Common sense of ancient ceramics

The five famous kilns "Ding Kiln, Ru Kiln, Guan Kiln, Ge Kiln and Jun Kiln" Ding Kiln is one of the "Five Famous Kilns" in Song Dynasty, and it is a kind of folk kiln.

Founded in the Tang Dynasty, it flourished in the Northern Song Dynasty and finally reached the Yuan Dynasty. It was burned for nearly 700 years. The kiln sites are located in Cijian, Yanchuan and Lingshan villages and towns in Quyang County, Hebei Province, which belonged to Dingzhou in the Tang Dynasty and was called Ding Yao in history.

Ding kiln mainly burns white porcelain, which is delicate, thin and shiny, and the glaze is as smooth as jade. Black glaze and sauce glaze are called "black glaze" and "purple glaze", which are also unique, beautifully made and elegant in shape.

There are all kinds of patterns, such as flowers carved with a knife, embroidery carved with a needle, "bamboo brush pattern" and "tear pattern" made by special effects, and so on. The words "official" and "staff sergeant's bureau" were found in the unearthed Ding kiln porcelain, indicating that some products of Ding kiln were fired for the official and the court.

Jun kilns Jun kilns are divided into official kilns and folk kilns. Guan Jun Kiln is the second official kiln in Song Huizong after Ru Kiln.

Jun kilns are widely distributed in Yuxian County (now Zhou Jun), so they are named Jun kilns. Baguadong Kiln and Jun Kiln in this county are the most famous, firing all kinds of royal porcelain. Jun porcelain was fired twice, the first time was plain firing, glazed after coming out of the kiln, and then fired.

The glaze color of Jun porcelain is unique and ever-changing. Red, blue, cyan, white and purple blend together and look like clouds. Poets in the Song Dynasty once praised it as "the sunset is purple, and the green suddenly turns blue". This is because the ingredients are mixed with copper vapor in the firing process, which is an artistic effect. This is a great invention of porcelain making in China, which is called "kiln change".

Because the glaze layer of Jun porcelain is thick, the glaze naturally flows to fill the gap when it is fired, and after it is out of the kiln, it forms regular flow lines, which are very similar to the traces of earthworm crawling in the soil, so it is called "earthworm walking in the mud". Jun kiln porcelain is mainly aimed at the needs of the "flower stone gang" in the late Northern Song Dynasty, and flowerpots are the best.

Official Kiln The official kiln was built in Bianliang, the capital of Song Huizong during Zhenghe period, and no kiln site has been found so far. Official kilns mainly burn celadon. During the Daguan period, moonlight, pink and green were the most popular glaze colors.

The carcass of official porcelain is thick, azure is slightly pink, and the glaze has big stripes. This is due to the different expansion coefficients of tire and glaze after heating.

Porcelain foot is unglazed, and it is iron black after firing, with thin glaze at the mouth and slight fetal bone, commonly known as "purple iron foot". This is a typical feature of official kiln porcelain in the Northern Song Dynasty.

The porcelain of the official kiln in the Northern Song Dynasty has been handed down from generation to generation, which is very rare and precious. Ge Kiln Ge Kiln is one of the five famous kilns in southern China in Song Dynasty, and the exact kiln site has not been found yet.

Although it is said in history that one kiln will be built in Chuzhou and Longquan County, the kiln built by my brother is called "Ge Kiln" and the kiln built by my brother is called "Di Kiln", also known as Zhang Kiln and Longquan Kiln. Some experts believe that the Geyao porcelain handed down in the palace was actually fired by the official kiln in the Southern Song Dynasty.

The main feature of Ge Kiln is that there are large and small cracks on the glaze, commonly known as "Kai" or "Wu Wen". As small as caviar, it is called "caviar pattern", and the arc-shaped opening is called "crab claw pattern"; The same opening size is called "100 pieces of garbage".

The texture of small stripes is golden yellow, and the texture of large stripes is iron black, so it is called "gold thread and iron thread". Among them, the porcelain imitating the official kiln in the Northern Song Dynasty is black, and there are also "purple mouths and iron feet".

