Why are the tops of traditional buildings such as the Hall of Prayer for the New Year and Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum blue?

The blue of Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum is because Sun Yat-sen advocates democracy. Blue glazed tile has a certain meaning. Blue glazed tiles symbolize heaven, and blue glazed tiles mean that the world is public.

1998, on the occasion of the anniversary of the establishment of Chongqing municipality, China Stamp Corporation issued a set of two special stamps (1998- 14 T), and the first one was named "Chongqing People's Auditorium". This grand, solemn and national auditorium has long been a landmark building in Chongqing. Tourists at home and abroad must be famous for going, staying, stopping to watch and taking pictures when they come to the mountain city. However, few people know when and by whom this auditorium was built and what kind of wind and rain it has experienced.

When and who built the Sino-Soviet Building?

In order to liberate and build the southwest of the motherland, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China established the Southwest Bureau on 1949, with Deng Xiaoping, Liu Bocheng and He Long as the first, second and third secretaries respectively. It was decided that He Long was the commander of the Southwest Military Region, Deng Xiaoping was the political commissar, and Liu Bocheng was the chairman of the Southwest Military and Political Committee.

After the start of the campaign to liberate the southwest, Liu Deng's army and He Long's men attacked 900,000 Kuomintang troops retreating to the southwest in a roundabout way, and liberated the mountain city of Chongqing on1October 30, 1949+ 165438.

1950 In July, the Southwest Military and Political Committee was formally established, and the capital of Southwest Administrative Region was located in Chongqing. Chairman Liu Bocheng, He Long,,, Long Yun, Liu, Vice Chairman. Among them, Long Yun, Liu, etc. are all famous uprising generals of the Kuomintang.

Since then, Chongqing has become the political and cultural center of southwest China.

However, Chongqing's municipal construction is a great disappointment-except the Yunxiu Building where Chiang Kai-shek stayed, the Caotang where Marshall lived and the luxurious villas of Song Ziwen, Zhang Qun, Jansen and Fan Shizeng, there is no decent public place for people to gather and hold activities.

This is because the southwest warlords have been fighting for years, which is far from good for the people. During the Republic of China, there was also a saying that "the official did not repair the official", because the "Yamen" was just repaired at a large price, and it was renamed one day and was occupied by another warlord; The mansion is your own.

After the establishment of the Southwest Military and Political Committee, the former Kuomintang Southwest Chief Executive's Office was temporarily used as the office and meeting place. Although the auditorium of the Chief Executive's office still has some ethnic architectural styles, it is very shabby compared with the buildings in Beijing, Shanghai, Tianjin, Wuhan, Guangzhou and other cities. The Chairman and Vice Chairman of the Military and Political Committee once took a group photo in front of this auditorium. 1950 10 After Liu Bocheng went to Nanjing Military Academy to be the dean and political commissar, the vice president in Chongqing took a group photo in front of this auditorium. From these two photos, we can see that the auditorium is in ruins.

1in early February, 950, Deng Xiaoping presided over the first plenary meeting of the Southwest Bureau of the Communist Party of China in Chongqing, and studied the plans of exterminating bandits, reforming the uprising troops, liberating Tibet and resuming production. Liberators from the southwest gathered in the mountains from all over the country to visit the city. They were all talking about: After we liberated Chongqing, we should build it well.

He Long/KLOC-0 moved from Chengdu to Chongqing in March, 950. At the welcome meeting held in Erye, he said: "We liberated Chongqing, a magnificent city, and will build it into a modern city." After inspecting Chongqing, he said that Chongqing has a population of 2.2 million, and there are so many party and government organs, mass organizations, factories and schools. How can we do without a decent meeting place?

Therefore, the Third Secretary of the Southwest Bureau, Liu Bocheng and He Long, and the Vice Chairman of the Military and Political Committee, Long Yun and Liu agreed to build the auditorium of the Southwest Military and Political Committee, the Cultural Palace of the Working People, the Southwest Museum, the Datianwan Gymnasium, the Chongqing Sports Commission Building and other places for working people to meet, exercise and entertain in Chongqing ... These public facilities were built around 1953, which are called.

When discussing the design idea of the Military and Political Committee Auditorium, Deng Xiaoping, Liu Bocheng and He Long all advocated that it should be built with style, which not only embodies the national style, but also has modern standards. The quality is good, and it has both the assembly function and the exhibition reception function, and it will be elegant after decades. In He Long's words, it means "Don't be like a little girl".

The address of the Great Hall was chosen on Ma 'anshan, opposite the site of the Military and Political Committee. He Long proposed that the design should combine the characteristics of the Temple of Heaven in Beijing, Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum in Nanjing and Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hall in Guangzhou to become the first in the Far East. Deng Xiaoping and Liu Bocheng both agree with this idea. According to the Chronicle of He Long (People's Publishing House, 1 February 1996,1version, the same below), "195 1 April, (He Long) and Liu Bocheng and Deng Xiaoping jointly decided to build a large auditorium and guest house for thousands of people." They also sought the opinions of the principal responsible comrades of the Southwest Bureau and the Military and Political Committee, and obtained unanimous consent.

