The bugs at home have a name ~

1 (the concept of animal behavior

Animal behavior refers to the actions of individual animals or groups of animals, and it is a process in which all observable animals respond to changes in the internal state or external environment of the body, including all the states of animals we directly observe. It not only refers to the dynamic phenomena of animal body, such as running, crawling, swimming and flying, but also refers to the subtle movements of local body, such as pricking up ears, making noises and changing body color, as well as the daily activities of animals, such as eating, breathing, excreting and reproducing, and also refers to the static phenomena of animals, such as some recognizable changes in body posture and appearance. In a word, animal behavior is a regular and systematic adaptation of animals to changes in internal and external conditions.

Animals can't live without behavior, and behavior is a tool for animals to use the environment.

2 (Characteristics of animal behavior

Animal behavior generally has the following characteristics:

(1) Animal behavior is a dynamic process of movement and change. The speed of cheetah chasing antelope is 120km, h, h, although antelope doesn't run as fast as cheetah, it is good at making 90? Sharp turns force cheetahs to constantly change their running directions, and cheetahs with limited endurance are not necessarily winners. The pursuit of cheetahs and the escape of antelopes are always in a dynamic process of movement. When the weevil is hurt by the enemy, it will roll down from the plant and play dead. This phenomenon is static on the surface, but in fact, the metabolism in the body is intensifying, accumulating strength for the next escape.

(2) Animal behavior adapts to the living environment. Animal behavior is formed by natural selection in the long-term evolution process, so it has good adaptability to the living environment of animals.

(3) Animal behavior has a certain genetic and physiological basis. Animal behavior has a genetic basis. By studying the genetic mode of behavior and applying genetic methods, the genetic basis of behavior can be inferred.

Animal behavior is produced on a certain physiological basis, which is related to nervous system, endocrine system, sensory system and motor system. Animal behavior must involve nervous system and sensory organs. External stimuli are felt by receptors and converted into nerve impulses, which are transmitted to the central nervous system. Under the coordination of the central nervous system, the activities of various tissues and organs in the body are consistent, thus controlling the generation of animal behavior. Many behaviors of animals are also regulated by hormones, especially those physiological activities and behaviors that change slowly.

3 (Research methods of animal behavior

The study of animal behavior generally includes two steps: one is to observe and record animal behavior, and the other is to explain and explain the behavior in turn from the aspects of function, cause and system development.

The research methods of animal behavior include observation and experiment, and a comprehensive method combining the two methods.

(1) observation method. Observe and record animal behavior in detail, truly and objectively in nature or laboratory, and do not impose human subjective factors on animals. You can use cameras, tape recorders and other equipment. Its advantage is that it is true and natural, and it can be deeply and repeatedly analyzed and compared. If we use high-speed photography to slow down, we can observe details such as bee dance, frog predation and hummingbirds flapping their wings.

(2) Experimental methods. In nature or in the laboratory, human beings interfere with animals that produce or accept behaviors, so as to analyze the main factors that produce behaviors. If the dog's sense of smell is destroyed, the dog will get lost and cannot go home. It can be seen from this experiment that chemical information is of great significance to the behavior of dogs.

(3) Comprehensive method. The combination of observation and experiment can better study animal behavior.

The reason of the behavior in the second quarter

The basis of animal behavior is divided into genetic basis and physiological basis.

1。 Genetic basis

The generation of behavior has a genetic basis. By studying the genetic model of behavior and applying genetic methods, we can

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To infer the genetic basis of behavior, such as the genetic basis of bee behavior. It is known that Brown strain (H) and Vanskoy strain (NH) are different in behavior. H type has two behaviors: opening the hive and taking out the susceptible larvae, so it is also called sanitary type; NH type does not have these two behaviors, which is called unsanitary type. When two strains of bees cross, the phenotype of F 1 is unsanitary. When F 1 is backcrossed with pure hygienic type, four different phenotypes are obtained, as shown in figure1-4-1.

The proportion of these phenotypes conforms to the genetic law of Mendel's hybridization of two pairs of relative traits, so it can be inferred that there are two genes controlling the hygienic-unsanitary behavior phenotype.

