I want to ask a question about film lighting photography.

A lamp used for lighting in stage performance and film and television shooting and achieving a certain lighting effect. It is helpful to show the content of the program, reflect the author's creative intention, set off the artistic atmosphere, and make the audience and the camera get the correct color feeling and exposure. Different from other lamps, most of these lamps have the function of changing the beam diffusion angle, light softness and color, and are equipped with special mechanisms such as focusing, aperture and color filter frame.

brief history

Stage lights developed the earliest, followed by movie lights, and TV lights were later. Early performances were illuminated by natural light and torches, oil lamps, candles and other light sources. /kloc-in the 0/7th century, the frame stage appeared, and the stage lighting developed from an uncontrollable light source to a simple lamp that can control the light intensity and color. In 1804, new light sources and lamps are used for stage lighting. /kloc-In the 9th century, gas lamps, kerosene lamps and electric light sources were used for stage lighting, and spotlights and floodlights appeared in the lamps, which centralized controlled the lamps scattered inside and outside the stage, making the stage lighting gradually enter the field of artistic lighting. In the 1960s, stage lighting has tended to be serialized, systematic and automatic, with omni-directional lighting and computer control, and a large number of lasers and voice-activated effectors.

In the early days, incandescent lamps, carbon arc lamps and high-pressure mercury lamps were used as light sources to shoot black and white films. Tungsten halogen lamp was used in 1960s, with a color temperature of 3200K and a color rendering index of 99, which ensured the color reproduction of color film. In the early 1970s, China invented the DC Dy: Ho lamp with a color temperature of 5500K and a color rendering index of over 80. It also has the advantage of no AC strobe, which ensures the color restoration and indoor shooting of sunlight color film. In 1950s, TV lamps were developed on the basis of stage lamps and movie lamps. As the sensitivity of the camera tube becomes higher and higher, the power of the TV lamp decreases accordingly. Especially with the rapid development of small studios and closed-circuit television, special requirements are put forward for TV lamps, such as pole-controlled lamps and electric lamps.

form

The stage movie lamp consists of light source, optical element, mechanical element and electrical element.

① light source. There are incandescent lamps, tungsten halogen lamps and metal halide lamps. Their luminous bodies are geometric shapes such as dots, strips or rectangles, with color temperatures of 3200K and 5500K, respectively, and their color rendering index is above 80.

② Optical elements. According to the shape of the light source and the requirements of light distribution, imaging and effect, the optical system consists of a reflector, a field lens (condenser) and an objective lens.

③ Mechanical parts. It has the functions of sealing, shading, heat dissipation and heat insulation. , and can ensure the stability and reliability of the optical system, and play a variety of functions, including the amplification and reduction of the beam angle of light, the focusing of the common objective lens or zoom objective lens, the electromechanical transmission of the effector, etc.

④ Electrical components. Including regulated power supply, light source accessories (trigger, ballast, rheostat, etc. ), dimmer, stepless speed change circuit for controlling the driving motor of the effector, etc.

trait

Stage lighting can help the audience directly see all or part of the scene on the stage, make the scenery on the stage look realistic, better express the playwright's creative intention and the artistic level of his works, with a wide range of light and shade changes and a large lighting area. Film and television lighting is used in studios, studios or live scenes. "Audience" is a mobile camera or video camera that can be technically processed, and there are many close-up shots. Illuminating lamp not only has artistic function, but also has the function of correctly exposing camera tube or film, especially for restoring color. It is required that the color temperature of light is 3200K, the color rendering index is above 90, and it is 5500K and above 80 in sunlight (outdoor shooting).

type

According to the characteristics of its emergent beam, stage movie and television lamps can be divided into three categories: spotlight, astigmatism lamp and effect light.

spotlight

A lamp with local projection illumination effect is obtained. The beam angle can be adjusted, the light is concentrated, there is a spot edge, and it is equipped with a color filter bracket. According to the clarity of the edge contour of the light spot, it can be divided into the following three types.

(1) Soft spotlight. The light contour is soft, and Fresnel lens is often used, so it is also called Fresnel lens spotlight.

② Plano-convex lens spotlight. The light has clear outline and high intensity, and it is a kind of lamp commonly used on stage.

③ Imaging spotlight. Based on the imaging principle, the projected light beam produces a light spot with obvious light-dark boundary on the stage, which is used to track performers or project local lights.

A lamp with large diffusion angle of astigmatism beam, soft and uniform light spot and no edge trace. It uses only one reflector and is equipped with a color filter holder. There are many kinds of grid lights, foot lights, skylight astigmatism lights, sky patch astigmatism lights, quadruple and sixfold astigmatism lights, external astigmatism lights and so on. Effect light uses the combination of lighting, mechanical transmission and electrical control to project various scenery, natural meteorological changes and illusory scenes. It can represent rain, snow, flames, clouds, waves, lightning, sunrise and other static and dynamic scenery. You can also use dynamic shadows as the background to show the changes of various landscapes and mines.