The matrix of Geyao porcelain is thick or thin, and the glaze color is mainly pink, moonlight and beige. Glaze is as bright as skin, which is the top grade. The shapes of utensils are washing, stove, plate and bowl.

Ruyao Ruyao was an official kiln established in Song Huizong at the end of the Northern Song Dynasty, which lasted less than 20 years. The kiln site is in Ruzhou, Henan Province (according to legend, it is in Liang Qing Temple in Baofeng, Henan Province), hence the name.

Ruyao is mainly celadon, and its glaze colors are pink, bean green, egg green and shrimp green. Ruyao porcelain has thin matrix, thick glaze layer, jade texture and extremely thin glaze. Ruyao porcelain was fired separately in Zhi Ding, leaving tiny traces of Zhi Ding at the bottom of the porcelain.

The shape of vessels is mostly modeled after ancient bronzes, with washing, furnace and respect as the mainstay. There are less than 100 works handed down from ancient times in Ruyao, which is very precious.

2. Common sense and pottery collection in Han Dynasty

According to the characteristics of ceramic embryo and glaze color in each period.

Generally speaking, the age and kiln mouth can be seen from the tire quality and glaze color. For example, 4000 years ago, Shang and Zhou celadon, also known as primitive celadon, was a low-level stage of celadon, with grayish white and grayish brown tires and a high degree of porcelain. Its glaze color is blue, and the glaze layer is thin and uneven. This is because glazing was used at that time.

Another example is that the glaze color of the Five Dynasties is azure. According to legend, Chai Shizong of the Zhou Dynasty after five generations said that it was sunny after the rain and said to the official who asked him for the color of imperial enamel, "After the rain, Qingyun broke, so the color will be in the future." Therefore, the glaze of the five dynasties porcelain was designated as azure. This kind of glaze is bright and smooth, thin, with a hint of blue in green.

Another example is the plum green glaze of Longquan kiln in Song Dynasty. This is the best color of Longquan in Song Dynasty, and it is a fine product in green glaze. Its color is comparable to high-grade jade. The glaze layer is thick, the glaze is bright, the degree of vitrification is high, the glaze has no stripes, the quality is jade, and its color is similar to that of "Mei" growing on plum trees.

The glaze of Jiangxi porcelain in Yongle in Ming Dynasty, Xuande in Qing Dynasty and Kangxi in Qing Dynasty has its own characteristics. The white glaze in Yongle period is the most famous, with thick enamel color, moist as fat, pure white as jade, smooth glaze, pure white tire color, delicate tire quality and uneven thickness. For example, under strong light, you can see that the fetal glaze is pink, meat red or shrimp red. This feature is not available in other porcelains.

Although the time of Xuande in Ming Dynasty was close to that of Yongle in Ming Dynasty, the glaze color of porcelain fetus was quite different. The same vessel was thicker in Yongle and thinner in Xuande. During the reign of Xuande, the bottom of large tools was mostly unglazed, and there were often red spots on the exposed tires, commonly known as "flint red spots" and rust spots. The imitation Xuande porcelain of Kangxi and Yongzheng in Qing Dynasty did not have this feature.

During the reign of Emperor Kangxi in Qing Dynasty, the glaze color of porcelain was white, pure, delicate and hard, and the carcass was the heaviest compared with that of other dynasties. In addition, during this period, two kinds of white glazes were often applied to the same object, and powder white glazes were applied to the inside, mouth edge and outsole of the object. The glaze layer was thin, and there was often small glaze shrinkage at the bottom, and the existing blank tire had spiral traces. The body is glazed with green glaze, which is bright and bright, and the combination of fetal glaze is extremely firm. Two kinds of glazes are applied to a vessel, which is the biggest feature of porcelain produced in Kangxi period of Qing Dynasty. It is a reliable basis for us to identify the age and kiln mouth of ancient ceramics by mastering the main characteristics of porcelain tires and colored glazes in various dynasties.