2 (physiological basis

(1) nervous system and animal behavior One of the main physiological bases of multicellular animal behavior is its nervous system. Generally speaking, animal behavior can be regarded as a response to external or internal environmental stimuli. The more complex and perfect the structure and function of the nervous system, the more sensitive and flexible the response to environmental changes. Lower invertebrates only have simple reflex movements, fixed behavior patterns and rhythmic activities. With the concentration of the nervous system, the nervous system shows more centralized and unified control over the overall activities of animals, which also has a great impact on the behavior of animals: the ability to identify key stimuli is enhanced and it can respond quickly. The behavior of vertebrates is quite complex, which is consistent with the evolution of their nervous system. Using modern biotechnology, the functional localization experiment of the central nervous system has been able to explain the relationship between certain behaviors (such as food intake) of some animals and some structures of the nervous system (such as ventral hypothalamic nucleus). If electrical stimulation is applied to the ventral hypothalamic nucleus of normal mice, the feeding behavior of mice can be reduced. Therefore, the ventral hypothalamic nucleus is often called "satiety center", which controls the normal feeding of animals, and once eating exceeds satiety, it inhibits further eating. The relationship between the nervous system and animal behavior is characterized by the fact that the nervous system can directly control the occurrence of behavior. However, due to the complexity of the structure and function of the nervous system, the interaction of multiple structures is often needed to identify and screen the stimulus information, and finally produce specific responses. Such as antagonism of promotion and inhibition, feedback regulation, etc. Therefore, it adds more complexity to the comprehensive and in-depth study of the relationship between nervous system and behavior.

(2) Hormones and animal behavioral hormones affect animal behavior in two ways: one directly affects the activities of peripheral organs. For example, the influence of adrenaline on cardiovascular activities makes the pulse accelerate, blood pressure rise and blood sugar level rise. The second is to affect the activity of the nervous system. There are many kinds of hormones in animals, and their actions are different. For example, hormones secreted by pituitary gland, adrenal gland and gonad have direct and obvious effects on animal behavior, while hormones secreted by thyroid gland and islet mainly affect metabolism, but not directly affect animal behavior. Compared with the nervous system, the process of hormone action is slower, but it lasts longer. The effect of hormones on animal behavior is most obvious in reproductive behavior. Experiments show that the intensity of courtship behavior of birds is positively correlated with the level of sex hormones in their bodies. Excision of animal testicles will lead to the disappearance of reproductive behavior; Oral administration of sex hormones to animals in non-breeding season can induce reproductive behavior. Sex hormones can also affect other behaviors of animals, such as aggressive behavior. Unlike vertebrates, sex hormones in invertebrates are produced by glands other than gonads. For example, hormones that control sexual behavior in male crabs are secreted by androgen glands located near vas deferens; Cockroaches are secreted by a pair of hearts located near the brain; Locusts are secreted by a pair of lateral pharyngeal bodies. In some animals (such as pigeons and hens), prolactin secreted by pituitary gland can regulate the care behavior of young and promote the development of some organs, such as the development of mammary glands of oral mammals, and the activity of pigeon crop secreting "crop milk". It is worth noting that the behavior of some animals is not only regulated by one hormone, but also influenced by the interaction of two or more hormones.

The nervous system and hormones are not isolated from each other, and their control of animal behavior is mostly interactive and synergistic. But it is also restricted by environmental factors. For example, the reproductive behavior of birds is not only controlled by sex hormones, but also by the nervous system, and is closely related to temperature and photoperiod.

Section 3 Behavior Types

1 (offensive behavior and defensive behavior

(1) Aggressive behavior Aggressive behavior refers to the attack and struggle between individuals of the same species, which belongs to intraspecific struggle. Aggressive behavior occurs because individuals in a species compete for food, spouses, nests or fields. For example, two cats compete for food.

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Frame, two dogs attack for territory, and two cocks fight for their spouses. Some attacks are physical attacks, while others are non-physical attacks (such as posturing, threatening expulsion, etc.). ), so attacks can be divided into physical and non-physical ways. Attacks sometimes go through three processes: threatening, evaluating strength and fighting.

The characteristic of aggression is that when the same kind of animals attack each other, the bodies of both sides are rarely hurt, but the loser gives in. Poisonous snakes do not use fangs when attacking; The mutual attack of wolves is just a phony war. Losers will take the initiative to show their deadly throats and ask for forgiveness. Winners will never take the opportunity to kill each other. However, when the population density increases and the living resources and activity space are seriously insufficient, there is also mutual killing. If there are too many tadpoles in a small puddle, the big tadpoles will release toxins to kill the small tadpoles; Female wild boar often kills the last born larvae; Male seals often fight bloody battles for females. Aggressive behavior is a reliable guarantee that animals have enough food and activity space, and the winner of the attack has the right to mate, which is of great significance to the survival and evolution of the population.

