Basic knowledge of fighter

Fighter refers to a military aircraft that is mainly used to protect our air superiority and destroy the enemy's ability to use air superiority. Mainly refers to fighters and attack aircraft. It is characterized by excellent flight performance, flexibility and strong firepower; Modern advanced fighters are equipped with all kinds of search and aiming fire control equipment. Conceptual explanation

Fighter The first fighter plane recognized in the world was the French Maurane Sorni Il. It is equipped with the "deflection system" of French pilot roland garros, which slightly solves the problem that the plane is disturbed by the propeller when shooting with an airborne machine gun, so that the pilot can concentrate on flying the plane to attack the other side at the first time, and at the same time, there is no need to equip the machine gunner.

In the past, fighters were divided into "fighters" (fighters) and "interceptors" (interceptors) according to the tasks they performed. The main task of fighter is to strive for altitude after rapid takeoff and destroy enemy bombers before they enter our airspace. Because the interceptor is aimed at the bomber group with high flying altitude, the design emphasizes the demand for speed and climb rate, and the maneuverability is in a less important position. After World War II, in view of the destructive power of atomic bombs, the development of interceptors in many countries once became as important as traditional fighters. However, after the missiles are gradually matured and equipped in large quantities, adding missiles to traditional fighters can often meet the characteristics of interceptors. Therefore, there is a tendency not to develop interceptors, but to undertake interception tasks at the same time as active aircraft. Attack all air targets around the clock. 1 965438+On April1day, 2005, Roland Galos shot down a German reconnaissance plane with a "deflection system" in Sorni, Maurane. Won the first victory of fighter air combat. Subsequently, Germany's "Fokker E3" became the fighter with the best performance and the largest number of planes shot down in World War I because of its excellent flying performance and fierce firepower. Called "Fogg's disaster" by the Allies. lightning arrester

The world's first jet fighter was first developed by Germany in 1939. He- 178 aircraft with jet engine developed by German scientist von Ohen is the first jet aircraft in the world. The aircraft made its first test flight on August 27th, 1939. The first batch of jet fighters put into mass production and transformed into troops were British Meteor Fighter and German Messerschmitt ME-262 Fighter. The first test flight of Me-262 was in July 1942, with a speed of 850 kilometers per hour, much faster than all the piston fighters at that time. 1943165438+1October, Hitler saw this kind of airplane show and said, "We finally have a bomber that can be used for blitzkrieg!" And resolutely disagree to use it as a fighter. It was not until the autumn of 1944 that ME-262 was put into use as a fighter. Although ME-262 achieved a brilliant front, it failed to save the defeat of Nazi Germany. supersonic fighter

The F- 100, successfully developed by American North American Airlines in 1949, is the first fighter with supersonic horizontal flight capability in the world, with a top speed of 1.3 times the speed of sound. Since then, the Soviet MIG-19 fighter also broke the sound barrier in the test flight of 1953, with a top speed of 1.36 times the speed of sound. In the 1960s, the United States, the Soviet Union, France and other countries developed fighter planes with a maximum speed exceeding twice the speed of sound.

V/STOL fighter

The world's first vertical/short-range take-off and landing fighter is the "Harrier" fighter successfully developed by British Hawk Siddeley Company in 1966. The plane was developed from 1957. Equipped with "Pegasus" turbofan jet engine, two nozzles are symmetrically arranged on both sides. After the nozzle can be rotated, the plane flies forward, with the nozzle facing down and spraying. This kind of plane can even move backwards and sideways in the air, and it has extremely high maneuverability. Harrier aircraft can greatly reduce the dependence on runway and improve the flexibility of operational layout. In the Malvinas War between Britain and Argentina in 1982, the British Sea Harrier fighters faced the Mirage III fighters with twice the number and twice the speed of the Afghan Air Force, and achieved the record of air combat 12: 0 with excellent maneuverability.

Variable swept wing fighter

The world's first fighter with variable swept wings was the F- 1 1 successfully developed by General Dynamics Company of the United States in 1965. Most subsonic and supersonic aircraft use wings with large sweep angle. Compared with the straight wing, this wing is more conducive to high-speed flight, but the low-speed flight performance is not good, the transition radius is large, and the take-off and landing distance is longer. Therefore, some people began to study the aircraft that can change the wing sweep angle in flight. It has a straight airfoil when landing and flying at low altitude, and a swept wing or delta wing when flying at high speed, which solves the contradiction between the low-speed and high-speed flight performance of the aircraft. As early as during the Second World War, Germany had already conducted this research. After the United States defeated and occupied Germany, on this basis, 1948 began the technical test of the variable swept-back wing aircraft. F- 1 1 1 applied the above technical achievements. Since then, the MIG -23 fighter of the Soviet Union, the F- 14 fighter of the United States and the tornado fighter jointly developed by Britain, Germany and Italy have also adopted the variable swept-back wing technology.

interceptor

Interceptor is a kind of fighter, which is characterized by fast response. No matter day or night, it can take off immediately after receiving the alarm, climb quickly and accelerate to the designated airspace. Because the intercepted objects (such as bombers, reconnaissance planes, etc. ) the mobility is not strong, and in order to find and shoot down the target in time and accurately, modern interceptors are equipped with complex interception radars and powerful air-to-air missiles, so special interceptors are generally bulky and have poor combat performance.

