Information about a great historical figure in China.

Qin Shihuang (the third day of the twelfth lunar month in 259 BC-the third day of the twelfth lunar month in 265438 BC+00 BC) was a famous minister, surnamed Zhao [1], also known as [2], who called himself Zulong. The first unified dynasty in the history of China-Qin Shihuang. Son of King Xiang of Qin Zhuang. Han nationality, [3] (formerly known as Huaxia nationality [4]). Born in Handan, the capital of Zhao State (now Handan City, Hebei Province). In 247 BC, King Zheng of Qin ascended the throne at the age of 13. In the first 238 years, when Qin Shihuang was 22 years old, he held a coronation ceremony for the monarch's adult in Yongcheng, his old capital, and began to "personally manage state affairs", getting rid of Lv Buwei, Lao Ai and others, and reusing Lisi and Liao Wei. From 230 BC to 22 BC1year, the six countries of Korea, Zhao, Wei, Chu, Yan and Qi were destroyed successively, and the great cause of reunifying China was completed at the age of 39. Xianyang is its capital. 2 10 years ago, Qin Shihuang died in a sand dune (now Xingtai City, Hebei Province) on his way to the East. Qin Shihuang thought that his contribution was better than that of the previous three emperors and five emperors, and agreed that the title of minister should be changed to "Emperor". Qin Shihuang was the first monarch to use the title of "Emperor" in the history of China, so he called himself "the first emperor", but he died the next year. It had a far-reaching and significant impact on China and the world history, and was praised as "an emperor through the ages" by Li Zhi, a thinker in the Ming Dynasty. Qin Shihuang was not a tyrant recorded in Historical Records written by Sima Qian. The real Qin Shihuang you want to know is introduced in detail in the book The Real Qin Shihuang. It can be said that Qin Shihuang is a legendary epoch-making figure in the history of China and the founder of the first multi-ethnic centralized feudal empire in the history of China.

ascend the throne

In the third year of Wang Xiang in Qinzhuang (247 BC), Wang Xiang died in Qinzhuang, and Zhao Zheng succeeded to the throne of Qin. When he acceded to the throne, because he was young, national politics was dominated by Prime Minister Lv Buwei, and Lv Buwei was honored as Guanzhong. Qin Shi Huang

Lv Buwei not only controls the imperial court, but also has an affair with the Empress Dowager (Evonne). Seeing that Qin Shihuang was getting older, he was afraid of being discovered by him, wanted to leave the Queen Mother, and was afraid of the Queen Mother's resentment, so he presented false eunuch's old moxa to the Queen Mother, which was fake and rotten, and only pulled out his beard and entered the palace. Qin Shihuang grew up day by day, so they lied to Qin Shihuang, saying that the queen mother's bedroom was not feng shui and she wanted to move out of here. Qin Shihuang believed it, so they moved far away from Qin Shihuang. As a result, the Queen Mother gave birth to two illegitimate children, Laoyi, a false eunuch pretending to be the fake father of the King of Qin. With the help of the Empress Dowager, he sealed the imperial edict for a long time, owned Yang Shan, Taiyuan and other places, and collected his own henchmen. Lao Ai has been operating in Yongcheng for many years, and has established a huge force, which is another powerful political force after Lv Buwei. Ai's success is inevitable. When he was drunk, he scolded a minister: "I am the false father of the king of Qin, how dare you provoke me." The minister was very angry after hearing this, and secretly found an opportunity to tell Qin Shihuang. Ed panicked and was ready to rebel. In the first 238 years, Qin Shihuang held a coronation ceremony at Yongnian Palace in Yongcheng. Lao Ai rebelled with the imperial seal of the King of Qin and the imperial seal of Empress Dowager Cixi, and captured the Palace of Prayer for the Year. Qin Shihuang had already arranged 3000 elite soldiers in the Prayer Palace to defeat the rebels. Lao Ai moved to Xianyang Palace, where there was already an army. Lao Ai fled alone and was arrested soon. Qin Shihuang cracked Lao Ai's car and exposed his body to the public. And put his mother Zhao Ji in the Luyang Palace in Yongcheng; Two illegitimate children born to Lao Ai and the Empress Dowager. Qin Shihuang then dismissed Lv Buwei and exiled Lv Buwei to Bashu. Later, although he listened to the words of the nobles of Qin State, he wrote the book of expelling guests and expelled the diners from the six countries, but he was discouraged by Li Si's book of remonstrating and expelling guests. Later, he appointed Liao Wei, Li Si and others.

