The Phonetic System of Jiyuan Dialect

(In Jiyuan dialect, the entering tone is divided into yin entering and yang entering)

Yin-entering words in Jiyuan dialect

Eight, slap, peel, force, suppress, turtle, flat, pen.

C wipe, insert, disassemble, eat, take out and poke.

D Answer, take, drip, drop, supervise, win, win.

E evil

Hair, clothes, amplitude, happiness, radiation, bats and Buddhism.

Gege, Gege, Hiccup, Diaphragm, Gege, Pass, Give

H drink, black, hey, suddenly

J Strike, trace, product, defect, achievement, arrest, impact, editing, knotting, connection, exposure, feet and corners

K knock, cry, no, wheat

Patrick Li

N pinch

P hit, split, jump, skim, glance, stop, splash, stop, jump.

Q 7。 Qi, qi, qi, qi, qi, qi, qu, qu, que, que

S kill, brake (brake), lose, lice, wet, brush, say, shrink.

T collapse, pick, kick, paste, stick, convex, bald, sudden, support, take off, iron

Wu

Blood and rest

Y choke, Yi, Yue, Yao

Weaving, catching, making, needling, bamboo, pecking

Jiyuan dialect retains many Rusheng words, and the ancient Rusheng words are basically the Rusheng words of Jiyuan dialect now. Limited to the number of words, I only list the most commonly used words in Jiyuan dialect. Although there are a large number of Rusheng words in Jiyuan dialect, Jiyuan dialect still has four tones, but Jiyuan dialect lacks not Rusheng, but Shangsheng (three tones). In Jiyuan dialect, most of the rising tones turn into falling tones, and some of them turn into light tones and entering tones.

1. Common words that change from voiced to unvoiced (different words with the same sound).

A coat

B goal, draw, protection, cake,

Mining, factories, suffering, weeding and weeding

D gear, equal, low, tripod, understanding, fighting, gambling, short

Goose, ear

F return, visit, no,

G change, dare, port, terrier, dog, chop, ghost

H sea, shout, good, very, coax, destroy, live

J a few, fake, subtract, only, nine, lift, roll.

K card, chop, test, ken, hole, collapse

L Lazy, old, Lei, Li, Zu, Liang, Liu and Lu.

Ma, Mai, Man, Mang, Meng, Mu

Milk, elegant, twisted, twisted

Oh, lotus root

P-end, run, keep, taste, general

Qi, card, grab, clever, please, bend

S spill, umbrella, voice, sweep, silly, flash, less, give up, review, save, dump and die.

T tower, blanket, lying, standing, earth

Tile, Bowl, Net, Wei, Anding, Me

X wash, show, small, wake up, stay.

Dumb, eyes, nurturing, also, lead, shadow, forever, language.

The double pronunciations of Z- slaughter, rescue, bath, how about, long, swollen, elbow and walking mean that in Jiyuan dialect, each number will have two different pronunciations. The first reading method is a non-quantifier digital reading method without quantifiers, which can be followed by quantifiers

One (one) two (two) three (three) four (four) five (five) six (six) seven (seven) eight (eight) nine (nine) ten (ten).

There is another reading method that can't keep up with quantifiers. This reading method itself also includes the reading method of quantifiers.

One (Yediao), two (Liangdiao), three (Sadiao), four (Serdiao), five (Hediao), six (Luodiao), seven (Tangdiao), eight (Batiao), nine (Juediao) and ten (Shediao).

This pronunciation is actually a synthetic sound (mentioned below, only briefly introduced here), which consists of initials without quantifiers and finals with commonly used quantifiers. Among them, one, four, five, seven, nine and ten are consonants composed of the quantifier "ge", and other pronunciations may be misunderstood in the process of language development, making the quantifiers behind them indistinguishable. Jiyuan people will say that "there is only one class in this grade", but people who don't understand Jiyuan dialect may misunderstand it. This sentence is obviously a sick sentence, and you can't even use quantifiers. There is only one class. Will there be two classes in this grade? In fact, there is no quantifier added to the numbers in this sentence, and the quantifier number reading method is applied: "There is only one class in this grade." It means that there is only one class in this grade.

Quantifiers reflect a very common disyllabic phenomenon in Jiyuan dialect. The so-called linking is that one word composed of two characters only reads one sound, which is very similar to the anti-tangent phonetic notation that prevailed in the late Eastern Han Dynasty and the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. However, the disyllabic words in Jiyuan dialect are just the opposite of the anti-tangent phonetic notation in ancient Chinese. The reverse phonetic notation is to annotate a word with two words, such as "Winter, Duzong Qie", which consists of the initial of Duzong and the vowel of Zongzong. Jiyuan dialect also uses the same method to pronounce only one word. For example, don't contract out Jiyuan dialect (softly), don't pronounce Zhao in Jiyuan dialect (horizontally), don't pronounce wheat in Jiyuan dialect (softly), and don't pronounce wheat or seeks in Jiyuan dialect.