The early interception mission was completed by ordinary fighters. In World War II, in order to intercept bombers at night, in August of 194 1, German installed interceptor radars on the original twin-engine heavy fighter ME-1/kloc-0 and twin-engine bomber Ju-88, which became the earliest night interceptor in the world.

Interceptors after the 1950s emphasized flying fast and high. Air-to-air missiles are the main weapons, and some even cancel machine guns. After the 1970s, a new generation of fighters were equipped with advanced radar and guidance equipment, and the speed, acceleration and power of mobile weapons far exceeded that of bulky interceptors, so they could perform interception tasks better. Therefore, countries no longer develop new special interceptors.

Stealth fighter

The "stealth" fighter is not invisible to the naked eye, but it has undergone special treatment in the shape and painting of the aircraft. It is used in aircraft that are difficult to be found by modern detection equipment such as radar and infrared. This kind of fighter can approach the enemy in a hidden way, and achieve the purpose of surprise attack on enemy planes. At present, many advanced fighters have adopted some technologies to suppress radar wave reflection and their own infrared wave radiation, achieving some "stealth" effects. The first real stealth fighter in the world is the F- 1 17 fighter developed by the United States, which was equipped with the US Air Force at the beginning of this century. Naming of military aircraft

Military aircraft are generally named by codes or names, and some have codes and names. The naming code of military aircraft in China consists of model and design code, and the design code indicates the model of the aircraft. Such as "Destroy Type 7", "Destroy Type 8B", "Destroy Type 8II" and "Destroy Type 10", which are sometimes simplified as "歼 7", "歼 8B inches and 歼 8II inches". Helicopter is mainly composed of airframe, lift (including rotor and tail rotor), power and transmission system and airborne flight equipment. The rotor is generally driven by a turboshaft engine or a piston engine through a mechanical transmission system consisting of a transmission shaft and a reducer, and can also be driven by the reaction force generated by the jet from the tip of the blade. At present, there are mechanically driven single-rotor helicopters and double-rotor helicopters in actual use, of which single-rotor helicopters have the largest number.

The maximum speed of a helicopter can reach more than 300km/h, the dive limit speed [1] is nearly 400km/h, the use ceiling can reach 6000 meters (the world record is 12450m), and the general range can reach about 600 ~ 800 km. The range of internal and external auxiliary fuel tanks can reach more than 2000 kilometers. Helicopters have different takeoff weights according to different needs. At present, the largest heavy helicopter put into use in the world is the Russian Mi -26 (with a maximum takeoff weight of 56t and a payload of 20t).

The outstanding feature of helicopter is that it can do low altitude (a few meters above the ground), low speed (starting from hovering) and the nose direction remains unchanged, especially suitable for small-area vertical take-off and landing. Because of these characteristics, it has broad uses and development prospects. In the military field, it has been widely used in ground attack, aircraft take-off and landing, weapons delivery, logistics support, battlefield rescue, reconnaissance patrol, command and control, communication, anti-submarine mine clearance, and electronic countermeasures of mine-clearing helicopters. Used for short-distance transportation, medical rescue, disaster relief and lifesaving, emergency rescue, lifting equipment, geological exploration, forest protection and fire fighting, aerial photography, etc. The transportation of people and materials between offshore oil wells and bases is an important aspect of civil use.

principle

The helicopter engine drives the rotor to provide lift and lift the helicopter into the air. The main engine also outputs power to the small propeller at the tail. Airborne gyroscope can detect the rotation angle of helicopter and feed it back to small propeller. By adjusting the pitch of the small propeller, the reaction force generated by the large propeller at different speeds can be offset.

The pitch of helicopter rotor can be adjusted by a mechanism called "tilting disk", so that the lift difference of different quadrants can be generated on the rotating surface, and the flight direction of helicopter can be changed by the lift difference. At the same time, the engine keeps a relatively stable speed after the helicopter takes off, and the total lift of the helicopter can be obtained by adjusting the total pitch of the propeller, so the helicopter can take off and land vertically. type

Pitch: refers to the deflection angle of the propeller on its own root shaft. When the rotational speed is fixed, the lift or propulsion of the propeller can be controlled more effectively by adjusting the pitch, and even the reverse thrust or lift can be obtained.

1 single rotor helicopter

The single-rotor horizontal rotor with ducted fan is responsible for providing lift, and the small vertical rotor at the tail is responsible for offsetting the reaction torque generated by the rotor. For example, the EC- 135 helicopter manufactured by Eurocopter.