Qin captured Jiuding.

It is said that Jiuding was cast by Xia, symbolizing Kyushu and protected by many countries. It is made of bronze tributes from Kyushu. Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties are regarded as national treasures, and those who have Jiuding are the emperors. In 256 BC (fifty-one and fifty-nine years in Qin Zhao), he attacked Qin Jun in Handan, attacked Zhao, and continued to attack North Korea and Zhao. Taking this opportunity, the eastern countries launched a joint anti-Qin movement. Under the influence and coercion of Korea, Zhao and other countries, the Duke of the Western Zhou Dynasty, who was ignorant of current affairs, also participated in this activity. The allied forces, under the banner of Zhou Wang, united against the State of Qin. Zhao Haoqi was furious. Qin had long wanted to erase the Western Zhou Dynasty from the map and remove an obstacle for unifying the world as soon as possible. The Western Zhou Dynasty's participation in the anti-Qin campaign just gave Qin an excuse to send troops. In 256 BC (59th year of Yunwang, 5 1 year of Qin Dynasty), Qin Jun attacked the Western Zhou Dynasty. Zhou Wang listened to the Duke of the Western Zhou Dynasty, and gave Qin to thirty thousand households in thirty-six cities in the Western Zhou Dynasty. The King of Qin made Zhou Nanwang the monarch and the Duke of the Western Zhou the retainer, and sealed him in Liangcheng (now south of Hancheng County, Shaanxi Province). Kuai Wang Yi died in Liangcheng in January. After the country split, he set up Jiuding in Xianyang (a tripod fell in Surabaya on the way, so Qin had to have eight tripods, but it was still customary to call Jiuding). Since the following year (52nd year of Zhao Haoqi, 255th year before), historians have used the King of Qin to mark the year. In 255 BC, Jiuding moved the capital to Qin, which meant that the king of Qin would be the master of the world and could justifiably crusade against the vassal States.

Unify the six countries

From 230 BC to 22 BC1year, Qin Shihuang adopted the strategy of distancing himself from Lian Heng and launched a war to destroy the six countries. Seventeen years of Qin Shihuang (first 230 years), nineteen years of Zhao (first 228 years), twenty-two years of Wei (first 225 years), twenty-four years of Chu (first 223 years), twenty-five years of Yan (first 222 years) and twenty-six years of Qi (first 22 1 year). Finally, the first unified centralized and autocratic country in the history of China-Qin Dynasty was established.

First called the emperor

In 26 years, Wang Zheng ascended the throne of Qin State and finally unified China. At the beginning of the world, the first thing Qin, 39, was eager to do was to redefine his title. Qin Shi Huang

