Ask for an article about Da Vinci's life and philosophical achievements.

1452 At 22: 30 on April 5th, a little bastard named Da Vinci was born in Anciano, a seaside town near Florence. His father is a famous notary in Florence, and his family is rich. Leonardo da Vinci spent his childhood on his grandfather's farm. Da Vinci was smart and studious when he was a child, and he had a wide range of interests. He sings very well and learned to play the lyre and flute very early. His impromptu singing, whether it is lyrics or tunes, is amazing. He loves painting very much and often paints for his neighbors. He has the reputation of "painting prodigy".

Piero was convinced that his son had a talent for painting, so he sent Finch to Florence to study plastic arts systematically under the guidance of the famous artist verrocchio. At this time, Da Vinci was only 14 years old. At that time, Piero was entrusted by a farmer to draw a shield painting. He heard that his son could paint and wanted to try his son's painting skills, so he gave the task to Little Finch. With rich imagination, Little Finch spent a month drawing a terrible monster-Medusa. After the painting was finished, Little Finch invited his father to his room. He covered half the window and erected an easel where the light just fell on the monster. As soon as Piero entered the room, he saw this hideous monster at a glance and cried with fear. The sparrow smiled and said to her father, "Take the painting away, this is the effect it should have."

Verrocchio's workshop was a famous art center in Florence at that time, where Italian humanists often met to discuss academic issues. Da Vinci met a large number of famous artists, scientists and humanists here and began to accept the influence of humanism. By the age of 20, Leonardo da Vinci had reached a high artistic attainments. He used brushes and carving knives to express the truth, goodness and beauty of nature and real life, and enthusiastically praised the happiness of life and the beauty of nature.

Leonardo da vinci is not satisfied with his talent. He wants to master all fields of human thought. He has a unique vision, capable work and artistic soul. Once, he got lost in the mountains and came to a dark cave. When he later recalled this experience, he said, "I suddenly had two emotions-fear and longing: I was afraid of the dark cave and wanted to see if there would be anything strange in it." All his life, he is bound by these two emotions-he is afraid of the unknowability of life, or he is afraid of the mystery that he is unable to explore, but he wants to expose this mysterious unknowability, study it, explain its meaning and describe its magnificence.

Master of Science

In the early Renaissance, people blindly accepted traditional ideas and worshipped ancient authorities and classical works. People learn scientific knowledge only by studying Aristotle's theory like the Bible, and only believe in written records. Leonardo da vinci objected to scholasticism taking past teaching and speeches as the knowledge base. He encouraged people to learn from nature and seek knowledge and truth from nature. He believes that knowledge comes from practice, and only by starting from practice can we explore the mysteries of science through practice. He said that "it is the greatest misfortune that theory is divorced from practice" and "practice should be based on good theory". Leonardo da Vinci put forward and mastered this advanced scientific method, and applied it to scientific research, making great contributions to natural science. This method proposed by him was later developed by Galileo and theoretically summarized by British philosopher Bacon, and became the most basic method of modern natural science. Leonardo da Vinci believed in science. He hates religion and attacks Catholicism as a "shop selling deception". He said, "There is only one truth. He is not in religion, but in science. " Leonardo da Vinci's experimental working method paved the way for the later inventions of Copernicus, Galileo, Kepler, Einstein and Newton.

1 astronomy

Leonardo da Vinci held a negative attitude towards the traditional "geocentric theory". He believes that the earth is not the center of the solar system, let alone the center of the universe, but just a planet orbiting the sun, and the sun itself does not move. Leonardo also believed that the moon itself did not shine, but only reflected the brilliance of the sun. His idea was put forward earlier than Copernicus's "Heliocentrism", and even then, Leonardo dreamed of using solar energy.

2. Physics

Leonardo da Vinci rediscovered the concept of liquid pressure and put forward the principle of communication device. He pointed out: in communication devices, the liquid level of the same liquid is the same, the liquid level of different liquids is different, and the height of liquid is inversely proportional to density. He discovered the principle of inertia, which was later proved by Galileo's experiment. He believes that a projectile initially rises along an inclined straight line, makes a curve displacement under the mixed action of gravity and impulse, and finally runs out of impulse under the action of gravity and makes a vertical falling motion. His discovery shook Aristotle's theory of falling objects. He developed the lever principle, which not only deduced the relationship between acting force and arm length, but also calculated the relationship between speed and arm length. He pointed out that perpetual motion machine is impossible as an energy source. Leonardo also predicted the atomic principle of matter and vividly described the power of atomic energy: "that thing will explode from the ground, ... causing people to die suddenly in silent breathing, and the castle will be completely destroyed." It seems to have great destructive power in the air. "

