What are the basic elements of photographic light?

We're out of photography. Can someone tell me about running out of photography?

Photography is used up, and the title is too big for a few books.

Send several chapters on "photography skills"-knowledge of photography light 1. Understand the characteristics of light. Every art form has its own unique expression. The photographer's means of expression is light. Without light, they are as accomplished as sculptors without clay or painters without pigments.

Although in the development of 150 years, photography has always followed painting, literature and other art forms to form its own different schools and styles, especially in the past 50 years, futuristic photography, absurd photography, editing photography, stereo mud photography and so on can all find similarities with sister art in form, but they are still different after all. One of the reasons is that photographers give full play to the unique modeling means of photography-the language of light.

Through light, they form their own modeling methods and decide the expression intention of the picture; Through light, it is not only different from other sister arts, but also produces its own artistic style among photographers. Creative photographers often say that understanding light is the most important part of a photographer's artistic talent. There are many different forms of light itself, and photographers can choose the most suitable form to achieve special purposes.

The forms of these lights can be controlled, and they can be used to clearly express the characteristics, concepts and emotions of specific subjects in photos. Before making full use of the great potential of light, photographers must analyze light, understand its various characteristics, and be familiar with its various functions and uses.

American photographer A. Farninger pointed out that for photographers, light has three main attributes: intensity, quality and color. The first is strength.

The intensity of light can be from bright to dark, which is suitable for any light source. For example, in cloudless weather, the sunshine at noon is very strong, and in windy and dusty weather, the light is dim.

There is no light at night. The intensity of the artificial light source varies with the wattage of the lamp.

Farninger believes that bright light gives people a dazzling, bright and serious feeling, while dim light often shows melancholy, tranquility and implicit feelings. This difference in light intensity will be manifested in three different ways in photos: the brightness of the subject, the contrast range of the subject, and the color restoration of the subject in color photos.

When the illumination intensity is very high, the object appears brighter, more vivid and has greater contrast, and the color appears more vivid than in the light with low illumination intensity. If a photographer is good at grasping and cherishing this different change of the subject, he can better highlight the characteristics of a specific subject with appropriate intensity of light.

It is important that this characteristic of lighting should be shown in photos. Some photographers often think that very bright light will make the subject look too dazzling, the strong light part is too bright and the shadow part is too dark, so they artificially reduce this contrast and take relatively low-contrast photos, resulting in a complete lack of typical features under special lighting conditions.

For example, the scene of tapping in an open hearth furnace, the hot molten steel is bright and dazzling, so that you can't see anything except black and white. Farninger believes that at this time, as some people do, using very strong auxiliary light to soften and reduce the contrast will completely destroy the dramatic effect of this scene.

When a sensitive photographer encounters this subject, he will completely abandon all the rules and regulations he has learned about using light, and only consider how to show the impression of hot and dazzling molten steel: by emphasizing the characteristics of lighting, strengthening contrast, and using silhouette and halo effect, he will try his best to capture this vivid scene. The second characteristic of light is its different quality.

The light can be direct light emitted by a thermal light source, such as sunlight not blocked by clouds, direct artificial light emitted by spotlights, photographic lamps and flashlights; Or scattered light reflected by the surface of the irradiated object, such as sunlight on foggy or cloudy days, artificial light reflected by the surface of walls, ceilings or other objects that reflect light; Or add scattered light formed by soft light in front of the thermal light source. Direct light is intense and dazzling, with great contrast, which can cause clear and prominent shadows.

The scattered light formed by reflection is soft and the contrast is small, which will cause gray, fuzzy shadows or no shadows at all. Of course, there are countless transitional stages between the two.

Practice shows that the shadow caused by direct light can change with the position between the light source and the subject, or between the photographer and the light source. This bright shadow can strengthen or weaken the characteristics of the subject because of its shape, style and the size of the part it occupies.

Reflected light can show the shape of the object and reproduce its original appearance naturally, but it has little to do with the relative position of the object and the light source. Therefore, Farninger pointed out that direct light is more difficult to use successfully than scattered light, because improper use will make the result worse.

But if used properly, it will make photographers take photos with strong contrast and bright black and white patterns, which is far better than the effect obtained by scattered light. The third property of light proposed by Farninger is color.

He pointed out that those color photographers who are committed to color reproduction must make it clear that the color of illumination (its color temperature) should be consistent with the color temperature required by color film. For example, the light in the morning and evening is not suitable for solar film, and the photos taken with this film are yellower or redder than the scenery seen by the eyes.