The task of design and construction was handed over to the Secretary-General of Southwest Military and Political Committee, Minister of Finance Chen, Vice Minister of Industry Wan Li (later Minister), Director of the General Office of Southwest Military and Political Committee Duan Yun, and Director of the Engineering Department of Southwest Military and Political Committee Zhang Yisu. They organized architectural engineers to design the candidate schemes and sand table models of five great halls, which were completed in early July of 195 1 and widely solicited opinions.

People from all walks of life in the southwest party, government and army and leaders from Yunnan, Guizhou, Sichuan and Xikang watched the model when they met in Chongqing. Kuomintang uprising generals Lu Han, Pei Changhui, Deng Xihou, Pan Wenhua, etc. I also came to Chongqing to see the model. Finally, I chose the scheme designed by Zhang Jiade.

Zhang Jiade is an engineer in the engineering department. Because of his deafness, everyone called him "Zhang Deaf". The roof of the auditorium he designed is hemispherical with a diameter of 46 meters. It is a steel reticulated shell roof truss, weighing 280 tons. It consists of 36 warp beams, 65,438+09 steel wire beams and more than 75,000 rivets. The bottom support is also equipped with a load-bearing device, which can adapt to the natural sliding of thermal expansion and contraction. This is the first advanced engineering structure adopted in China. Its design is more magnificent than Deng Xiaoping, Liu Bocheng and He Long imagined. Zhang Jiade integrated the architectural features of Ming and Qing Dynasties and designed the main body of the auditorium with reference to the style of Zhongshan Hall in Guangzhou. Combined with the style of the Temple of Heaven and the Tiananmen Gate, it is equipped with the left and right wings of the colonnade, all of which run through the tower; The internal structure is an all-steel roof, and the external structure is modeled after the blue glazed tiles of Nanjing Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum (changed to blue-green), vermilion colonnade and white railings, which are majestic and solemn; In the square in front of the auditorium, Jinshui Bridge and Huabiao were also designed. The whole building is magnificent and unique.

Zhang Jiade and other engineers once went to Taobao, a second-hand bookstore in Chongqing, in order to fully reflect the traditional architectural style of the nation. Many things happen, and they really found some thread-bound books of Qing architecture. After more than a year's design, the project was formally established on 1952, and it was named "Southwest Military and Political Committee Auditorium". After the Southwest Military and Political Committee was renamed the Administrative Committee, the auditorium was also renamed the "Southwest Administrative Committee Auditorium".

1953, the first five-year plan of China's economic construction is about to begin, and the Soviet Union will send experts to help China's economic construction. In the southwest, in order to build the chengdu-chongqing railway, a group of Soviet experts were hired from 195 1 through the Ministry of Railways. In order to publicize and show the great achievements of socialist construction in the Soviet Union, a decent place is needed. At the suggestion of Southwest China-Soviet Friendship Association, the great hall under construction was named Sino-Soviet Building.

After the hard work of the builders in the southwest around the clock, it only took one and a half years. At the end of 1953, the Sino-Soviet Building was completed, which was 10 months earlier than the original expected completion date 1954. According to the chronicle of He Long, the auditorium was completed in 1954+ 10. He Long inscribed "Southwest Administrative Committee Auditorium" as the official name of the auditorium. There is no ribbon-cutting ceremony, and it is open to the public for 3 days free of charge, inviting the masses to visit. On the first floor of the fourth floor of the auditorium, there is a big stage with 4000 seats. "

A big storm

The audience rose from the ground, which was extremely grand and spectacular, causing great sensation. All who come to visit pay tribute. Experts from the Soviet Union and other countries who supported the economic construction in Southwest China shrugged their shoulders, gave thumbs up and said with emotion, "It's amazing that China people designed such a building in the 1950s!"!

A famous architect, a friend of Canadian Prime Minister Trudeau, said during his visit to Chongqing that China designed such a building in the 1950s. The steel frame structure is reasonable and unique, which is simply a work of art! When an Indian heard the news, he made a special trip to Chongqing to shoot a film for the auditorium and report to Indian Prime Minister Nehru. Nehru appreciated it very much and asked China for a set of drawings through the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, saying that India would build such a drawing. Qi Yanming, Director of the General Office of the Central People's Government and Deputy Secretary-General of the State Council, sent a letter to Chongqing explaining Nehru's wishes. With the consent of He Long, the Chongqing Municipal Government sent the drawings to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and forwarded them to the Indian Embassy in China. But later, due to well-known reasons, Nehru's wish was not realized.

1954, the Democratic People's Republic of Korea sent a delegation to visit the southwest of China for the first time, with more than 100 members. Before, there were "five-star" hotels in Chongqing to receive high-standard foreign delegations, and the Foreign Affairs Office of the municipal government arranged for the North Korean delegation to stay in the "auditorium". This is the first time that the Auditorium has received foreign VIPs.

Who knows, since then, foreign delegations to Chongqing have named the "auditorium" honor. Since then, the "Auditorium of Southwest Administrative Committee" has been known as the first building in Southeast Asia, enjoying a good reputation at home and abroad.

From 65438 to 0987, royal institute of british architects published an architectural history, in which 42 buildings after the founding of the People's Republic of China were listed in the world architectural history, and the auditorium designed by Zhang Jiade ranked second.

Later, the "Southwest Administrative Committee Auditorium" was renamed as "Chongqing Hotel" and now it is renamed as "Chongqing People's Auditorium", which has become a famous landscape in Chongqing.