What are the teachings in the field of art

I am an art student. . 17th century: baroque art

Baroque art came into being in the second half of16th century and reached its peak in17th century. Except for northern and central Europe, it gradually declined.

Baroque architecture is an architectural and decorative style developed on the basis of Italian Renaissance architecture in 17 ~ 18 century. It is characterized by free appearance, dynamic pursuit, rich decoration and sculpture, strong color, and commonly used curved surface and oval space.

Handicraft is an artistic style in Europe in the late16th century. Its main feature is the pursuit of weird and unusual effects, such as expressing space in a deformed and uncoordinated way and expressing characters in an exaggerated slender proportion. In the history of architecture, it refers to the tendency of early baroque style in the works of some Italian architects from 1530 to 1600.

Since 1930s, the wealth of Italian churches has been increasing day by day, and all parishes have built their own baroque churches. Because of its small scale, it is not suitable to use Latin cross plane, so it is mostly changed to single-space halls such as round, oval, plum blossom and round petal cross, and curved surfaces are widely used in modeling.

/kloc-In the first half of the 8th century, German Baroque architecture became a wonderful work in the history of European architecture.

The performance of baroque art in all aspects;

Architecture: the columns are particularly thick and the roof is covered with carvings. Satisfy the bully's mentality, such as the Versailles sculpture built in Louis XIV: the shadow of the fold is exaggerated and powerful, making the gesture exaggerated. Painting: Although they are all medieval religious paintings, they are all based on liberalism, so they also give full play to the skill of washing and practicing. The composition is heroic, the colors are magnificent and changeable, the bright and dark contrast is profound, and the lines are extremely tortuous, which makes people feel extremely exaggerated. Other aspects: the characters are plump and strong, and feminine and weak art is forbidden. The failure of the Spanish Crusader, the discovery of the Cape of Good Hope and the New World prompted Spain and Portugal to replace Italy. In the17th century, Spain turned from Renaissance to Baroque art ... Spain was deeply influenced by the "old religion" belief, which made the royal family and the church still hold powerful power, which is different from Italy and Flanders. Under the mysterious feelings and autocracy of religion, the solemn art born is "Baroque Art".

18th century: rococo art

Rococo art originated in the late Louis XIV of France and prevailed in Louis XV. Its style is exquisite and delicate, and its colors are soft and gorgeous. The rise of rococo art is related to the decline of the French aristocracy and the prosperity of the bourgeoisie. /kloc-in France in the 0/8th century, the crisis of feudal system became more and more obvious. The feudal ruling class had long felt that "to see the sun, for all his glory was buried in the coming night", so the wind of eating, drinking and having fun prevailed. The feudal ruling class is declining and the bourgeoisie is rising, and Rococo's artistic style just meets their aesthetic needs.

Rococo art originated in the late period of Louis XIV (1643 ~ 17 15) and was popular in Louis XV (17 15 ~ 1774), with a slim, exquisite, flashy style. Philosophers' work has changed from assuming the existence of God and inferring everything in the past to inferring everything in the world with rational methods of experiment and observation. Theology has almost been excluded from philosophy, and the secular route has been chosen. Their interest has changed from paying attention to noble education to seeking frivolous enjoyment. Artistic style, among musicians Mozart and Haydn, writers Pope, Addison, Fourtai, painters Waldo and Consboro, runs through a kind of * * * same theme, which combines rational and beautiful tastes with relaxed, clear and orderly materials. Louis XIV often held various dances at Versailles Palace, torturing the nobles with tedious etiquette and meaningless duties, and then creating a leisurely environment with gorgeous court decorations, which was conducive to extramarital affairs, consuming the nobles' energy and making them have no time to plan rebellion. Therefore, the artist is entrusted to make up an ideal paradise scene with the sole purpose of creating a leisurely and actually lazy social happiness. Rococo is relative to the grand and solemn classical art of Louis XIV. This change is related to the decline of the French aristocracy, the spirit of free exploration in the Enlightenment (almost replacing religious belief) and the growing prosperity of the middle class. The formation of Rococo was also influenced by China's art. Especially in landscape design, interior design, silk, porcelain, lacquerware and so on. (For example, China People's Small Ceramics, Maier, Germany, 1768). Because French art was the center of Europe at that time, the influence of Rococo art spread all over Europe.