In addition, sunlight in outdoor shadows is usually a little blue. American photographer Arthur Goldsmith believes that light has two characteristics: objectivity and subjectivity.

It is necessary for photographers to take care of both. The so-called objective light refers to a narrow band in the electromagnetic spectrum, which enables us to see and record images.

However, Goldsmith pointed out that it is also important to make good use of subjective light as a creative factor in photography while accurately measuring this light for correct exposure.

Subjective light is light that allows us to respond to feelings. Nowadays, with the gradual precision of photographic equipment, exposure control-the control of objective luminous flux-has become an inherent automatic process.

However, light, as a subjective component in photography, has nothing to do with today's complex exposure control system. It mainly involves characters and extremely rich subjects, which is very important for any serious photographer.

What are the five kinds of light used in photography?

Direct light can be divided into three types in application: smooth light, photometric light and backlight. Among them,

1) smooth. Also known as "frontal light", it refers to the light with the same projection direction and shooting direction. In this light, the subject receives light evenly, the scenery has no shadow, and the color is saturated, which can show rich color effects. However, the scenery lacks contrast between light and shade, and there is no sense of hierarchy and three-dimensional sense. Personally, I don't like to use this kind of lamp. The photos look straightforward and lifeless.

2) Side lights. Refers to the light whose projection direction forms an angle of more than 0 degrees and less than 90 degrees with the shooting direction. The object under side light has good contrast between light and shade, strong stereoscopic impression, good color reproduction and rich light and shade levels. The side light of 45 degrees is the best, because it conforms to people's visual habits and is one of the most commonly used light levels.

3) Backlight. Also known as backlight, the light is opposite to the shooting direction, which can outline the brightness outline of the subject, also known as sidelight. The scenery under the backlight has distinct layers, prominent lines and vivid pictures, and the photos taken have a strong sense of three-dimensional and space. Therefore, backlight is most suitable for dark scenes under dark background and is an ideal light. We often use it to capture silhouettes, and the effect is good.

In fact, there are two other kinds of direct light at noon and early morning or dusk:

(4) dome light. This means that the light comes from above the subject. Under the top light, the horizontal illumination of the scene is greater than the vertical illumination, and there is no intermediate level, which makes the scene and characters look lifeless and is an unsatisfactory light. However, it is very expressive for the dark circles, prominent cheekbones and wrinkles carved by knives of special figures such as the elderly and old peasant women.

(5) weak light. Refers to the sun rays that have just risen or will fall from the ground, mainly from morning and evening. The scenery taken in weak light is very lively, and this kind of light has a low color temperature and a warm red tone, which has a special color effect and is an ideal light.

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What are the six elements of light used in photography?

The six basic factors of photographic light are 1. Photometric luminosity is the general name of luminous intensity of light source, illuminance of light on object surface and brightness of object surface (luminous intensity and irradiation distance of light source affect illuminance; Light intensity and surface color affect brightness).

In photography, luminosity is directly related to exposure. In terms of composition, exposure is closely related to the reproduction effect of hue or color.

Rich hue and accurate color reproduction are based on accurate exposure. Conscious overexposure and underexposure should also be based on accurate exposure.

Therefore, mastering the basic skills of luminosity and accurate exposure can actively control the tone, color and contrast effect of the subject. 2. Light level refers to the position of the light source relative to the object being photographed, that is, the direction and angle of the light.

The same object has different light and shade modeling effects under different light levels. The light levels in photography can be ever-changing, but they can be summarized into seven types: front light, front light, side light, back light, back light, top light and foot light.

(1) Front light: The light comes from the front of the subject and is called "flat light, flat light and advanced flat light" according to different angles. The subject illuminated by frontal light makes people feel bright, but the stereoscopic impression is poor, and there is no change in light and shade. When shooting in front light, exposure latitude is larger.

In lighting portraits, the front light is often used as the auxiliary light. (2) Front side lamp: refers to the 45-degree front side lamp.

This is the most commonly used light level, and the scenery illuminated by the front light is full of vitality and three-dimensional sense. In light portraits, the front light is often the main light, which is generally located on the other side of the face. The right light is the left face and the left light is the right face.

(3) Side light: Also known as 90-degree side light, under the side light, the subject has a yin-yang effect, which is a dramatic main light position in portrait photography and can highlight the strong contrast between light and dark. (4) Backlight: The light, also called "side backlight", comes from the back of the subject, which can make one side of the subject produce outline lines and separate the subject from the background, thus enhancing the three-dimensional sense and space sense of the picture.