(2) Defensive behavior Defensive behavior refers to the behavior of animals to respond to foreign aggression, defend their own survival, or alert other individuals in the population. The ways of defensive behavior are protective color, warning color, mimicry, suspended animation, escape and so on.

The body color of protective color animals is similar to their habitat, so as to hide themselves, avoid being preyed or help them to prey. This body color is called protective color. For example, zebras, tigers and leopards all have vertical black stripes, so in the vegetation environment, their body contours become blurred, which is convenient for hidden hunting; The body color of the shelter can change with the change of the environment, which is of great significance to protect itself and facilitate predation; The bodies of floating creatures such as jellyfish and jellyfish are almost completely transparent, which is a good adaptation to water.

Warning color Some animals that can release venom or stench often have striking colors or stripes on their body surfaces to warn or scare off predators, so this body color is called warning color. For example, the wasp has yellow and black stripes on its abdomen, which makes the birds stung by it daunting, thus protecting their own survival.

Mimicry is a state in which some animals are very similar to other living or non-living things in shape or color. For example, the size of the inchworm makes it perch like a branch; Dead leaf butterflies rest on branches like dead leaves; Stick insects are shaped like bamboo branches.

Fake death is a protective adaptation to escape by pretending to be dead. For example, when the scarab is attacked by the enemy, it falls from the plant and plays dead, and escapes from predators who like to eat live food.

Some animals will take certain measures to confuse predators and take the opportunity to escape when they are hurt by enemies. This protective adaptation is called escape. If the lizard has a broken tail, it uses the swing of the broken tail to attract the attention of predators and take the opportunity to escape; Squid spouts ink balls similar in shape to its body, luring natural enemies to attack the ink balls, and at the same time taking the opportunity to escape.

On the other hand, when musk oxen meet predators, adult musk oxen will form a circle, with their young musk oxen in the middle, their heads facing outward and their horns defending against the enemy. Crows will gather crowds and scream to repel the enemy; Carnivora mostly raise their upper lips, show their canine teeth, and make a roar to drive away the enemy; Ostrich will pretend to be injured to lure the enemy to protect their chicks.

The defensive behavior of animals does not always protect themselves. For example, hungry insect-eating birds no longer criticize the life and death of scarabs; Rhododendron oral epithelial cells have special protective ability and are not afraid of the poisonous hair of caterpillars. This shows that adaptation is relative. The defensive behavior of animals protects the survival of individuals and ensures the continuation of races, which is the result of animals' long-term adaptation to the environment.

2 (Asking for food and storing food)

(1) Feeding behavior The feeding behavior of animals refers to the behavior of searching for food, catching food and processing food to meet the food needs of themselves or similar individuals.

When animals catch food, some species will fight alone, such as raptors, poisonous snakes and wild animals. Among them, tigers, leopards and lions often lurk and hide, waiting for their prey to approach and make a sudden attack. Golden eagles and peregrine falcons use their flying speed and physical strength, as well as their keen vision and claws to hunt. This poisonous snake kills and devours its prey with its fangs. Some species feed in groups. Such as locusts, sparrows, crows and so on. They often gather in groups to look for food, but this group is loose and there is no clear division of labor. When wolves adopt hunting strategies to subdue the collective resistance of herbivores in large communities, they often have a clever division of labor, some lurk, some chase, and sometimes even take turns to go into battle. Bees have strict division of labor and cooperation. First, they spy on bees to find the honey source, find it and fly back to the hive, and tell their companions the direction and distance of the honey source by dancing. After learning the information of the honey source, their companions flew out of the nest area to collect honey.

This animal is heterotrophs, and it must ingest ready-made organic matter to survive. Eating behavior ensures that individual animals and their companions

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Can find and capture enough food, get the necessary material and energy sources for all life activities, so as to ensure the continuous growth and reproduction of individuals and the continuation of races.

(2) The behavior of storing food is the behavior of some animals to store surplus food for slow consumption in the period or season when food is sufficient. Every animal's food storage behavior is to survive in harsh environmental conditions, such as severe winter and other food shortage periods, in order to maintain the normal life activities of animals.