Source: Ai Jia Collection

3. How can we simply judge ancient porcelain?

The essentials of porcelain identification porcelain identification is a new subject. Archaeologists have done a lot of work in the past 40 years, excavated many ancient sites and tombs, and unearthed a large number of ceramics, especially those unearthed in tombs over the years, which provided us with typical specimens and identification samples.

Ceramic identification itself is also a science-ware science. At present, some universities in China offer this course, which provides a scientific basis for ceramic identification.

Based on my own personal experience and 40 years' experience in studying ceramics, I have explored the following five aspects to identify porcelain, namely, the shape, decoration, glaze color, style and firing method of porcelain. These five aspects complement each other and cannot be neglected. It will be wrong to emphasize one aspect while ignoring others.

When the five aspects are added together, the coefficient of judging the age and origin of porcelain is relatively large. Here are five specific questions.

Modeling and ornamentation are closely related, and ornamentation is the key to identify porcelain. Grasping these two aspects, the recognition coefficient can reach 85%. Generally speaking, embryo, glaze, color, style and firing method only account for a small proportion, except for some artifacts in a certain period. (1) From the excavation of tombs, we can see the modeling and decorative features of porcelain in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. Since the appearance of porcelain in the Han Dynasty, celadon gradually replaced bronzes and lacquerware in the Six Dynasties.

Bronzes and lacquerware are the main objects unearthed from Han tombs in many provinces of Chinese mainland, while celadon is the most of the objects unearthed from tombs of the Six Dynasties in the south of the Yangtze River. It shows that celadon has become the main appliance of people's daily life at that time.

The porcelain unearthed in this period is closely related to the ceramics and bronzes of the Han Dynasty. The Western Jin Dynasty was glazed with green glaze, with printed patterns on the abdomen and the first rings on both sides, which had obvious characteristics of the Han Dynasty.

This kind of blue glaze has been unearthed in large quantities. The green glazed three-legged statue is also decorated with printed patterns, and there are three bear feet under it. Both sides are animal designs, and the other two sides are human heads. Shapes and patterns also have the characteristics of the Han Dynasty.

There are bronze and pottery urns unearthed in Han tombs, which are characterized by flat bottom. The celadon beech in the Western Jin Dynasty has a heavy carcass and a hollow bottom, which is convenient to use.

The barn in the Western Jin Dynasty has a main pot in the center of the upper part and four small pots around it. It is a slight change on the basis of inheriting the shape of five-link pots and five-tube bottles in the Eastern Han Dynasty. There are Buddha statues, birds and beasts embossed on it, and a pot below. The barn is a true portrayal of the tomb owner's manor before his death, and it also shows that he hopes to live a rich life with sufficient food as before.

The granaries in the south of the Yangtze River are slightly larger than those in the tombs of Wu and Western Jin Dynasties. Those with the word "Lin" are rice containers, and those with lines in the north are called warehouses. Nothing, there were many beams in the Han Dynasty, and this tradition was still preserved in the Western Jin Dynasty, with the mouth facing up and the arm touching the ground. This vertical burning method was also used for nothing in the Eastern Jin Dynasty.

Most of the round things are burnt. Tigers usually carve flying wings.

In the Western Jin Dynasty, there were two rat-shaped systems on the shoulders, which were rare in this period. From the above objects, we can see the types and decorative characteristics of porcelain in the Western Jin Dynasty.

The shapes are mostly taken from bronzes and pottery in the Han dynasty, and the shapes of pots and pans are short and fat. Decorations are also borrowed from bronzes, not just pots, cans, washing, bowls and other utensils. The shoulders and abdomen are decorated with ribbon prints, with the first circle and animal patterns in the middle.

The types of porcelain in the Eastern Jin Dynasty are similar to those in the Western Jin Dynasty. The obvious change in modeling is that the porcelain is thin and tall, and the shoulder system is mostly bridge-shaped, so it is called bridge-shaped. The decoration is mainly light elements, and a small number of utensils have brown spots on the mouth edge, shoulders and abdomen, animal eyes and other parts, which forms the decorative characteristics of utensils in this period.