(5) Backlight: Also called "Backlight", the light comes from the right rear of the subject. Backlight can make the subject produce vivid outline lines and separate the subject from the background, thus giving the picture a three-dimensional sense and a sense of space. It is very important to make the picture have a dark background, otherwise the outline will not be eye-catching.

Backlighting is also beneficial to the expression of animal groups in modeling. (6) Top light: The light comes from directly above the subject. For example, the sunlight at noon and the dome light will make the face of the person being photographed have unpleasant heavy shadows, so it is usually forbidden to shoot portraits.

(7) Footlight: The light comes from below the subject, which is often used as a lighting direction to demonize people. There is no light level of footlights in natural light.

3. Light quality refers to the gathering, scattering, softness and hardness of light. Spotlights are characterized by coming from obvious directions and producing clear and heavy shadows; Astigmatism is characterized by coming from several directions, resulting in soft and unclear shadows. The hardness of light depends on several factors, and a narrow beam is usually harder than a wide beam.

For example, the sun on a sunny day illuminates the subject from an angle with obvious directionality, which is direct hard light; When there is fog in the sky, the sun will spread in a large range and emit light from many angles. This is a kind of soft light. For example, the direct light of electronic flash is a kind of hard light, and the reflected light is a kind of hard light.

Soft light of plants. Hard light can make the subject have a strong contrast between light and shade, which is helpful to the expression of texture; Soft light is good at revealing the shape, shape and color of objects, but not good at expressing texture and details.

Strong light is often more vivid than soft light. 4. Light type Light type refers to the role of various lights in shooting.

(1) Main light: Also known as "shaping light", it refers to the main lighting light used to express scenery, texture and image. (2) Auxiliary light: also called "supplementary light", it is used to improve the brightness of the shadow part produced by the main light, reveal the details of the shadow part and reduce the contrast of the image.

(3) Decorative lights: also known as "decorative lights", refer to the light that is locally strengthened and shaped on the photographed scene, such as cold light, eye light, flare light of craft jewelry, etc. (4) Side light: refers to the light that outlines the object being photographed. Backlight and side backlight are usually used as side light.

(5) Background light: Light shines on the background behind the subject to highlight the subject or beautify the picture. (6) Simulated light: also called "effect light", it is used to simulate the lighting effect of a certain venue and add auxiliary light.

5. Light ratio refers to the difference in light reception between the bright part and the dark part of the subject, usually referring to the difference between the main light and the auxiliary light. The greater the light ratio, the greater the contrast, which is beneficial to show the "hard" effect; The light ratio is small and the contrast is small, which is beneficial to show the "soft" effect.

For example, the elderly often use a large light ratio, and children often use a small light ratio. There are three main ways to adjust the light ratio: adjusting the intensity of main and auxiliary light; Adjust the distance between the main and auxiliary lights and the subject; Fill the dark part with reflector and flash.

6. Light color Light color refers to "the color of light" or "the component of light color". The color of light is usually called "color temperature".

Light and color are very important in expression and technology. The color of light determines the cold and warm feeling of light, which can cause many emotional associations. The significance of light color to composition is mainly manifested in color photography.

How to use up all the light in portrait photography?

1, the best time for outdoor shooting

From sunrise to sunset, not only the position of light changes all the time, but also the intensity of light changes with time. Therefore, the light effect of natural light on the main body of the character will change with the change of the position and intensity of the sun. In view of the diversity of natural light, photographers need to choose the best outdoor shooting time when taking outdoor portrait photography to obtain the most satisfactory portrait effect. Generally speaking, the best shooting time in a day is before 10 am and after 3pm (provided that it is after sunrise and before sunset). At this time, the light of the sun is soft and moderate, which can make the characters present a natural state.

Of course, this time period is set as the best shooting time, which also involves the color temperature. When it comes to photographic light, the relationship between light and color temperature is also a factor that must be considered. In color photography, the color temperature of the light source directly affects the true restoration of the color of the subject. Generally speaking, in a light source with high color temperature, there are more blue light components than red light; In a light source with low color temperature, there are more red light components than blue light. Also during the day, the color temperature of sunlight changes at different time periods. For example, the color temperature of sunlight at sunrise or sunset is relatively low, about 2000~3000K, about 4000~5000K in the morning or afternoon, and about 5500K around noon. Therefore, when choosing the best time for outdoor photography, the overall feeling of the portrait photos taken is easy to produce a warm orange-red tone (the effect is more obvious when shooting sunrise or sunset), thus giving people a warm feeling.