Ants are social insects. During the grain harvest season, they transport the scattered grains and wheat to the ant nest in droves. In order to prevent the grain from going moldy, the ant will also move the grain it transports back to the hole to dry. Leopards hang prey that they can't eat for a while, such as antelopes, on tall trees to prevent jackals and other animals from stealing food. When the leopard can't get food, it doesn't care whether the stored food is rotten or not. It will still eat up the stored food. Pumas bury inedible animals in the ground, eat them later, and bury them after eating them, which can reach about ten times. When the medical leech meets the host, it can suck out dozens of milliliters of blood and store it in crops. Because the host's blood is mixed with hirudin secreted by the pharyngeal gland of medical leech, it is neither solidified nor deteriorated, so it can be digested for nearly half a year every time. The food stored by animals, whether it is plant seeds, fruits, animal carcasses or blood, whether it is stored, buried, hung or stored in the body, is conducive to survival and normal life activities under unfavorable environmental conditions.

3。 Reproductive behavior

When animals grow and develop to a certain stage, they will produce offspring similar to themselves to ensure the continuation of the race. This phenomenon is reproduction. A series of actions or activities shown by animals in the process of reproduction, such as male and female identification, occupying nest areas, nesting, courtship, mating, hatching, feeding, etc. , are reproductive behavior.

(1) Identification of male and female The mutual recognition between the same sex and the opposite sex mainly depends on the sense organs such as smell, vision and hearing of animals.

Vision attracts the attention of the opposite sex by displaying bright and eye-catching signs and specific gestures, thus attracting many animals. As a bear proudly displays bright tail feathers like a peacock; The abdomen of male stickleback will turn red during the breeding season; The white bird of paradise can be hung on a branch to attract the attention of female birds by performing this acrobatic action; Male fireflies attract females with light signals.

Hearing attracts the calls of birds, amphibians, Chinese alligators and insects, which has the function of attracting the opposite sex, that is, using auditory signals to attract the opposite sex. Such as cicadas, crickets, locusts and aquatic insects, males can make sounds to attract females; Male hummingbirds attract female hummingbirds by singing.

Olfactory attraction is common in some animals that use chemicals with special smells to attract the opposite sex. For example, a female insect has a gland at its tail, which can secrete a sex pheromone with a special smell. The sensory cells on the antenna of male insects are very sensitive to this smell, and they can trace the source of the smell to find the female insects. Pheromones emitted by bitches in estrus can also attract distant males.

(2) During the breeding season, the animals occupying the nest area have a strong possessive desire for some food and other areas with suitable conditions. This possessiveness exists in many animals, especially birds. Animals occupy a territory in the breeding season, which has biological significance: first, it can ensure that they can get enough food from the area closest to the nest. For birds, the foraging distance is shortened, and they can fly back and forth more times per unit time, and they can feed their chicks more times. Secondly, each pair of birds has its own territory, so the food source is guaranteed, which is more important for late birds. In addition, maintaining a fixed territory can also allow the whole process of animal reproduction to be spent in a safer environment. This behavior of occupying nests is very common in vertebrates. Besides birds, there are bony fish, frogs, salamanders, lizards and mammals. In rodents and apes, group domain behavior is more common. Many invertebrates also have their own fields, such as dragonflies and crickets among insects, various HYMENOPTERA insects, crickets and fiddler crabs in crustaceans, turtles and octopus in shellfish and other mollusks.

(3) Nesting animals should nest before mating and spawning to create a safe and stable place for spawning, hatching and brooding. Although there are different kinds of animals, nesting is a common behavior of many animals during the breeding period. In the breeding season, the male tree frog comes to the calm shallow water from the top of the tree where he usually lives, and builds a clay fence with a diameter of about 30cm, which is about 10cm above the water surface. It takes about 2 days or more. After the nest is built, it calls at night to attract female frogs to lay eggs in the nest. Some reptiles, such as crocodiles living on the coast of South Asia, grab branches, reeds, leaves and branches.

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Rotting plants, piled up beside rivers or swamps, build nests as high as1m. Birds have better nesting skills. A weaver bird that is good at weaving nests can tear long bark fibers and weave them into very dense bottled nests. Sewing Ye Ying can sew the leaves together, build a cup-shaped bird's nest and hang it on the branches. The bird's nest is often surrounded by soil and branches, with soft twigs, bark fibers, grass stems and animal hair, as well as gauze, cotton and horse manure. The reproductive characteristics of mammals are viviparous, and the relationship between parents and offspring is closer than that of birds, so nesting activities are not very common, but there are still many nesting people in smaller mammals. Such as mole, Dormouse, Badger, Squirrel, Otter, etc. , you can build a nest as a habitat. Nesting is of great significance to animal reproduction: it can make eggs gather together and all eggs are hatched by the parent birds in the nest at the same time. Reptiles' eggs can be heated by sunlight at the same time, or the organic matter covered on them can be fermented to generate heat, which will raise the temperature. ? The nest has a certain heat preservation effect, which is beneficial to the hatching of eggs. ? Nests are beneficial to the feeding of animal parents and the life of larvae. ? The nests of various animals are often built in very hidden places and then disguised, which is more conducive to avoiding the harm of the enemy.