During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, governors of various countries called "Jun" or "Wang". At the end of the Warring States period, Qin and Qi were once called "emperors", but this title was different at that time. Qin, who dominated the country, thought that these titles in the past were not enough to show his respect. "Today's name is even less important, so it is impossible to call it success and pass it on to future generations." He ordered ministers to discuss titles. After some discussions, Prime Minister Wang Wan, jie feng, Tingwei Lisi and others thought that the government of the Qin Dynasty was "Xingyi soldiers, killing residual thieves and leveling the world", and its achievements were "unprecedented since ancient times, and the five emperors were far behind". Quoting the traditional honorific words, it is said that "emperors, Huangdi, Tai Huang and Tai Huang were the most expensive in ancient times", and it is suggested that the title of "Tai Huang" should be adopted by the King of Qin. However, Qin Shihuang was not satisfied with this. He only used the word "emperor" and added the word "emperor" under it because of "three emperors and five emperors", creating a new title of "emperor" and awarding it to himself. From then on, "Emperor" became the title of the supreme ruler of China. The emergence of the title "Emperor" is not only a simple name change, but also a new concept of governing the country. In ancient times, "emperor" meant "great", and people sometimes called ancestor gods and other gods "emperor". "Emperor" is the highest god who dominates everything in ancient people's imagination. Qin Shihuang combined the words "emperor" and "emperor" into one. First, it shows that he wants to express his supreme status and authority, which is given by God, that is, "the supreme power is given by God"; Second, it reflects that he is not satisfied with being only the ruler of the world, but also a god. It can be seen that the title of "emperor" is the product of the deification of the monarchical power in Qin Dynasty. Qin became the first emperor in the history of China, calling himself "the first emperor". He also stipulated that when he passed the throne to future generations after his death, the heirs would be called the second emperor, the third emperor and even eternal life. The dream that Qin Shihuang's throne will be inherited by his family forever "spreads endlessly" (Historical Records of Qin Shihuang's Biography). In order to sanctify the status of the emperor, Qin Shihuang took a series of measures to "respect the monarch": abolishing the funeral etiquette. The funeral ceremony began in the early Zhou Dynasty, and it was given an evaluation title based on the life story of the king after his death. However, Qin Shihuang thought that "discussing the father by the son and the monarch by the minister" was outrageous and meaningless. He announced the abolition of the obituary law and prohibited future courtiers from evaluating themselves. The son of heaven calls himself "I" The word "I" has the same meaning as "I". In the past, everyone could use it. Qin Shihuang limited that only the emperor could call himself "I". The emperor's orders are called "control" or "imperial edict". It is not allowed to mention the name of the emperor in the text and should be avoided. Whenever the words "emperor" and "first emperor" appear on the document, a new line should be written. Only the jade carving seal used by the emperor can be called "seal" The purpose of these regulations is to highlight the special position of the emperor, emphasize that the emperor is different and strengthen the mystery of imperial power in people's hearts. Qin Shihuang fantasized that with these measures, his throne would be passed down from generation to generation.

Edit this paragraph centrally.

In order to effectively manage the country and lay a foundation for future generations, Qin Shihuang learned the specific experience of setting up official positions during the Warring States period and established a fairly complete set of centralized and political institutions.

head office

The central government has a premier, A Qiu, and an ancient adviser. The Prime Minister has two left and right members, and he is the head of a hundred officials, in charge of political affairs. Qiu is in charge of the military and doesn't often buy it. The Imperial Scholar is the second deputy of the Prime Minister, in charge of the library secretary and supervising officials. Under the Prime Minister, Qiu, and imperial envoys, there are various ministers who are in charge of specific government affairs, including doctors in charge of the palace, guards stationed in the palace, deputy generals in charge of public security in Gyeonggi, Tingwei in charge of punishment, internal history of Ji Xia, taxes on mountains and seas and handicrafts supplied by the government to the royal family, those in charge of the palace, those in charge of domestic ethnic affairs and foreign affairs, and guest appearances. The prime minister, Qiu, Qiu, discussed the state affairs, and the emperor ruled. In addition, there were some important official positions in the Qin dynasty, such as doctors, who were familiar with ancient and modern history for the emperor's consultation and were responsible for collecting books. Huagai State is in charge of ethnic affairs like Dianke, but the difference is that Dianke is in charge of communication with ethnic minorities who are friendly to Qin, while Huagai State is in charge of ethnic minorities who have surrendered to Qin. Zhan's-managing the affairs of the queen and the prince. The centralization of authority established in the Qin Dynasty was imitated by successive dynasties. Among them, the "three public officials and nine ministers" in the Han Dynasty basically copied the Qin system.

Local institutions

After Qin Shihuang unified the six countries, he adopted Lisi's suggestion, abolished the enfeoffment system and switched to the county system. Local administrative agencies are divided into counties and counties. Principal officials of counties and counties are appointed and removed by the central authorities.