NOTAR (single-rotor tailless rotor) horizontal rotor is responsible for providing lift, and air is discharged from the tail side of the fuselage, which interacts with the downwash airflow of the rotor to generate lateral force to offset the reaction torque generated by the rotor. For example, the MD520N helicopter produced by McDonnell Douglas Helicopter Company of the United States.

2 twin-rotor helicopters

The two rotor in series are longitudinally arrange in front and back, and that rotating directions are opposite. For example, the CH-47 Chinook transport helicopter manufactured by Boeing Company of the United States.

The two transverse rotors are horizontally arranged from left to right, and the rotor shafts are far apart and rotate in opposite directions. For example, the Mi-12 helicopter developed by the Miri Design Bureau of the former Soviet Union.

The two coaxial rotors are arranged up and down and rotate in opposite directions on the same axis. For example, the Ka -50 helicopter gunship developed by Kamov Design Bureau of the former Soviet Union. Armed helicopter: A helicopter equipped with weapons and carrying out combat missions. Also known as attack helicopters or attack helicopters. It is mainly used for attacking ground, water and underwater targets, escorting transport helicopters, and also for air combat with enemy helicopters. It has the characteristics of flexibility and quick response, and is suitable for low-altitude and ultra-low-altitude proximity attacks, and can fire in motion and hovering. Most of them belong to army aviation, which is a new type of aircraft that aviation implements direct fire support. Armed helicopters are divided into special-purpose and multi-purpose types. This special helicopter gunship is specially designed for attack missions. Its fuselage is long and narrow, and there are only two passengers in the engine room (even 1 passenger), so it has strong combat capability. Multi-purpose armed helicopters can be used not only for attack missions, but also for transportation, landing and rescue. Anti-tank combat is one of the main uses of armed helicopters, so armed helicopters are also called "tank killers"; When it confronts tanks, it is obviously in an advantageous position in visual field speed, maneuverability and weapon range. Ship-borne armed helicopters can also expand the combat scope of ships or fleets and enhance their combat capability. Armed helicopters generally carry a variety of weapons, such as machine guns, cannons, bombs, rockets, missiles, etc. The maximum horizontal flight speed exceeds 300 kilometers per hour and the endurance time is 2-3 hours. Armed helicopters are widely used in modern local wars and have played an important role, which has attracted great attention from all countries in the world.

1. The first helicopter in the world was the FW-6 1 tandem twin-rotor helicopter designed and manufactured by German scientist Fokker in 1937. The plane was first piloted by female pilot Lacey and flew from Berlin to London at a speed of 68 km/h, which shocked the entire aviation industry.

2. The smallest helicopter in the world is a single-person subminiature helicopter developed in Japan. The helicopter is equipped with a 37 kW forced cooling engine. The main rotor is about 6 meters in diameter and its own weight is only 1 15 kg.

3. The biggest helicopter in the world is Mi-12 "carrier pigeon" heavy transport helicopter developed and produced by the former Soviet Union in 1960s. The maximum takeoff weight of this aircraft is 105 ton, the diameter of main rotor is 35 meters, the fuselage is 37 meters long and the cargo hold is 28 meters long. Can transport medium-sized tanks and artillery, equipped with four 4.78 MW engines, with a load of 40 tons. The largest helicopter in the world.

The top speed of 4. The X2 helicopter will reach 463km/h.

5. The highest flying helicopter is the French model SA-3 158 "Rhea" helicopter. June 2 1972 On June 2 1, the pilot Jean paulette set a world record for flying at an altitude of 65,438+2,442 meters.

6. The helicopter that flies farthest is the American OH-6 helicopter. 1April 6-7, 966, the plane was piloted by a pilot ferry, setting a world record for a straight-line voyage of 356 1.55 km.

7. The earliest helicopter landing operation was carried out in the Korean battlefield Wang Fangshan 195 1 March. In this battle, the US military used helicopters to land more than 20 people on the ground, and cooperated with the ground forces to seize each other's positions. This is also the earliest record of helicopters participating in actual combat.

8. The world's first armed helicopter was converted from H- 13 helicopter. 1953, the United States installed uncontrolled rockets, Grenade launchers, machine guns and anti-tank guns on H- 13 helicopter for testing, thus improving the operational performance of the helicopter and creating conditions for the future development of armed helicopters.

9. The first stealth helicopter in the world is the RAH-66 Comanche helicopter gunship developed and produced by the United States. This aircraft is the main model of the US Army in the future, and can perform various combat and support tasks such as armed reconnaissance, anti-tank and air combat.

10. The first helicopter using the ejection lifesaving system was the Ka -50 Shantou helicopter developed and produced by the former Soviet Union. At the same time, the aircraft also won the first single-seat attack helicopter and the first coaxial attack helicopter, ranking first in the world.