3. Medicine

Leonardo da vinci has also made great achievements in physiological anatomy, and is known as the originator of modern physiological anatomy. He mastered the knowledge of human anatomy and studied the structure of various parts of the human body from anatomy. He first used wax to express the internal structure of human brain, and he was also the first person to imagine making hearts and eyes out of glass and ceramics. Fetus in the womb (Da Vinci) He discovered the function of blood and thought that blood plays a metabolic role in the human body, and blood is constantly circulating. He said that blood constantly transforms the whole body, bringing nutrition to all parts of the body, and then taking away the waste in the body. Leonardo da Vinci studied the heart. He found that the heart has four chambers and drew the heart valve. He believes that one of the causes of death in the elderly is arteriosclerosis, which is caused by lack of exercise. Later, British scientist Harvey confirmed and developed these physiological anatomical achievements of Leonardo da Vinci.

4. Architecture

The ideal Milan (Da Vinci) also showed outstanding talent in architecture. He designed bridges, churches, city streets and city buildings. In urban street design, he separated the driveway from the sidewalk. When designing urban buildings, the height of houses and the width of streets are specified in detail. He designed and supervised the construction of Milan moat.

5. Military affairs

Leonardo da Vinci's research and inventions also involve the military field. He invented the spring cannon, shrapnel, three-tube cannon, tank car (Da Vinci), floating snowshoes, diving suits and submarines, double-hull warships, gliders, flapping-wing aircraft and helicopters, rotating buoys and so on. On April 26th, 2008, in the western Swiss city of Payne, olivier ViYeti-Tepa, a 36-year-old Swiss, successfully jumped from a helicopter 600 meters above the ground with the help of a pyramid parachute designed by Leonardo da Vinci.

6. Water conservancy

Leonardo da Vinci's research on water conservancy was a century earlier than that of Italian scholar Costelli. In order to remove the sediment, he made a construction plan for dredging the Yano River. He designed and personally presided over the canal irrigation project from Milan to pavia. Some reservoirs, sluices and dams he built facilitated farmland irrigation and promoted the development of agricultural production. Some water conservancy facilities are still in operation today.

7. Geology

Leonardo da Vinci inferred that the earth's crust had changed according to the fact that there were fossils of animals in the sea on the mountain, and pointed out that the traces of floods on the earth were proof of the changes of land and sea, which was quite similar to Hutton's discovery in geology 300 years later. Before Magellan sailed around the world, he calculated that the diameter of the earth was over 7000 miles.

8.da Vinci code box

Anyone who has seen the da Vinci code probably knows the da Vinci code tube. In fact, in the society at that time, people paid more and more attention to the confidentiality of documents. The cipher tube designed by Leonardo da Vinci is classical in shape, with Renaissance characteristics and elegant in design, which conforms to Leonardo da Vinci's wise style. According to this story, there is papyrus in the crypt about the biggest secret of the priory and even the whole Christianity. There is a container full of vinegar in the password jar designed by Leonardo da Vinci. If the password cylinder is forcibly broken, vinegar will flow out to dissolve papyrus. To open the password barrel, you must unlock a 5-digit password. There are five turntables on the cipher cylinder, each of which has 26 letters. As a cipher, there may be as many as 1 188 1376 combinations.

9. Design the main robot.

The most wonderful thing is that Leonardo da Vinci also designed a set of methods to do heart repair surgery.

Leonardo da Vinci once said that he had no book education and that nature was his real teacher. In order to understand nature and oneself, the genius of Renaissance spared no effort to explore. In order to understand human beings, Leonardo personally dissected dozens of corpses and accurately understood and drew human bones, muscles, joints and internal organs.

Surprisingly, Leonardo da Vinci didn't even have the concept of the working mechanism of the human circulatory system. Even more amazing, in 2005, a British surgeon used the method designed by Leonardo da Vinci to perform heart repair surgery. However, the study of anatomy did not bring Leonardo fame at that time, but was slandered countless times.

However, it is with this in-depth understanding of the human body that Leonardo da Vinci drew the first humanoid robot in the western civilized world in his manuscript.

The humanoid robot (Leonardo da Vinci) gave the robot a wooden, leather and metal shell. How to make the robot move is a problem that puzzles Leonardo da Vinci. He thought of using the lower gear as the driving device, so that the robot's arm can swing, sit or stand through the meshing between the gears of two mechanical rods and a disc gear on the chest. More importantly, it is connected with the head through a transmission rod, and the head can rotate or even open and close the jaw. Once equipped with an automatic drum device, the robot can even make a sound.