Comprehensive reunification

Shu Tongwen

Since the Shang Dynasty, writing has gradually become popular. As an official language, bronze inscriptions are relatively consistent in form. However, during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, there were regional differences in folk characters, such as weapons, Wen Tao, silk books and bamboo slips. This situation has hindered the economic and cultural exchanges between different places, and also affected the effective implementation of policies and decrees of the central government. So, after Qin unified the Central Plains, Qin Shihuang ordered Li Si and others to sort out the unified characters. On the basis of the big seal script commonly used by Qin people in the Warring States Period, Lisi absorbed the advantages of the tadpole stick figure commonly used in Qilu and other places, and created a new character with even figure and neat strokes, called "Qin Zhuan", also known as "Small seal script", as the official standard character, and abolished other variant characters. In addition, an official named Cheng Miao was detained in Yunyang for committing a crime. During his 10 years in prison, he summarized a change in font evolution at that time (later called "official change"). This move was appreciated by Qin Shihuang, so he was released, promoted to an imperial history, and ordered him to "set up a book" and develop a new font, that is, "official script." Official script broke the tradition of ancient Chinese characters, laid the foundation of regular script and improved the writing efficiency. Qin Shihuang's order to unify and simplify Chinese characters is a summary of the development and evolution of ancient Chinese characters and a great reform of Chinese characters, which has played an important role in the development of China culture.

Degree certification system

During the Warring States period, the systems of weights and measures and monetary systems in various countries were very inconsistent. After the reunification of Qin dynasty, it was stipulated that the currency could be divided into gold and copper: gold was the upper currency and yi was the unit; The copper coin is 10,000 yuan, unified into a round square hole, and the unit is half two. Gold coins are mainly for the emperor, and copper coins are the main circulation media. Qin Shihuang took the degree, quantity and balance of the former Qin State as the unit standard and eliminated the system that did not match this. Qin Ting engraved the original standard documents promulgated by Shang Yang, or made the same standard documents with inscriptions and sent them to the whole country. It is forbidden to use the degree, quantity and balance different from that of standard instruments. In the field system, the Qin dynasty stipulated that 6 feet (now 230 cm) was a step and 240 steps were an acre. This system of dividing land into three parts per mu will remain unchanged for thousands of years.

Cars on the same track

During the Warring States period, vehicles in different countries had different shapes. After Qin Shihuang unified the whole country, the width of the car was set at six feet, and one car could pass through the whole country.

homotopy

To "do the same thing" is to change customs and establish a unified moral code and code of conduct. In this respect, the Qin Dynasty also attached great importance to it. For example, in the 28th year of Qin Shihuang (2 19 BC), Qin Shihuang came to the foot of Mount Tai. It used to be the hometown of Qi, and it was called "the state of etiquette". The first emperor wrote on the carved stone of Mount Tai that "men and women should be courteous, keep their duties, be clear about the inside and outside, and be unclean, and should be given heirs" (meaning that men and women should be treated with courtesy, women should be governed from the inside, and men should be governed from the outside, setting a good example for future generations) and commended them. In the thirty-seventh year of the First Emperor (265,438+00 BC), the inscription left by Huiji Stone severely lashed out at the prevailing local lewd wind, and corrected the custom of lax prevention for men and women in wuyue by killing adulterers.

Make and pass the national seal

"Pass the national decree" is based on "He". The seal handed down by the emperor after the Qin Dynasty was engraved on the order of Qin Shihuang. Its Fiona Fang is four inches, and it has five dragons in New Zealand. On the front, there are eight Chinese characters inscribed by Li Si, "Long live the order of heaven", as a token of "imperial power granted by God, orthodox and legal". Later, emperors of all dynasties took this seal as a symbol and regarded it as a rare treasure and a heavy weapon of the country. If you get it, it means that you are "destined to return". If you lose it, it means that your luck has run out. Anyone who ascended the throne without this seal was ridiculed as "Bai Di" and despised by the world as unconfident. This has prompted people who want to seek great treasures to compete with each other, resulting in repeated changes of ownership of the national title, which has been circulating in the land of China for more than 2,000 years. However, it finally disappeared, and it has disappeared so far, which makes people feel embarrassed.

Build the Great Wall

After Qin destroyed the six countries, it began to build the Great Wall in the north. The Great Wall was built to protect people's lives and property on the northern border, and its purpose was to reduce people's burden. Because the Huns are nomadic people, their cavalry activities are very extensive. Without the Great Wall, many troops will be needed to defend them, which will add a great burden to the people. Qin Shihuang didn't create the Great Wall, he just connected the original Great Wall in the northern part of Qin, Zhao and Yan, but the history books blamed Qin Shihuang for all the suffering caused by the Great Wall, which is not true. It turns out that there are some Great Walls between countries, but the Great Wall in the north is incomplete. After reunification, he ordered the original Great Wall between countries to be demolished, and then the Great Wall in the northern part of Qin, Zhao and Yan countries was connected to prevent the Huns from invading the south. Left us with the world-famous Great Wall of Wan Li.