(4) Fertilization is the key to the reproductive behavior of courting animals, and mating is the premise of fertilization. Before mating, male and female individuals must know, choose and approach each other. This preparation before mating is called courtship. The main significance of courtship behavior is to attract and choose individuals of the same sex. Most animals attract females through the behavior of male animals. Many animals live together after courtship. This is not just for mating, but for a period of time, even for a lifetime. During their common life, their relationship tends to be more and more harmonious, thus reducing the tendency to attack when they meet for the first time. For example, in spring, male and female black gulls fall in love in the late courtship and walk side by side on the ground. When the female asks the male for food, the male will spit out the food he has collected for the other party. Some birds also feed each other and tidy their feathers. These courtship behaviors are conducive to the smooth progress of mating. Giving gifts or providing food is also a way to make love.

(5) Mating All animals that are fertilized in the body must combine with the sexual organs so that the reproductive cells of both sexes can be fused in the body. This behavior is called mating. Mating and fertilization are two interrelated and different physiological processes. For example, some snakes can be fertilized for 3-4 years after mating once, that is, the sperm discharged once can be preserved in the folds of the female cloaca and can survive for 3-4 years. In mammals such as rabbits and squirrels, females only ovulate after continuous mating, that is, when sperm exists. Others, such as flying foxes and macaques, have to mate many times to ovulate, which can improve the chance of sperm-egg combination and is a special adaptability. Animals fertilized in vitro, such as fish and amphibians, have the same behavior as mating although there is no mating process. For example, three spiny fish swim to the nest with the female fish after completing the courtship behavior in the spring breeding season. When the female fish gets the signal to enter the nest, she enters the nest. At this time, the male fish will immediately hit the tail of the female fish with his head to stimulate the female fish to ovulate. As soon as the ovulating female fish leaves the nest, the male fish immediately burrows into the nest and discharges semen on the egg to fertilize it. During the breeding season of frogs and toads, males and females will hold together tightly, that is, "hold together", so that sperm and eggs can be discharged at the same time, so as to increase the chances of sperm and eggs combining.

(6) After the hatching animals lay eggs, the species with the habit of hatching eggs begin to hatch. For example, African crucian carp put a fertilized egg in its mouth, and the female fish's mouth is open, and fresh water with high oxygen content keeps entering for embryo development. After hatching, the young fish still temporarily inhabit the mouth of the female fish. When they come out for activities, once they are in danger, they all flee back to the mouth of the female fish for refuge. Other oral fish also have this feature, and some are hatched by male fish with their mouths. This habit prevents the parent fish from eating for weeks. It takes nearly three months for the eggs laid by the Nile crocodile to hatch the baby crocodile. During this time, the female crocodile has been guarding her nest and responding to the attack of carnivores with fierce growls. Most fish, amphibians and reptiles have no habit of incubating eggs. After laying eggs, the mother whale leaves the spawning ground. Eggs naturally hatch in water and sand under the conditions of water temperature and ground temperature. Birds are good at hatching eggs. Parents rely on their own body temperature to continue the development of embryos in eggs. It takes about 20 days for a hen to hatch its chicks. During this period, hens ate less and moved less, which consumed a lot of physical strength. Some birds hatch eggs in turn, such as pigeons. Pigeons lie on eggs in turn 14 days, and pigeons hatch. Hatching is a common phenomenon among birds, but there are also very few people who can't hatch eggs. Like a cuckoo, it lays its eggs on the ground first, and then carries them to other nests with its beak. Because cuckoo's eggs are very similar to those in the nest, other birds hatch eggs instead of cuckoo. All mammals are viviparous except monotremes. Embryos absorb nutrients in the mother and develop into fetuses before they are produced in vitro. Marsupials have no placenta, and larvae give birth to their mothers before they are fully developed. Larvae is only the size of thumb. The larvae enter the mother's pouch, suck the milk and continue to develop until they can move independently. The biological significance of hatching eggs lies in: the parents lie on the eggs and use their bodies to provide suitable temperature conditions for the eggs to hatch into larvae smoothly; The behavior of parents putting eggs in the population or guarding them can be the hatching of eggs.