From the evolution of the most representative chicken-headed pot (can), we can see the characteristics of porcelain modeling and decoration in various periods. The head of a chicken vat in the Western Jin Dynasty has a double tie on the shoulder, and the head and tail of the chicken are decorated between the double ties.

In the early Western Jin Dynasty, the largest belly diameter of the pot was in the middle, and then the center of gravity moved up. The largest belly diameter is on the shoulder, and the belly diameter is roughly the same as the height of the pot, so it gives people the feeling of being short and fat. In the Eastern Jin Dynasty, there was a long bridge-shaped mouth at the head of the chicken tank, and some pots had brown spots along the mouth. The head of a chicken has a neck about an inch, and the tail of a chicken has evolved into a pot handle. The height of the pot is obviously larger than the diameter of the belly, so it gives people the feeling of a seedling. In addition to the blue glaze, there is also a black glazed chicken head pot.

Black glaze appeared in the Han Dynasty and continued to be fired in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. At present, only two kilns in Yuhang and Deqing, Zhejiang Province are found to burn black glaze, and both kilns also burn blue glaze. In the Southern Dynasties, the body of the chicken-headed pot was longer, the handle of the pot developed upward, and the double-line lotus petal pattern appeared on the decoration.

The appearance of lotus petal pattern is related to the introduction of Buddhism in the Eastern Han Dynasty. Other utensils in this period, such as plates, bowls and cans, were also decorated with lotus petals, which formed the decorative characteristics of this period.

In the Eastern Jin Dynasty, there were sheep head pots in addition to chicken head pots, the number of which was less than that of chicken head pots, but the number unearthed at present is gradually increasing. Aromatherapy, many tombs unearthed in the Jin Dynasty, the shape of the Western Jin Dynasty inherited the characteristics of the Han Dynasty, the sphere was perforated, and there were three feet between the sphere and the bearing plate.

In the Eastern Jin Dynasty, pillars were used to connect the sphere and the bearing plate. (2) The modeling and decorative features of porcelain in Sui, Tang and Five Dynasties. Sui Qing glazed four-series pot is 35 cm high, with a pan, a long neck, a long belly and a flat bottom.

There are four double lines on the shoulder, with four layers of printing decoration on the neck, shoulder, line and abdomen. The printing is a group flower and leaf pattern composed of fan-shaped petals. This is the decorative feature of porcelain in Sui Dynasty.

Glazing the abdomen, exposing the lower half, is the general rule of glazing in celadon of the sui dynasty. The products of Xiangyin kiln, Huainan kiln and Anyang kiln are mostly decorated with printing.

Common flowers, grass leaves, lotus petals and geometric patterns are mostly independent flowers and leaves, and continuous patterns are rare. A large number of porcelain kilns with blue glaze in Sui Dynasty were fired, which was the representative shape of Sui Dynasty.

Sui celadon glazed four-series jar is semi-glazed, with four double-strip series on the shoulder, which is higher than the jar mouth, which is the modeling feature of Sui Dynasty utensils. Sui white glazed dragon handle double bottle is the representative of northern white porcelain.

The two bottles are connected, with the dragon as the handle, the dragon opens its mouth, and the two hold the bottle mouth, which is vivid in shape. The tire color of this bottle is white, the texture is hard, the glaze is not applied, and the glaze layer is thin and slightly yellow.

Since the appearance of long-necked bottles in the Northern Dynasties and the Northern Qi Dynasty, the bottle types were more abundant in the Sui Dynasty, and they were fired in all subsequent dynasties with different shapes. The characteristic of the black spot pot with green glaze in Tang Dynasty is that there are rings on the pot body.

Black and brown spot decoration appeared in the late Western Jin Dynasty, prevailed in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, and was also used in the Tang Dynasty, but the number was small. In Yue Qian's tomb, two large artifacts, such as incense burners, were unearthed. The top and cover are hollowed out, and the whole body is painted with brown clouds, which appeared in the late Tang Dynasty.