Connect the whole country

Beginning in 222 BC, Qin Shihuang began to build a large-scale chidao with Xianyang as the center and extending in all directions, similar to modern expressways. Chidao and the implementation of "cars on the same track" are both 50 steps wide. Chidao has several functions, one is to facilitate traffic and management of the old places of the six countries, the other is to facilitate the supply of the front line of the northern war, and the third is to facilitate the smooth inspection of the first emperor. Except for Qin Zhi Road and Qin Plank Road, most of them were built on the basis of Qin's hometown, the old roads in the Six Kingdoms and the roads built during Qin's conquest of the Six Kingdoms. The famous lanes include Shang Jun Road, Linjin Road, Dongfang Road, Wuguan Road, Qinplank Road, West Road and Qin Zhi Road. After Qin Shihuang destroyed the six countries, in order to facilitate the transportation of troops and materials needed for conquering Lingnan, he ordered Shilu to dig a canal to connect the Xiangjiang River in the Yangtze River system with the Lijiang River in the Pearl River system. This canal was finally completed from the 20th year of the Emperor (2 19 BC) to the 23rd year (2 15 BC). Lingqu is one of the oldest canals in the world. It has been the main waterway transportation route between Lingnan and the Central Plains for more than two thousand years. Therefore, the project is one of the national key cultural relics protection units.

Edit this paragraph. Book burning pit warlock

At that time, a hundred schools of thought contended, which seriously hindered Qin Shihuang's idea of unifying the people of the conquered six countries and threatened Qin's unification by burning books and burying Confucianism.

Governance. Therefore, in order to unify the thoughts of the people of the original six countries, Qin Shihuang began to destroy all history books except Ji Qin in 2 13, and only allowed the people to leave books on medicine, divination and planting. It was not until the demise of the Qin Dynasty in 206 BC that it was called "book burning". Nevertheless, he ordered some banned books to be collected in Xianyang Royal Library. In 2 14 BC, the warlock in Xianyang talked about Qin Shihuang behind his back, accusing him of being greedy for power and threatening punishment. After Qin Shihuang knew it, he sent someone to trace it. 460 people with conclusive evidence were executed and acquitted. (The statement of "cheating Confucianism" is wrong)

"luxury" life

Shortly after Qin Shihuang ascended the throne, he began to send people to design and build the mausoleum of Qin Shihuang. After the reunification of the six countries, the Epang Palace was built (not completely built), and the mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor employed 720,000 people at the most. In addition, there are Xingle Palace and Liangshan Palace. However, these two were not built by Qin Shihuang, but the facts that the emperor had before. Lishan Tomb was built when the King of Qin ascended the throne. It lasted for more than 30 years and was built by 700,000 workers every year. The tomb now preserved has a circumference of 2000 meters and a height of 55 meters. The interior decoration is extremely luxurious, the roof is cast in copper, the mercury is the rivers and lakes, and the organs are full. Just looking at the Terracotta Warriors and Horses of Qin Shihuang's Mausoleum, we can see the heavy burden of the people who built this mausoleum that year. Moreover, the craftsmen who built the mausoleum were buried alive after the completion of the mausoleum. An elixir of life

Xu Fu, in China's ancient books, is a clever, bold and cautious liar, because he is a "alchemist" and probably an early chemist. After Qin Shihuang completed the great cause of unifying the whole country and building the Great Wall, he began to look forward to the magic of immortality. So Xu Fu came to the court of the king of Qin in 2 19 BC, claiming that the three fairy islands of Penglai, Abbot and Yingzhou recorded in Shan Hai Jing were in the East China Sea, and he was willing to go there to get the elixir for the king of Qin. Chui fook didn't bring back the elixir on his first trip to the east. He told the first emperor that there was indeed a magic potion in the East, but the fairy wanted 3,000 virgins and various human gifts. At the same time, there was a whale in the way, and he wanted to shoot the big fish back with a strong bow and crossbow. Qin Shihuang completely agreed to help him cross the east again. So, Chuifu never came back, and he became king in the "land of Guangping Plain" in the East, and never came back to me again. According to textual research, Xu Fu is not a legendary figure, 1982, and his hometown is Xu Fu Village in the suburb of Lianyungang, Jiangsu Province today. The legendary fairy island is not all illusory. There are no fairies, but there is an island. According to Japanese records, what Xu Fu said is the three islands of Honshu, Shikoku and Kyushu in Japan.

