What physical parameters are related to the interaction between light and matter?

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Edit the introduction of this paragraph

The optical eye sees an electromagnetic wave called spectrum. The definition of light refers to the propagation of electromagnetic spectrum light through transparent substances such as light, vacuum, air and water, which is called wave-particle duality. The range of light is not clearly defined, and the eyes can accept light waves between 380 and 760 nm. See the light from the sun or use light-emitting devices, including incandescent lamps, fluorescent tubes, lasers, fireflies, etc. , is a song of the same name.

Edit the mystery of this light

Scottish physicist james clerk maxwell-/kloc-great research in physics appeared in the 9th century. Physicists have only determined the solution of the law of light. Some mean that Maxwell Michael Lardy's vertical experiment was shocked by intuition, but he was completely untrained. Isaac newton, a contemporary of Maxwell, is a senior mathematician at Cambridge University, who is good at mathematical physics. He finished his work two centuries ago.

Newton invented the language infinitesimal infinitesimal infinitesimal to describe how the space between things has undergone subtle changes smoothly. Waves, liquid and gas shells are all described in infinitesimal language. Maxwell set out to work with a clear goal-to express Daladier's revolutionary research position with precise infinitesimal.

Maxwell's Lady's electric field transforms magnetic field, and conversely, it is found that it is like ten difficult programs to describe and rewrite the important program group 8 of modern science with the help of Lady's force field and micro-precise language. Every physicist and engineer in the world must try to digest some programs to master electromagnetism during the research stage.

In Maxwell's self-expression, there is a decisive problem: magnetic field transforms electric field, and vice versa. Maxwell found that some electromagnetic fields produce seed waves similar to ocean waves. It is surprising to calculate the speed of some waves and find out the speed of light. 1864 discover the facts. As expected, he wrote: the speed is close to the speed of light. I have every reason to believe that light itself is an electromagnetic interference.

The great discovery in the history of energy reveals the mystery of Stilwell, and finally reveals Maxwell's sudden brilliant consciousness, falling red flames and colorful rainbows. The twinkling stars are all described by hastily written pages. The whole electromagnetic spectrum of our consciousness-TV line, infrared ray, visible light, ultraviolet ray, X ray, microwave gamma ray-is Maxwell wave of vibrating trapezoidal force field. According to Stein's theory, the optical path is distorted by the strong gravitational field.

Light has wave-particle duality.

20 12 discussion on "wide space" between sea and air; The optical world can observe superluminal matter, and the optical world can know the limit speed.

Edit this piece of optics

The category of light is electromagnetic wave (see spectrum). The definition of light climate means that the light in the electromagnetic spectrum has particle and fluctuation, or wave-particle duality.

Light vacuum, air, water and other transparent substances spread aurora (9 pieces) light speed: vacuum light speed, the fast speed of the universe is physically represented by C.

Optical vacuum 1s can propagate 299792458m m. If the vacuum light speed c = c = 2.99792458×10 8m/s, the speed of various media is about 2.99792000×10 8m/s higher than that of vacuum air. I calculate the speed of light of vacuum or air c = 3× 65438+. The speed of smooth glass is about 2/3 faster than that of vacuum, and 1s can run around the ball 7.5 times. It takes 8 minutes for the sun to shine, 1000km/h for the car to stop, and 17 for the distance to run the sun ball.

The visible spectrum range of electromagnetic waves in the whole electromagnetic spectrum that can be seen by naked eyes is about 390 ~ 760 nm (1nm =10-9m = 0.0000001m).

Photoluminescence (laser) autoluminescence (sunlight)

Self-luminous objects are called light sources, light sources, cold light sources, hot light sources and graphic light sources.

Night sky fireworks

Experiments show that the electromagnetic wave range of photoelectric electromagnetic radiation part is about 0.77 micron for red light, 0.39 micron for purple light, 0.77 micron for medium wave, 1000 micron, and 0.39 micron for infrared light and 0.04 micron for ultraviolet light, which can make visual optical instruments or photogrammetry detect the concept of light stored in luminous objects, expand the infrared and ultraviolet fields, and even X-rays can identify light and see the spectrum.

The experiment of the same sensitivity to all kinds of visible light of human eyes proves that Apollo 555nm yellow-green photosensitive seed wave radiation will cause human vision to deviate from 555 nm radiation visibility.

Light has wave-particle duality, that is, light is regarded as a kind of high-frequency electromagnetic wave light, and particles are called light quantity for short.

The substitute of light speed made by Paris Bureau of Metrology to preserve the original platinum resistance meter is chosen as the standard to define the meter, and it is agreed that the value of light speed is strictly equal to 299,792,458 m/s, which changes with the improvement of experimental accuracy. The meter is defined as 65,438+0/299,792,458 seconds, and the light propagation distance is represented by C.