Zhejiang green glaze pot, short process, flat bottom, double handle. 45-degree inclined wall green glazed jade bowl.

4. Common sense of historical relics

A vessel made of clay is called pottery, and a vessel made of porcelain is called porcelain.

Ceramics is a general term for pottery and porcelain. Pottery has gaps, but porcelain has high density and high water absorption.

One more thing, porcelain is transparent, but pottery is not. Density can be judged by tapping, and transparency can be observed visually.

Generally speaking, the specific definition of porcelain must meet the following requirements: 1. The tire material of porcelain must be porcelain clay. The composition of porcelain clay is mainly kaolin, but also feldspar, quartzite and mullite. Low iron content.

After high temperature firing, the tire is white, transparent or translucent; The water absorption of the matrix is less than 1, or it does not absorb water. 2. The matrix of porcelain must be baked at 1200℃- 1300℃ to have the physical properties of porcelain.

3. The glaze applied on the surface of porcelain must be vitreous glaze fired with porcelain at high temperature. 4. After the porcelain is fired, the matrix must be hard and firm, and the structure is dense, so as to make a crisp and pleasant metallic sound.

Pottery English is Pottery English is ceramics English is chinaware (note that the letter C is lowercase) Pottery and porcelain products are ceramics.

5. Common sense of ceramics

Ceramics are made of kaolin, and there are many manufacturing processes. There are many characteristics of ceramics, such as clay strip rolling, clay board forming, blank drawing machine and so on. Different producing areas have different characteristics. Fujian Dehua has the reputation of China White, and Jingdezhen ceramics have four characteristics: white as jade, bright as a mirror, as thin as paper, and as loud as stone.

When you say personification, you don't mean personification. You don't want to personify people for the sake of personification. You should know more about this website. The earliest pottery was used in China for about ten thousand years. Porcelain is probably from the Han Dynasty, probably from the Eastern Han Dynasty, 1800 years ago. The earliest porcelain is celadon, and the emergence and popularity of celadon is closely related to the cultural spirit of "jade" in China, and jade is valued. Ceramics is an important part of China culture and a reflection of China culture.

The production and decoration of ceramics reflect China's poems, words, characters, paintings and sculptures. Ceramics in different periods in history reflect the aesthetics of historical ancestors in different periods.

China's ceramics and tea culture are inseparable. Song Yingxing, a scientist in the Ming Dynasty, recorded in "Heavenly Creations" that I have experienced traditional porcelain making, and there are 72 processes from taking mud to finished products.

There's too much to say. If you want to write a good article, you should know more and have your own understanding and feelings in order to write a good article.

I hope my answer is helpful to you.

6. Traditional cultural knowledge, ceramic history

Ceramics is a general term for pottery and porcelain.

China people invented pottery as early as about 8000-2000 BC (Neolithic Age). Ceramic materials are mainly oxides, nitrides, borides and carbides.

Common ceramic materials are clay, alumina, kaolin and so on. Ceramic materials generally have high hardness, but poor plasticity.

Besides the use of utensils and decorations, it also plays an important role in the development of science and technology. Ceramic raw materials are the earth's original resources, clay, which is quenched.

Clay is tough, plastic when it meets water at room temperature, slightly dry and grindable; Fired to 700 degrees, pottery can hold water; It will be porcelain when it is burned to 1230 degrees, and it will not absorb water at all, and it is resistant to high temperature and corrosion. In today's culture and technology, its flexibility of use still has various creative applications.

7. Stories, knowledge and historical events related to porcelain.

China is the first country to invent porcelain in the world, which has written a glorious page for human history.

The invention of porcelain can be called "the fifth great invention" in China. Its achievements in technology and art have spread to all countries in the world, and have deeply influenced the development of its ceramics and culture, winning the reputation of "the country of porcelain" for China. China is the hometown of porcelain, and the invention of porcelain is a great contribution of the Chinese nation to world civilization. In English, the word "China" also means "China".