Taishan closed his eyes and meditated.

In 2 19 BC, Qin Shihuang led 70 civil and military ministers and Confucian scholars to hold amenorrhea ceremony in Taishan. Closed Zen is a ritual for ancient rulers to sacrifice heaven and earth. The so-called "sealing" refers to building an earthen altar to worship heaven. The so-called "Zen" refers to offering sacrifices to the land, that is, offering sacrifices to the land on the flat hills under Mount Tai. Since this activity has not been held for a long time, ministers don't know how to conduct the ceremony, so Qin Shihuang called Confucian scholars to ask. Confucian scholars have different opinions. Qin Shihuang found it difficult to implement, so he shut out the Confucian scholars, opened a driveway according to his own ideas, erected a monument on Mount Tai, and held a meditation ceremony. Later, he went to the nearby Fuliangshan to attend a meditation ceremony.

Submerged dune

In the thirty-seventh year of Qin Shihuang (2 10 BC), Qin Shihuang, known as the "emperor of the ages", died on his fifth eastward tour. Perhaps Qin Shihuang is destined to be a controversial figure in history, and his death, like his life experience and his great talent, has also aroused controversy among future generations. At present, there are two completely different views in the history circle. One is that he died of disease, and the other is that he died of unnatural death. Xingtai Guangzong Dune Platform