Photosphere light source is an ideal carrier or propagation medium to understand the optical information of tools in the outside world according to the types of light.

According to statistics, the external information accepted by officials accounts for at least 90% of the total information.

When a beam of light is projected on an object, it will be reflected, refracted, interfered and diffracted.

Light is uniform, and the same medium propagates in a straight line.

Light waves, including infrared rays, are shorter and have higher frequency than microwaves. It is an inevitable trend that electric communication and microwave communication develop into optical communication.

Ordinary light: Generally speaking, the light is made by the fluorescence of Guang Xu Group (ordinary sunlight, lighting, candlelight, etc. ), that is, waves, the direction of phase polarization, spread to branches and disciplined light forces, all of which are scattered and brave.

It will reflect light when it meets water, glass and other surfaces. For example, a straight line perpendicular to the mirror is called a straight line; The angle between incident light and straight line is called incident angle; The angle between the reflected light and the straight line is called reflection angle reflection phenomenon, and the reflected light and the incident light are all in the same plane; Reflected light and incident light live on both sides of the line; The reflection angle is equal to the incident angle. The law of reflection allows light to reflect against the reflected light to the mirror surface and against the original incident light, indicating the reflection phenomenon. There are two kinds in physics: specular reflection, diffuse reflection, specular reflection, ten smooth object surfaces (mirrors), two parallel rays that can reflect the reflection of the object, and eight kinds of reflections that are still parallel on the uneven plane (white paper) are called diffuse reflection.

The phenomenon that light obliquely enters another medium and propagates and refracts is called refraction. The angle between the refracted light and the straight line is called the refraction angle, and the density of the incident medium is higher than the original density.

starlight

The medium density of light is opposite to the incident angle. If the incident angle is zero, the refraction angle is zero, which belongs to the reflection part. Light refracts the same homogeneous medium. Theoretically, it is incident on the refracted open line, like several planes, so it refracts on the shore. Seeing the calm bottom of the lake belongs to the first refraction. See mirage belongs to the second kind of refractive convex lens and concave lens. Seeing the effect of the lens, the first refraction and refraction phenomenon are reversed.

Laser news

The light of laser beam is interrelated, that is, frequency (or wave), phase, polarization and propagation. The laser imaging division has strict discipline and strong combat effectiveness. Lasers can make sunlight, lights and candlelight.

Types of light sources

Three kinds of light sources

The first thermal effect produces light. Except sunlight, candles and other objects change color with temperature.

Second, the principle that the inner wall of the original fluorescent tube is coated with fluorescent substances, and the electromagnetic wave energy excites the external neon light to emit light. The original light emitting device has its own basic color.

The third synchrotron uses the original furnace with powerful energy to emit light. I hardly touch the seeder.

chromatic dispersion

The phenomenon of polychromatic photolysis of monochromatic light is called light dispersion Newton 1666. Firstly, the chromatic dispersion phenomenon is observed by prism to explain the change of the velocity (or refractive index n=c/v) of optical medium with optical frequency. Optical dispersion is achieved by using a prism diffraction grating interferometer or the like.

White light is composed of red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and purple, which is called polychromatic light. Red, orange, yellow and green are called monochromatic light.

Dispersion: The phenomenon that polychromatic light decomposes monochromatic light shape spectrum is called optical dispersion dispersion. Multicolor light enters the prism by using a prism or grating as a dispersion system instrument. Because the refractive index of light with various frequencies is the same, the propagation degree of light with various colors is the same, which deviates from the respective scattering spectra of the prism.

scattering of light

The refractive index of the medium varies with the frequency of light wave or vacuum wave. The interface refractive medium of polychromatic optical medium has the same refractive index as wave light, and the refractive angles of all colors are the same. 1672 Newton was used for the first experiment of chromatic band dispersion of solar photolysis with prism. The relationship between refractive index n or dispersion ratio dn/dλ and wave λ describes the dispersion law. The dispersion of any medium is dispersive and anti-dispersive.

Spectral phenomena of monochromatic light decomposed by polychromatic light. A beam of white light emitted by a glass prism is refracted by the prism, and the ribbon of white paper on the other side is arranged near the top corner of the prism, and the red band near the bottom edge of the prism is called spectrum. Each color of light in the spectrum can be decomposed into monochromatic light. The mixed light of monochromatic light is called polychromatic light. Sunlight and incandescent lamps from the border are polychromatic light. The light object reflection part of the illuminating object absorbs light by the light reflected by the light object and determines the color reflection of the transparent object.

sunlight

Compared with yellow light, blue objects show that black and blue objects can reflect blue light, yellow light can absorb yellow light, and black and white can reflect color.