In addition, there are many syllables in Jiyuan dialect that cannot be spelled in Chinese Pinyin. For example, here, there, this and that have only one sound in Jiyuan dialect. Although later, in order to change this situation that does not conform to the Chinese pronunciation law, some words were created, such as the word "no" corresponding to the word "one". The biggest feature of Jiyuan dialect is to change the tone (four tones) into yang reading. It can be said that Jiyuan dialect has its own characteristics, mainly from Yin to Yang. In Jiyuan dialect, although most of the rising tones of Putonghua are converted into falling tones, there are not many falling tones in Jiyuan dialect: the reason is that the falling tones of Putonghua are converted into positive reading, which is why many people think Jiyuan dialect is very strange.

In fact, it is not only the characteristics of Jiyuan dialect, but also the characteristics of Hubei, Hunan and Sichuan dialects to change the tone into Yangping. The pronunciation of some words in Jiyuan dialect is basically the same as that in Sichuan dialect. Such as quality, quality, substitution, currency, suggestion, society, government, reversal and so on. , all turned the voice into Yang. However, there are still some inconsistent disyllabic words between Jiyuan dialect and Sichuan dialect. The fundamental reason is that Sichuan dialect has no intonation. For example, Luoyang and prices are pronounced as Yang in Sichuan dialect, but as Yin in Jiyuan dialect.

From the phonetic system of Jiyuan dialect, we can see that Jiyuan dialect is older than Henan dialect, and the information of ancient Chinese is much more than Henan dialect, which is one of the reasons for the great difference between Henan dialect and Jiyuan dialect. It may be geographical reasons that cause this difference. The geographical terrain of Jiyuan dialect area is basically closed, with Ren and Taihang in the west and north respectively, the Yellow River, our mother river, in the south and the North China Plain in the east. This is the westernmost point of the North China Plain extending to the north of the Yellow River. Beyond the Wuwangshan and Taihang Mountains, the Loess Plateau is located. This kind of terrain has always been inconvenient for transportation, and the myth of Yugong moving mountains can reflect the beautiful imagination of people living in this area.

On the one hand, this geographical environment has brought inconvenience to people's lives, but it is this inconvenience that may provide people with a kind of protection in the social unrest environment, which also protects the language here in disguise.

The Central Plains has always been a battleground for military strategists, and the invasion of northern ethnic minorities has also brought their language, which will inevitably lead to changes in Chinese phonetics and vocabulary. However, the semi-closed terrain in Jiyuan area has blocked the invasion of foreign languages to a certain extent, so that the preserved ancient languages will be more complete. Therefore, it is not surprising that many pronunciation words in Jiyuan dialect have great similarities with Sichuan dialect (class), Minnan dialect (eggplant) and even Suzhou dialect (foot medicine) in Wu dialect. Forget it (go to the ball), don't do it well (don't grab the ball), squat (Ju Gu), throw (no shadow), slide (sudden), and finally (squat to the end), hungry (hungry), clip (squat), step (squat), together (with). Old people are wordy (wē r), children are annoying (being annoyed), steps (leaning on the platform), what's wrong (what's wrong), if (if), bangs (light silk face).

Judging from the similarity between Jiyuan dialect vocabulary and other words, Jiyuan dialect vocabulary is mostly the same or similar to Henan dialect, followed by Shanxi dialect, and a few are the same as some southern provinces. There are some ancient vernacular words in the unique vocabulary of Jiyuan dialect, so although Jiyuan dialect belongs to the Jin dialect area, people in Shanxi and Henan do not understand Jiyuan dialect.

In Jiyuan dialect, the words "zhong" and "zhong bu zhong" can best reflect the influence of Henan dialect, and "zhong" has almost become synonymous with Henan dialect. Although Jiyuan dialect has absorbed a large number of words from Henan dialect, the pronunciation of these words is quite different from that of Henan dialect. These words in Jiyuan dialect basically follow their original pronunciation system, so although the vocabulary has changed, the pronunciation has basically not changed. In Henan dialect, "Miss in the Middle" sounds positive, while in Jiyuan dialect it sounds negative.

Although Jiyuan is a small town with a population of only 680,000, there are still some differences in dialects among the towns. Especially, there are obvious differences between the dialects in western mountainous towns and those in urban areas. Yuncheng City, Shanxi Province is in the west of Jiyuan, and Yuncheng dialect belongs to Fenhe dialect in the Central Plains Mandarin system. Yuan Shao and Xia Ye, two towns near Yuncheng, lost some entering tones due to its influence, which made the dialects in these two towns obviously different from those in urban areas with complete entering tones. For example, "He is resting at home". In this sentence, the word "rest" is pronounced in Jiyuan City, but in Yuan Shao Town, it is pronounced in a flat tone.