2. How to shoot in strong sunlight

Of course, in addition to the best time to shoot, in travel or other circumstances, due to time constraints, photographers inevitably need to shoot at noon with strong sunshine. At this time, the directness of the light is relatively strong, and the feeling of the light is relatively hard (that is, the hard light that photographers often say), which tends to form a heavy shadow on people's faces. At this time, the photographer can avoid strong sunlight and choose sun umbrellas, shade, high walls, high rocks and so on. , you can block some light for shooting. This can not only avoid the shadow of the face of the character, but also prevent the expression of the subject from being unnatural because of the strong sunshine. 3, cloudy shooting matters needing attention

On cloudy days, outdoor light is very soft scattered light, which can achieve good results when shooting portraits. Of course, you can also use the reflector to further improve the light effect, at the same time increase the light of the eyes and reduce the shadow under the chin, so as to shoot more beautiful people.

But photographers should pay attention to that when shooting with this kind of light, the posture and position of the subject should be arranged reasonably, so that scattered light and reflected light can illuminate the face as much as possible. For example, choose a relatively open site and don't let buildings, trees, etc. Block natural scattered light. Then let the subject rotate, so as to choose an optimal light position.

4. Choose a position near the window.

Indoor, photographers can first consider shooting near the window. Because at the edge of the window, especially the window facing north, there will be very soft scattered light. If there is more dust in the window, the light will be softer. When direct light is projected on the window, the photographer can also draw a thin curtain to ease the intensity of the light. At the position near the window, the subject can sit or stand, but it is necessary to avoid the stereoscopic light and ensure that the subject can get side light (indirect light) from the window. At this time, the soft shadow on the other side of the face will enhance the effect of the photo of the character and make the theme of the character more profound and interesting.

5. Make full use of indoor lighting.

In addition to being close to the window, photographers can also use indoor lighting to shoot. Relatively speaking, indoor light is relatively easy to control.

When dining in western restaurants or other places with good atmosphere, photographers can choose places with very obvious lighting effects. In this place, its light is orange-red, which can give people a very warm feeling. At this time, it will feel very good to take a photo of friends or relatives around you. However, it should be noted that if the light is at the top, it is easy to produce the effect of top light, and many small shadows will appear on the face of the character. At this time, the main body of the character can choose to tilt the head slightly upward to make the face receive light evenly.

In addition to restaurants, photographers can also choose to shoot at their own or friends' homes. Turn on the lights at home (the effect will be better at night), or choose a place with soft and warm light, with the sofa at home or other places with atmosphere as the background, so that the main body of the character can behave more casually in such a comfortable and familiar environment.

How to take pictures in the sun?

Direct sunlight When the sun rises, if there are no clouds in the sky, the color temperature of sunlight will drop, from warm orange light to cold blue light. At this time, the shadow of the object becomes more rigid with the shortening of the length. Direct sunlight is not suitable for photography. There is a great contrast between the light and the shadow. Its brightness range often exceeds the recording range of film, but photographers can still use it. If one part of the scene is illuminated by strong light and the other part is in shadow, the photographer can choose one part to frame the scene carefully, or use the photometric value of the exposure meter to make one part of the image disappear and the rest should be exposed correctly. In addition, you can use its strong contrast to become the theme of the picture. If the sunlight is too strong, it will cause the subject to receive uneven illumination, so that the subject can lie down and take pictures from above or slightly from the side, and the illumination will be even, but the shadow of the camera cannot be left on the picture.

In the case of direct sunlight, it is necessary to measure light with heart, and the metering work at this time is very important. The photographer must decide which part of the image should be exposed correctly so that his image can be reproduced correctly. For example, there is a dark blue sea and a white beach behind the main body. At this time, the exposure meter will be affected by the different colors of the beach and the sea, thus affecting the correct metering. In order to prevent these troubles, it is best to directly measure the light from the subject. However, be careful when measuring light. Both bright and dark parts should be measured. The most common way to shoot the sun is to shoot the sun in the direction of the sun. Let the subject stand between the sun and the camera, and the exposure is based on the background rather than the skin color of the subject, so that a silhouette photo can be taken. This is an easy job, and it will have a good effect. This silhouette image will attract the audience's attention to the silhouette shape. There must be no details in the image range of this photo, otherwise it will destroy the picture. The name backlight photography can generally refer to photography in which all the main lighting sources are behind the theme. Silhouette photos can be said to be a kind of backlight photography. If this technology is used well, it is very suitable for human artistic photography. The theme is that the light source itself will dominate the picture. It is not good to let the light source dominate the picture unless you try the semi-silhouette effect. Photographers should remind themselves that the final result can be controlled by carefully controlling the exposure. First measure the light of the part of the picture that you want to expose correctly, and then set the exposure accordingly. Of course, the light source part will be overexposed. Generally speaking, it doesn't matter if the light source is overexposed For example, turning the sun into a white sphere does not hinder the correct judgment of guessing the exposure of such photos. Many people say that we should try to do it step by step. At least one or two gears should be used for shooting. The principle of exposure is to set as much exposure as possible than that suggested by the exposure meter, because even the best exposure meter can't accurately measure light in this case. Shooting photographers can improve their chances of success.