Light essence: the external energy of prokaryote jumps to a higher level, and the stability of orbit depends on the light released by the transition. The form of light is outward, and the energy level is the same as that of released energy, light wave and light color.

The problem that must be studied in the study of optical bottom value has reached the bottleneck in the Institute of Physics, that is, the conflict between phase theory and quantum theory. The basic particles of optical nature, such as sound waves (if the wave medium propagates), have not been studied and have a guiding role.

At present, it is reasonable to think that the same light wave has wave-particle duality, just like the relationship between water droplets and water waves.

basic feature

The theory of self-illumination or indoor illumination has its own characteristics:

1. brightness: brightness indicates that the intensity of light varies with the energy distance of the light source.

2. Direction: It is difficult to determine or even completely lose the diffuse light direction of the light source to the easily determined clouds and gases.

3. Color: The light changes with the light source and the passing material. The color of self-luminous is the same as that of incandescent lamp or electric flash lamp, and the color of sunlight itself changes with the change of gas conditions.

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Photoelectromagnetism theory

The electromagnetic wave theory of electromagnetic radiation that shows the essence of light is just the same as light, and its reflection, refraction and polarization properties are the same. The conclusion that space electromagnetic field propagates at the speed of light has been confirmed by Hertz experiment. Maxwell 1865 Conclusion: According to Maxwell's theory, the electromagnetic phenomena of light species is c/v=√( ε* μ).

Formula c vacuum light speed v dielectric number ε permeability μ light speed c/v=n (refractive index) where n=√( ε* μ)

This relation gives the relationship among light number, electric number and magnetic number of matter. See formula, n to explain the phenomenon that light dispersion changes with light wave λ. Lorenz 1896 founded the theory of electricity. It is seen that the dielectric number ε depends on the frequency of electromagnetic field, that is, on Apollo variation. Photoelectromagnetic theory can explain the propagation, interference, diffraction, scattering and polarization of light, and it needs the supplement of modern quantum theory to explain the quantitative conversion properties of energy in the interaction between light and matter.

Light particle theory

Regarding the theory of the essence of light, the theory advocated by Zeng Newton and others in the17th century realized that light emits particles from a light source, the light source travels straight to an object, and a virtual light beam is emitted from a luminous body to an object at high speed. It is generally believed that the phenomena of direct light, reflection and refraction can be directly explained. It was not until 1905 discovered the interference phenomenon of light that the light wave theory subverted the concept that the species of light has particles (light) and abandoned the theoretical basis of the knowledge of wave-particle duality of light.

Light wave theory

In the theory of the essence of light, the theory of light wave was first put forward, which was contemporary with Newton. Huygens of the Netherlands founded the light wave theory in the17th century, which is opposite to the light particle theory. It is recognized that light waves are caused by luminous bodies, and sound propagates by media. It was not until the interference and diffraction of light were discovered in the early19th century that it was generally believed that the electromagnetic development in the19th century determined the actual electromagnetic wave of light. The German physicist Hertz proved by experiments that the existence of electromagnetic waves could explain the existence of light.

Optical wave-particle duality

The photoelectric effect and Compton effect refute the interference light diffraction of light seed light, which shows that light is indeed a wave, and the light of the same seed wave has wave-particle duality.

Edit this light application

Energy (clean energy), electricity (computers, televisions, projectors, etc. ), communication (optical fiber), medical treatment (gamma laser knife, B-ultrasonic instrument, light wave room, light wave sweating room, X-ray machine), etc.

sunlight

The historical power of light research The law of light reflection was noticed in ancient Greece and has been well-known in Europe for several generations. The understanding of the nature of light has almost never improved, and it stays at the level of formal understanding such as light transmission and application. Another period of history tells me that the law of light reflection was discovered at the beginning of the ancient war, and the optical system was established. ) In the 17th century, there were two kinds of voices: Huygens, a Dutch physicist, said that the book "On Light" in the 1690 edition proposed to deduce the laws of light reflection and refraction, which satisfactorily explained the reduction of light speed and dense media. British physicist Newton insisted on the theory of light particles. The book Light 1704 mentioned that linear particles emitted by luminous objects impact the retina, which can explain the refraction and reflection of light and even the diffraction phenomenon discovered by Maldi. /kloc-in the 9th century, the British physicist Maxwell introduced the concept of displacement current to establish the basic course of electromagnetism, and founded the photoelectric electromagnetic theory, which proved that the propagation speed of electric microwave in vacuum is equal to that in optical vacuum, and deduced that the essence of optical electromagnetic wave is the same, that is, the first quantum theory of fixed-wave electromagnetic wave in the 20th century was established.

