only in some places, traces of large stones can be seen. Due to the age, many stone walls have collapsed seriously, and some have grown thick thorns on them.

Go all the way to the southwest, cross the Shimen of Songshugou Village in Yanqing, and enter the Changping boundary. Soon it will be the stone wall site of Dalinggou Village in Changping, which was discovered before, and continue to the southwest, which is the stone wall site of Bianqiangzi Village; Then, obvious wall remains, ranging in length from more than 12 meters to more than 1, meters, were found in Duijiuyu Village, Shi Cun of awl and Nanshan of Lishigou. "At this time, it has been confirmed that these wall remains belong to the same section of the ancient Great Wall site." Xing Jun, director of Changping District Museum, said.

where does this ancient Great Wall lead? After two months, the Tancha team once again entered the boundary of Yanqing County and came to Beidi Village, Jingzhuang Town, and found two kilometers of wall remains. After that, to the southwest is Shuiguan Village near Shuiguan Great Wall. "Before, we guessed that this ancient Great Wall would be connected with the Shuiguan Great Wall, but it turned out not to be. It bypassed the north side of Shuiguan Great Wall, went straight to the direction of Badaling Ming Great Wall, and finally connected with Badaling Great Wall. " Xing Jun introduced.

at this point, the route and direction of this ancient Great Wall relic have basically come out. "The starting point is Yanqing Jiezi Stone, and the end point is Badaling, with a total length of about 19 kilometers. This section also happens to be the blank of the Ming Great Wall in Beijing." Xing Jun said that before, cultural relics workers generally believed that there was no Great Wall in this area. This survey strongly overthrew this assertion, "There is still the Great Wall, just an early Great Wall that is older than the Ming Dynasty."

Links

Most of the ancient Great Wall in Beijing was built by the Northern Qi Dynasty

According to the current centralized academic point of view, most of the existing Stone Great Wall Scienc Spot in Beijing before the Ming Dynasty was built by the Northern Qi Dynasty. The Northern Qi Dynasty governed the whole territory of Shandong and Hebei, most of Shanxi and a part of Henan. According to historical records, when the Northern Qi Dynasty was founded, the situation was grim, with the attention of the Northern Zhou Dynasty in the west and the intrusion of the Turks, Creeping (Rouran) and Qidan in the north. In order to strengthen the defense against neighboring countries and nomadic peoples, the Northern Qi Dynasty built the Great Wall many times in the north and west, and its scale was the first during the period after the Qin Dynasty and before the Ming Dynasty.

The Great Wall of the Northern Qi Dynasty, which has been built many times, can basically be connected into two main lines. One is the outer part of the north, extending from Luya Mountain and Guancen Mountain in the northwest of Shanxi Province to the northeast, passing through Datong, Yanggao and Tianzhen in the north, entering Chicheng County, Zhangjiakou, Hebei Province, and then passing through Beijing, Tianjin and Tangshan in the southeast of Yanshan Mountains to reach the seaside. The other is the inner side of the south, which starts from the southeast of Pianguan area in the northwest of Shanxi in the west, turns to the northeast in Wuxian County, enters Hebei Province along the Hengshan Mountains in the east, and then turns eastward along the Taihang Mountains, passing through the northwest of Beijing-that is, through Mentougou and Changping, and meets the Great Wall outside at the south exit of Juyongguan in Changping.

Experts suggest

The site of the ancient Great Wall should be protected as a whole

The Northern Qi Dynasty not only built the Great Wall, but also built a garrison every ten miles along the Great Wall. In recent years, the city has found many garrison sites of the Northern Qi Great Wall along the ruins of the ancient Great Wall before Ming Dynasty in Mentougou, Changping and Miyun. Professor Yue Shengyang suggested that the division of districts and counties should be broken, and the ruins of the ancient Great Wall stretching north of Beijing should be protected as a whole to ensure its historical value.

Professor Yue Shengyang appealed that there are not many relics of the Northern Qi Dynasty found in Beijing. These garrison sites of the Northern Qi Dynasty are important relics for studying the military and culture of the Northern Qi Dynasty in Beijing. I hope that the cultural relics department can selectively excavate them and set up a sign to protect them from being damaged in tourism development and tree planting.