1end of the 8th century: classicism/romanticism

(English: Neoclassicism),/kloc-An art movement that rose in Rome in the 8th century and expanded rapidly in Europe and America. Neoclassicism, on the one hand, stems from the reaction to baroque and rococo art, on the other hand, it hopes to revive the art of ancient Greece and Rome. Neoclassical artists deliberately imitate ancient art in style and theme, and know what they are imitating. Neoclassicism is represented by bas-relief in sculpture art, so it is completely different from baroque deep carving.

Classical art under the banner of reviving ancient Greek and Roman art appeared in France as early as17th century. Before the French Revolution and its political and social reform, there was a pure artistic revolution, which was the neoclassical art movement. French art in this period is neither the reappearance of ancient Greek and Roman art nor the repetition of French classicism in17th century. Adapting to the needs of bourgeois revolution is a trend of art. The so-called neoclassicism is relative to the classicism of17th century. At the same time, because this neoclassical art movement is closely related to the French Revolution, some people call it "revolutionary classicism".

The characteristics of neoclassical art are as follows: choosing severe major themes (major events in ancient history and reality) and emphasizing rational rather than perceptual expression in artistic form; Emphasize the integrity of composition; In modeling, attention is paid to sketch and outline, to sculpture figures, but not to color. French neoclassical art, from Vian, David to Angel, achieved the best and reached its peak.

romanticism

/kloc-the birth of romanticism in the 0/9th century was a revolution of neoclassicism and academic art at that time. Romanticism is based on the pursuit of freedom, equality, fraternity and individual liberation. Pursue the beauty of fantasy, pay attention to the exchange of feelings, and like the expression of passionate temperament. Romantic art opposes stillness with dynamics and excessive objectivity with strong subjectivity. Romanticism describes unique characters, exotic feelings, life tragedies and abnormal events, and often looks for creative themes from some literary works.

This painting school got rid of the fetters of academic school and classicism at that time, and paid attention to the artist's own imagination and creativity. His creative themes are taken from real life, medieval legends and literary masterpieces (such as the works of Shakespeare, Dante, Goethe and Byron), which is progressive to some extent. Representative works include * Gillick's "Medusa's Raft" and * Delacroix's "People's Free Leadership". The color of the picture is warm, the brushwork is bold and unrestrained, and it is full of movement.

Romantic painting school takes affirming and praising people's spiritual values and striving for individual liberation and human rights as its ideological principles. Advocate individuality, feature description and emotional expression in painting. Rich composition changes, strong color contrast and smooth brushwork make the picture have strong emotional color and exciting artistic charm.

19th century: realism;

Realism is an artistic trend of thought in western Europe in the19th century, as opposed to romanticism. Because the works of realistic artists mostly expose and criticize the dark side of their society, they are also called critical realism.

Impressionist painting:

Also known as impressionism. It is a popular trend of European artistic creation from the second half of19th century to the beginning of 20th century. Impressionist painting appeared in 1874. In this year, a group of unknown young painters held an art exhibition, including Monet's Impression of Sunrise, which was used by a conservative journalist to satirize this painting school in his article and called it "the exhibition of impressionist painters", hence the name of the painting school. Impressionism entered the French painting world with an innovative attitude and opposed classicism and romanticism. Advocate painters to go outdoors and paint according to their eyes' direct observation of things in the sun, showing subtle changes in the color of objects in the sun and opening up a new field of painting. Impressionist painters truly and scientifically describe the objective world from a brand-new perspective, describe the reality around the painter, and express their perceptual and rational understanding, but abandon the social responsibility of artists who express lofty ideals through art, showing a decadent side. In the history of world painting development, impressionism has innovative significance, which opens up a new world of painting language, provides new skills for expressing the objective world and people's subjective world, provides new possibilities for artists to show their artistic personality, and also expands the new field of artistic aesthetics. It laid the foundation for the emergence of modernist art in the 20th century.