1905, a famous American physicist, Stein's photoelectric effect realized that ultraviolet rays irradiated the surface of an object, transferred energy to the surface and released Stein's light, thus explaining the energy set-light 1925. Physicist de Broglietti's theory holds that all substances have wave-particle duality, that is, all objects have wave-particle duality, following the famous German physicist Planck.

Edit this piece of light and eyes

There are three forms of optical electromagnetic radiation: only the brightness and color of the electromagnetic radiation can be known to the naked eye, and the optical eye can know the electromagnetic radiation, and its band range is about 380 nm to 780 nm. There is no imprecise limit to the spectral range of radiation.

Eye spectral sensitivity curve

The influence of the radiation power received by retina and the visual sensitivity of the observer.

The eye's seed light system can generate images from the retina through various homologous groups including cornea, aqueous humor, iris, lens and vitreous body, so that the eye can respond simply and quickly to the change of illumination level of 105, and the eye can know the illumination of 10- 12 lux (relative to the dim starlight in the night sky).

It can be known that the photoeye includes two kinds of light-emitting devices:

* Cone cells enable me to see various colors (bright vision) waves in the yellow-green spectral region of 555 nm with high sensitivity (light curve V (l)).

* Rod-shaped cells with extremely high sensitivity enable me to see the black-and-white picture (night vision) wave l = 507 nm, and its sensitivity is high (night vision curve V'(l)).

Edit this light wave

Description wave range

Ultraviolet radiation–C (UV-C)100–280 nm.

Ultraviolet radiation–b (UV-b) 280–315nm.

Ultraviolet radiation-A (UV-A) 315–380 nm

See light 380-780 nm.

Infrared A (IR-A) 780 nm–1.4 mm

Infrared b (IR-b)1.4–3mm

Infrared c (IR-c) 3mm–1mm

Edit the meaning of this paragraph.

Gu 'ang

A faint light; Ray; Honor; Just; Naked; Scenery; Smooth;

optical valley

( 1)

(meaning Oracle Bone Inscriptions-the original meaning of fire: light is bright)

(2)

Homophonic [light; Ray]

Guang-Shuo Wen

The light shakes, the characters are wide, and the light is wide ―― the name and interpretation.

Guang Qi under the Moon ―― Songs of Chu, Nine Songs and Yunjun.

People who can swim in the shadows shine with the moon ―― Zhen Zhen, Huainan.

Bright Moon in the Sky ―― Huainan Classic

Light-Easy View

The courtyard at night is still young and glowing ―― poetry, elegance and courtyard glow.

Although Aspiring for the Glory of the Moon ―― Historical Records and Biographies of Qu Yuan

A visionary and pretentious person ―― Zuo Zhuan Zhuang Gong 22

Brilliant-Yu

Let the light shine-Meng

The mountain pass is like a lamp ―― the round peach blossom garden in Tao Jin.

The red light crossed the earth bridge and went straight to the west of the city-Heng's Biography of Yandian History

(3)

: sunshine; Lighting; Reflected light (reflected light); Colored light (colored light); Morning light (morning sunshine); Dawn (dawn); The lights are shaking (flashing)

(4)

laser

Color; Glory [color and luster]

I Embroider the Waist and Embroider the Beauty ―― Yutai's New Poetry: The Works of Mrs. Jiao Zhongqing

A moth to the fire ―― A Biography of Liu Yi by Don Lee Wei Chao.

(5)

: mercerizing; Glossy (bright and moist); Light color (glossy color); calender

(6)

Glory; Reputation [honor; Glory]

National Glory ―― Poetry, Qifeng and Nanshan Terrace

Yuan Li entered the right assistant minister couple's patent: Lotus Pets Showing Fish Garden.

Even my face is pale ―― scholars.

A scholar hopes for fame all his life, but he can't do it only by virtue.

(7)

: win glory; Exposure; Light pet (glory; Credit); Light (glory); Light (brightness reached); Guanglong (glorious age); Light rotten (bright and bright); Light crystal (luster); Guanghe (brilliant)

(8)

Time light [time]

At the beginning of the screen, I feel sad and happy ―― Bao Zhao's "Guan Lou Fu" in the Southern Dynasties

(9)

: inch light (short time); Time flies (dying light: [time flies] gradually); Time flies (time flies); Time flies (how fast the sun flashes)

( 10)

[scenery] [scene]

Bright Blue ―― The Story of Yueyang Tower by Song Fan Zhongyan

( 1 1)

: scenery; Yamamitsu

( 12)

Grace; Location [Favor]: Light; Exposure; I'm sorry

( 13)

Especially the moon, stars and other celestial bodies [sun, moon, stars]: light (light: stars: rivers and mountains)