People who hold the first view think that there are many records about the death of Qin Shihuang in Historical Records, which can be found in Biography of Qin Shihuang, Biography of Li Si and Biography of Meng Tian. The cause of death is clear and beyond doubt. In 2 18 BC, Qin Shihuang was assassinated while touring the east, and an auxiliary car behind him was smashed to pieces by the assassin with a heavy hammer. Subsequently, the meteorite engraved with "the first emperor died and divided the land" and the "immortal" with the words "Zulong died this year" were discovered. Qin Shihuang was superstitious, which made him feel uneasy. In order to take refuge from disasters and find the elixir of life, Qin Shihuang listened to the fortune teller's advice and prepared for the fifth cruise. However, due to fatigue all the way, Qin Shihuang fell ill when he arrived in the plain of Tianjin (now near the Shandong Plain). Zhao Gao was ordered to write a suicide note to Fu Su, the eldest son of Qin Shihuang who was ordered to supervise the army Hetao: "I will be buried with Xianyang." Before the letter was sent, Qin Shihuang died in Dune Palace (now near Guangzong, Xingtai City, Hebei Province). Some scholars believe that Qin Shihuang was ill since childhood, so his constitution was weak. He is willful and has to decide everything by himself; Reading 120 Jin file every day is extremely hard work; The high temperature in July during the cruise, coupled with the above factors, prompted him to fall ill and die on the way. As for what disease he died of, some people think that he died of epilepsy. Seizures are generally divided into four periods: dizziness, stomach upset, sudden loss of consciousness, diaphragm spasm, blue complexion, dilated pupils, apnea, muscle twitching all over the body, foaming at the mouth, and waking up in the last few minutes. According to Records of the Historical Records of the First Qin Emperor, Guo Moruo said, "The king of Qin is a bee, with long eyes, a raptor is false, a jackal sounds, and a little kindness is Tigerheart ..." It is speculated that Qin Shihuang suffered from rickets when he was young and often suffered from bronchitis, so when he grew up, his chest was like a raptor and his voice sounded like a jackal. Later, due to heavy government affairs, Qin Shihuang had a seizure when crossing the Yellow River, and the back of his head hit the bronze ice guide, which aggravated the condition of meningitis and made people unconscious. When they arrived at the dunes the next day, Zhao Gao and Reese found that Qin Shihuang had been dead for a long time. Those who hold the second view read several history books about the death of Qin Shihuang carefully and found some suspicious things. The entourage of this trip mainly includes Zhao Gao, Reese, Hu Hai and Meng Yi. Meng Zhen was Meng Tian's younger brother and Fu Su's confidant, but Qin Shihuang was seriously ill on the way and Meng Zhen was sent back to the border. Judging from the sudden personnel changes, this seems to be the plan of Zhao Gao and others. Because Meng Tian led the troops with 300 thousand soldiers stationed in Shang Jun with Fuxi, Meng Yi was sent away from Qin Shihuang, removing Fuxi's eyes and ears; In addition, Zhao Gao was convicted by Meng Qian and sentenced to death. Later, due to the pardon of Qin Shihuang, Zhao Gaocai was restored to his official position. Zhao Gao hated Meng Zhi's guts and vowed to destroy the Montessori family. Zhao Gao sent Meng Zhi away when Qin Shihuang was seriously ill, which also cleared a stumbling block for the implementation of his later strategy. After the death of Qin Shihuang, Zhao Gao threatened Reese by persuading Hu Hai. After some intrigue, the three men issued letters by impersonating Qin Shihuang, and Hu Hai succeeded to the throne. At the same time, in the name of Qin Shihuang, Fu Su was accused of being unfilial to his son, and Meng Tian was unfaithful to the minister, telling them to commit suicide and not to disobey. After getting the exact news of Fu Su's suicide, Hu Hai, Zhao Gao and Reese ordered the motorcade to travel day and night and quickly return to Xianyang. In order to continue to deceive the subjects, the team did not dare to take shortcuts back to Xianyang, but assumed the posture of continuing to patrol and detoured back to Xianyang. Due to the high temperature in summer, Qin Shihuang's body has rotted and stinked. In order to hide people's eyes and ears, Hu Hai and his party bought many fish and put them in the car to confuse everyone. After arriving in Xianyang, Hu Hai succeeded Qin Ershi and Zhao Gao, and Reese remained the prime minister, but the imperial power actually fell to Zhao Gao. After Zhao Gao succeeded in his plot, he began to kill people around him. He set a trap and cornered Reese. When Reese discovered Zhao Gao's plot, he wrote to report Zhao Gao. Qin Ershi and Hu Hai not only sided with Zhao Gao, but also convicted Lisi, and finally beheaded Lisi in Xianyang. Zhao Gao was promoted to prime minister. Because he can go in and out of the palace, he is called "Prime Minister". Zhao Gao's ultimate goal is to be emperor, but he can't dominate the living Qin Shihuang. Qin Shihuang was seriously ill on his fifth patrol, which was a godsend for him. After the death of Qin Shihuang, he was able to falsely pass on the testamentary edict and implement his own strategy step by step. Whether Qin Shihuang died of illness or was killed is still inconclusive. If he was killed, how did Zhao Gao kill Qin Shihuang?

Major achievements

Qin Shihuang made many unprecedented achievements in unifying China, and listed several influential issues as follows: 1. Unify the written language, making it the foundation of a nation and continuing to this day; 4. Abandoning the enfeoffment system and establishing counties and counties became the standard management mode after the reunification of China, which lasted for thousands of years; 13. unifying currency and weights and measures will greatly promote domestic business exchanges. 4. The cars are on the same track and the roads are at the same distance. The construction of Qin Zhi Road greatly facilitates domestic traffic; 5. Burn the history books of the six countries, unify thoughts objectively, and avoid splitting the country due to historical problems; However, copies of ancient books destroyed in various countries were preserved, and the subsequent destruction was because Xiang Yu set fire to Qin Dou; 6. The construction of Lingqu strengthens the control over the Pearl River Basin, making this area the territory of China forever; 7. Building the Great Wall, an important line of defense against the invasion of the northern Hu people, has long been a national border; 8. Expedite to South Vietnam and bring Fujian, Zhejiang and Guangdong into Chinese territory. 9. Attack the Huns in the north and recapture the Hetao area, making this area the territory of China forever. So far, the basic pattern of China's unified multi-ethnic centralized state has been established.

Historical evaluation

He was the founder of the emperor's honorific title, and also the founder of the emperor system in China, which made China enter the era of centralized monarchy of Han nationality. He also made China achieve political unification for the first time, forming a situation of "cars on the same track, books in the same language", which laid the foundation for the later dynasties to seek reunification. But since ancient times, Qin Shihuang has always been a controversial figure.