China's early porcelain appeared in the middle of Shang Dynasty in BC16th century. It is generally called "primitive porcelain" because it is still rough in the firing process of the carcass and glaze layer, and the firing temperature is also low, showing originality and transition.

The invention of "porcelain" began in the Han Dynasty and gradually matured in the Tang and Five Dynasties. In Song Dynasty, porcelain industry flourished, including Ding Kiln, Ru Kiln, Official Kiln, Ge Kiln and Equality Kiln. The name is eternal; New products such as blue-and-white and underglaze red appeared in the Yuan Dynasty. The Ming Dynasty inherited and developed the tradition of Song porcelain and advocated morality.

Chenghua kiln products are particularly prominent; The style of Qing dynasty is quaint and simple, slightly inferior to before, but superior to exquisite, gorgeous and wonderful. The artifacts of Kangxi, Yongzheng and Qianlong are outstanding and amazing. Porcelain was born out of pottery, and its invention was gradually explored by the ancient ancestors of China in the experience of firing white pottery and printing hard pottery.

To fire porcelain, three conditions must be met at the same time: first, the raw materials for porcelain making must be porcelain stone, porcelain clay or kaolin rich in minerals such as timely and sericite; Second, the firing temperature must be above 1200℃; Thirdly, the glazed surface fired at high temperature is applied to the surface of the device. As the product of the transition from pottery to porcelain, primitive porcelain has the characteristics of compact embryo, durability, easy cleaning and gorgeous appearance, so it has broad development prospects.

The continuous improvement of firing technology and output of primitive porcelain has laid a foundation for porcelain to gradually replace pottery as the main vessel in China people's daily life. China porcelain evolved from pottery, and the original porcelain originated more than 3000 years ago.

In the Song Dynasty, famous kilns were spread all over most of China, which was the most prosperous period of porcelain industry. At that time, Jun Kiln, Ge Kiln, Guan Kiln, Ru Kiln and Ding Kiln were called five famous kilns.

Blue-and-white porcelain produced in Jingdezhen, Jiangxi Province, which is known as the porcelain capital, has become the representative of porcelain. Blue-and-white porcelain enamel is as transparent as water, the tire is thin and light, and white porcelain is painted with blue patterns, which is elegant, fresh and full of vitality.

Once blue and white porcelain appeared, it was all the rage and became the crown of Jingdezhen's traditional famous porcelain. Blue-and-white porcelain * * is also called the four famous porcelain, including blue-and-white exquisite porcelain, pastel porcelain and glazed porcelain.

In addition, there are porcelain carvings, thin-walled porcelain and multicolored fetal porcelain, all of which are exquisite and unique. Colored porcelain is one of the great inventions in ancient China. "Porcelain" and "China" are the same word in English, which fully shows that China's exquisite porcelain can be regarded as the representative of China.

The real porcelain in China was produced in the Eastern Han Dynasty (AD 25-220). During this period, on the basis of the development of the production technology of the previous generation of pottery and primitive porcelain, and the prevalence of northerners' southward migration and reburial in the Eastern Han Dynasty, the area centered on Shangyu, Zhejiang Province in eastern China became the birthplace of China porcelain with its unique strip shape.

This four-series pot with blue glaze and water ripple unearthed in Mianguan Town, Shangyu County, Zhejiang Province shows us the initial development of porcelain firing technology. The production technology and artistic creation of porcelain in Tang dynasty have reached a very high mature level; In the Song Dynasty, the porcelain industry flourished and famous kilns emerged. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, from blank making, decoration, glazing to firing, the technology surpassed that of the previous generation.

China's ceramic industry is still thriving, with high quality and beautiful appearance. Among them, the famous ceramic producing areas are Jingdezhen in Jiangxi, Liling in Hunan, Shiwan in Guangdong, Fengxi, Yixing in Jiangsu, Tangshan in Hebei, Handan and Zibo in Shandong. There are many kinds of colored porcelain in Qing dynasty, except blue and white, underglaze red and so on, which can be divided into underglaze color and underglaze mixed color.