The 20th century:

1. The first surrealist art exhibition was held in Paris on 1925, and the second one was held in the following year. Since then, many important exhibitions have been held in Paris, Copenhagen and Tenerife, London and new york. The outbreak of World War II interrupted the movement's vigorous state, but because its members were scattered all over the world, the war indirectly expanded its international influence. After the war, international exhibitions were held in Paris, new york and other places. In addition to organizing various activities, surrealist groups also make full use of magazines, newspapers and other media as well as leaflets and brochures to spread their ideas. 1On September 28th, 966, Bretton, the core figure of the surrealist movement, passed away, which made this group lose its extremely important cohesion. 1969 10 10 On 4th of October, Huester published the last surrealist manifesto "Chapter 4" in Le Monde, pointing out that "the surrealist movement has no internal consistency, and some of my friends and I decided to give it up in February, and it has nothing to do with us anymore." A once vigorous movement ended here. However, its influence will never disappear. In fact, the surrealist movement had an important influence on the aesthetic concepts in the 20th century.

During the First World War, the Netherlands, as a neutral country, was politically and culturally isolated from other warring countries. With little external influence, some artists inspired by modern concepts such as barbarism, cubism and futurism began to explore the development of Dutch avant-garde art, and made extraordinary and unique achievements, forming the famous DeStijl (Dutch, meaning style). De stijl was formally established in 19 17, with mondriaan and Van Dusburg as the core figures, and other collaborators including painters Bart Van Derek, Villemot Schuzal, sculptor CeorgesVantongerllo, architect J.J.P. Oud and Rittweld (J.J.P. Oud). Obviously, as a movement, de stijl is widely involved in painting, sculpture, design, architecture and many other fields, and its influence is all-round.

3. The school of abstract expressionism Hans Hofmann (1883—1966) is the pioneer of abstract expressionism.

4. Pop, who originated from American painting in the 20th century, and the abstract expressionism of his later painting schools marked the shift of the center of modern western art from Paris to new york. If this school of painting is actually a continuation of European modernist painting in the United States, then the various schools of painting that have emerged in the United States since then are entirely created by Americans themselves. Pop art is the earliest painting school with American characteristics.

5. Supremacism moves towards pure abstraction-Russian avant-garde art

6. Futurism was originally a literary movement, which was first concocted by the Italian poet marinetti (1878- 1944). 1909 On February 20th, in the le figaro, marinetti launched the Futurism Manifesto with grandiose and sensational words, calling for sweeping away all traditional arts and creating a new art form that can keep up with the pace of life in the machine age. Futurism was born and quickly spread from the literary world to the fields of art, music, drama, film and photography.

7. expressionism Expressionism was first adopted by German art critic WillemWorringer in an article published in the August issue of Frenzy magazine (1911); He associated the word with the art of Cezanne, Van Gogh and Matisse. 19 12 The exhibition "Young Knight" held by Kuangbiao Art Museum was once again named this semester. Since then, this word has become the name of many tendencies in German art that tend to express emotions. Broadly speaking, expressionism can be applied to all painters who emphasize "self-expression" with color and formal elements, but its specific meaning is based on the three major artistic movements in Germany in the early 20th century, namely "DieBrucke", "DerBlaueReiter" and "DieNeueSachlichkeit".

Fauvism is a modern painting trend that prevailed in France from 1898 to 1908. Although there is no clear theory and program, it is the result of a certain number of painters' active activities in a certain period, so it can also be regarded as a painting school. Fauvism painters are keen on using bright and heavy colors, and often use pigments directly extruded from paint tubes to create strong picture effects with straightforward and extensive brushstrokes, which fully shows the expressionist tendency of pursuing emotional expression.