photoflood lamp

forehead ..

Trajectory, you can't do this. -!

Crocodile light is a kind of up-and-down illumination, which makes the face of the character get soft and uniform illumination, makes the eyes stand out, and produces faint shadows on both sides of the cheek, thus making the character slightly stereoscopic. In the actual Ministry light, the top light is generally strong, which is conducive to depicting the five senses and body of the characters.

The method is to put two fill lights at the same time in the place facing the characters, just like the crocodile's mouth, so it is called crocodile light. Usually the top light is strong and the bottom light is weak.

Butterfly light is a variant of crocodile light, that is, the light source is no longer facing the character, but two light sources form a certain angle with the character, usually 45 degrees, which is also up and down. Like the wings of a butterfly, it is called butterfly light.

Flat light means that the soft light box is flush with the person, facing the person's face. Usually, only one fill light is used, which is generally used to take photos of documents, and it is not commonly used at other times.

In fact, there are countless kinds of studio lamps, because even two lamps can change their angles at will to form countless styles. These kinds of lights are commonly used, so they all have an image name, and others need your own creativity.

What kind of light does the photographic cloth use to be stereoscopic?

1, Forehead Protrusion: When shooting, please bend the subject's chin upward. Or design the hands, hair, etc. of the subject. Cover his forehead.

2. Fat face: When shooting, let the subject half face the camera. Take a frontal portrait and avoid using flat light.

3. Face-lifting type: When shooting, let the subject's face face the camera, the plane is bright and the brightness is low. Don't let the cheekbones or cheeks of the characters stand out in the frame.

4, nose is not correct: when shooting, let the subject face the camera half or side. Face to face shooting

5, high nose: when shooting, let the subject face the camera, flat and soft light.

6, concave nose: When shooting, let the subject face the camera and adopt the front position, which is best to produce highlights on the nose of the character.

7. Baldness: When shooting, let the subject wear a hat or wig, and don't let the customer bend over to face the camera.

8, double chin: whether fat or thin, this is a common phenomenon. When shooting, please stretch the subject's chin forward and lengthen the chin muscles to avoid crowding together. You can also shoot at high altitude.

9. Eyes of different sizes: When there are obviously eyes of different sizes, it can be solved by the stylist sticking fake double eyelids. When taking pictures, customers can also open their eyes wide or turn their eyes to different places. You can also make the subject's small eyes close to the lens and decorate the subject too far with small perspective changes.

10, convex eye: when shooting, you can shoot a frontal portrait and project it on the subject with flat and soft light.

1 1, there are spots on one side of the face: let the marked side of the subject turn his back to the camera or cover it with hair, hands and accessories.

12. Fan your ears: cover them with hair, hands and headgear, so that the ears close to the camera are in the shadow. It is not appropriate to take a positive portrait.

13, cross-eyed: Try not to shoot head-up, let customers turn up and down, left and right, and find the most suitable angle to shoot.

14, stout: Let the subject wear dark clothes and shoot with dark background and props.

15, legs slightly shorter: when shooting, let the subject wear uniform color clothes and shoot low.

16, the arm is too thick: improve by dressing. When taking pictures, keep your arms away from your body. Don't squeeze your arm. Cover your fingers with ornaments to reduce the area occupied by your arms in the picture.

17, abdomen protruding: when shooting, let the client hold out his chest and abdomen, and improve it by gesture or holding flowers.

18, the distance between two people is too big: let the thinner one get close to the camera, block part of the other one or turn the angle to make the fatter one look thinner.

19, the legs are too rented: let the subject wear a long skirt or cover it with props and ornaments.

20. The hand shape is not beautiful: Turn the angle of the hand and choose a beautiful angle to shoot. If there is no ideal angle, you can shoot by wearing gloves and covering with accessories.