The glaze color is first fired into white glazed porcelain, coated on the white glaze, and then fired at low temperature in the color furnace for the second time. Glaze is rich in color, pastel and enamel are glaze colors. First, the underglaze and underglaze colors are mixed and fired into underglaze colors (that is, the pattern is directly painted on the porcelain tire, and the transparent glaze is fired at high temperature, mainly blue and white), and then the underglaze colors are painted on appropriate parts, and then the second low-temperature firing is carried out.

Blue and white alum red, bucket color and blue and white multicolor all belong to underglaze mixed color. Finally, the blue-white class is formed; Colored glazed porcelain; Three series of colored porcelain.

It is universally acknowledged that porcelain was invented by China. The invention of porcelain is based on the continuous development and perfection of pottery technology.

White pottery in Shang Dynasty took porcelain clay (kaolin) as raw material, and the firing temperature was above 1000℃, which was the basis for the appearance of original porcelain. The successful firing of white pottery played a very important role in the transition from pottery to porcelain.

The "green glaze ware" found in Shang Dynasty and Western Zhou Dynasty sites obviously has the basic characteristics of porcelain. Their texture is thinner and harder than pottery, and their tires are mostly gray. The sintering temperature is as high as1100-1200 c, and the fetal quality is basically sintered, with weak water absorption. Coat the surface of the device with a layer of lime glaze.

But they are not exactly the same as porcelain. It is called "primitive porcelain" or "primitive celadon".

After the appearance of Shang Dynasty, primitive porcelain experienced changes and development during the period of 1600- 1700 years, from immaturity to maturity. From the unearthed cultural relics, the porcelains made in the Eastern Han Dynasty to the Wei and Jin Dynasties are mostly celadon.

These celadons are finely processed, hard and non-absorbent, and the surface is coated with a layer of cyan glass glaze. This high-level porcelain-making technology marks that China porcelain production has entered a new era.

China's white glazed porcelain sprouted in the Southern and Northern Dynasties and reached a mature stage in the Sui Dynasty. There were new developments in the Tang Dynasty.

The firing temperature of porcelain reaches 1200℃, and the whiteness of porcelain reaches over 70%, which is close to the modern fine porcelain standard. This achievement laid the foundation for the development of underglaze and overglaze porcelain.

In Song Dynasty, the embryo quality, glaze color and manufacturing technology of porcelain were improved, and the firing technology of porcelain reached a fully mature level. Technically, there is a clear division of labor, which is an important stage in the development of China porcelain.

There were many famous kilns in Song Dynasty, including Yaozhou Kiln, Cizhou Kiln, Jingdezhen Kiln and Longquan Kiln.

8. Common sense of ceramics

Ceramics are made of kaolin,

There are many production processes, such as mud strip rolling, mud board forming and billet drawing machine making.

There are many characteristics of ceramics, and different producing areas have different characteristics. Fujian Dehua has the reputation of China White, and Jingdezhen ceramics have four characteristics: white as jade, bright as a mirror, thin as paper, and full of sound.

When you say personification, you don't want personification. You don't want to personify it for personification's sake. You should know more about this website.

The earliest pottery was used in China for about 10,000 years, and porcelain was in the Han Dynasty, probably the Eastern Han Dynasty, about 1800 years ago. The earliest porcelain is celadon, and the emergence and prevalence of celadon can not be separated from the cultural spirit of "jade" in China, and from the restrained and implicit golden mean culture in China. Ceramics is an important part of China culture and a reflection of China culture. The production and decoration of ceramics reflect China's poems, words, characters, paintings and sculptures. Ceramics in different periods in history reflect the aesthetics of historical ancestors in different periods. China's ceramics and tea culture are inseparable. Song Yingxing, a scientist in the Ming Dynasty, recorded in "Heavenly Creations" that I have experienced traditional porcelain making, and there are 72 processes from taking mud to finished products. There's too much to say. If you want to write a good article, you should know more and have your own understanding and feelings in order to write a good article. I hope my answer is helpful to you.