9. Decomposition and Reconstruction of Cubism-Cubism School 1908 When the fauvism painter Matisse saw the novel and unique works of Picasso and Braque, he could not help but exclaim: "These are just cubes!" In the same year, critic Vasseur commented on Braque's works exhibited in the Kessler Gallery of Gilblas magazine with Matisse's statement: "Braque simplified everything into a cube." He first adopted the word "cubism". Later, as a criticism of the painting styles and schools created by Picasso and Braque, the name "Cubism" became popular.

10. Post-impressionism was invented by the British art critic Rogfrey. It is said that in 19 10, a "modern" French art exhibition will be held in London, but the name of the exhibition has not yet been determined due to the upcoming opening. As the organizer of the exhibition, roger fry was anxious and said impatiently, "Let's call it post-impressionism". This accidental name, after all, is more practical, because all the exhibitors are painters after Impressionism. Later, "post-impressionism" was used to refer to those painters who followed impressionism and later strongly opposed the bondage of impressionism, thus forming a unique artistic style. Among them, Cezanne, Van Gogh, Gauguin and Lautrec are outstanding. In fact, post-impressionism is not a community or faction, nor does it have the same aesthetic program and declaration, and the artistic styles of painters are quite different. It is called "post-impressionism" mainly because art historians clearly distinguish it from impressionism in style.

The above are the main price art schools from 17 to the 20th century. Please refer to the following list for breakdown schools:

/kloc-Dutch school of painting in the 0/7th century

/kloc-baroque art in the 0/7th century

paleo christian art

kinetic art

Western modern art

Pop Art

Venice school of painting

Florence school

Art nouveau movement

symbolism

Neo-Impressionism

post-impressionism

Impressionist art

Realistic art

Romantic art

neoclassicism

19th century European and American art

Art of the former Soviet Union

Western Art after World War II

social realism

Dadaism and Surrealism

Constructivism and Artistic Style

Paris school

futurism

The Development of Western Oil Painting and Its Style Schools

cubism

expressionism

Loess painting school

Supplementary loess painting school:

The Loess Painting School was founded by Liu Wenxi, who is a fan of Chairman Mao. Under the guidance of Chairman Mao's speech in Yan 'an, for a long time, he worked hard to find the source of creation from life, absorbed nutrition from the people, and created a large number of works of art reflecting the heroic style of the people living and fighting on the yellow land. Under his leadership, more than 60 painters, including Liu Dawei, Yang Xiaoyang, Zhao Zhenchuan, Wang Youzheng, Chen Guangjian, Luo Pingan and Dai Xibin, formed the Loess School. They are active in the mountains, rivers and gullies of the loess land, splashing ink, drumming and singing for the rise of the loess plateau and the west. Loess painting school is an academic painting school with figure painting as the main body and Xi Academy of Fine Arts as the main body. His works have formed an ideal realistic style of masculinity, boldness, boldness and vigor.

The purpose of the Loess Painting School is to advocate learning from life, people, tradition, world art and times, fully absorb nutrition, strengthen the creation of figure painting, improve the level of figure painting, and make the personality and artistic charm of figure painting more profound. Figure painting should not only inherit and carry forward the traditional plastic arts rules and pen-and-ink expressive force, but also learn from the rigorous and in-depth modeling skills of western painting. While expressing the inner world and personality of the characters, it strives to pursue strong local characteristics and create figure paintings with profound ideological connotation, distinctive sense of the times, touching people's hearts and inspiring people. At the same time, we also attach importance to the innovation of landscape painting and flower-and-bird painting, and create brand-new landscape painting and flower-and-bird painting with strong local characteristics, distinctive personality and spirit of the times. Landscape flower-and-bird paintings should broaden their horizons and expand their themes. We should not only have traditional skills, but also have the freshness of the times. We should have strong local colors and distinctive colors of the times to create infectious new landscape flower and bird works. In short, we should be familiar with people, be rigorous in modeling, stress pen and ink, seek innovation, take root in loess painting people, show the times and produce fine products. This is our desire and purpose to establish the Loess Painting School.