It turns out that more than 500 years ago, there was a prototype of the robot.

10, igniting the inspiration of modern automobile invention.

Leonardo da Vinci's 65,438+0,000-page manuscript (about 6,000 pages in existence) still affects scientific research. He is a prophet of the modern world, and his manuscript is also called/kloc-the real encyclopedia of science and technology in the 5th century.

In the early days, Leonardo was dissatisfied with the carriage at that time. In his scientific world, there has long been a shadow of the car. In fact, it was this "Da Vinci Car" that inspired the invention of modern cars.

Since it is a car, we have to consider the power problem. Leonardo da Vinci installed two springs in the middle of the car to solve this problem. When the rear wheel of an automobile is rotated by manpower, the gears mesh with each other, and the tension of the spring generates a force, which is then transmitted to the wheel through leverage.

So how to control the speed? Da Vinci also thought of it. He installed a CD device on the car body. There are many squares on the surface of the disc, and the other end of the iron bar connected to each wheel is connected to the disc. This is a device used to control the speed. The more pieces of wood placed on the disc, the greater the friction with the iron block, the greater the resistance, the slower the speed of the wheel and the longer the driving distance.

Of course, Leonardo also thought of the braking device. There is a block of wood between the gears. Pull the rope to clamp the block between the gears, and the car can stop. However, this kind of car can't carry people, because it can't travel a long distance by spring power alone.

At the same time, Leonardo da Vinci skillfully applied the spring to the design of clocks and watches. Later, the principle adopted by large clocks was conceived by Leonardo da Vinci. Only in this way of thinking, the elastic force of the spring is replaced by the gravity of the object, and the downward gravity of the object is evenly transmitted through the meshing action of many gears, thus keeping the clock moving at a constant speed.

In addition, musical instruments, alarm clocks, bicycles, cameras, thermometers, barbecue machines, textile machines, cranes, excavators ... There are countless inventions and designs in leonardo da vinci, and if these inventions and designs were published at that time, they could completely advance the progress of our world's scientific civilization by 100 years.

1 1, obsessed with the mechanical world

Underwater breathing device, traction device, clockwork transmission device, ball device, reverse screw, differential screw, anemometer and gyroscope ... leonardo da vinci showed the world countless fantastic ideas. At the beginning of the story, I have to talk about Leonardo da Vinci's first experience of studying painting in Florence. In fact, this experience opened the door for artist Leonardo da Vinci and also for scientist Leonardo da Vinci.

Mechanical Design (Da Vinci) 1460 Da Vinci came to Florence with his father, started his apprenticeship and studied painting at the same time. Leonardo da Vinci, who studied painting, participated in the installation of the giant copper ball on the dome lighthouse of Notre Dame de Florence, thus contacting and feeling the magic of various mechanical systems.

The Cathedral of Notre Dame in Florence is the beginning of Renaissance architecture. When leonardo da vinci installed a giant copper ball on the dome lighthouse, he witnessed the efficiency of the three-speed elevator and other mechanical devices, and was deeply impressed by this magic.

Thus, brunelleschi's mechanical system design concept had a great influence on Leonardo da Vinci. At that time, a group of engineers in Siena also had an important influence on Leonardo da Vinci's scientific community. Engineers in Siena have designed a river silt excavator that looks like a boat, used to remove sand and silt from shallow water mouths, and a paddle boat that can increase the loading capacity and speed up the driving. The inventions of these Siena engineers made Leonardo interested in the magic of machinery.

Since then, Leonardo has been fascinated by the mechanical world.

maestro

When it comes to artistic creation, Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo and Raphael achieved the highest achievements during the Renaissance. Their artistic achievements reached the second peak of western plastic arts after ancient Greece, and reached the first peak in Europe only in painting. Among them, Leonardo da Vinci is the most prominent, and Engels called him a giant among giants. In artistic creation, Leonardo da Vinci solved the main problems in three fields of plastic arts-architecture, sculpture and painting:

1, which solves the problems of architectural design and ideal urban planning of memorial central dome;

2./kloc-The problem of the statue of the horse-riding tablet, which has been puzzling sculptors since the 5th century, has been solved;

3. Solved two important problems in painting at that time-memorial murals and altar paintings.

Leonardo da vinci's works of art can not only reflect things like a mirror, but also express them by thinking, observing and choosing beautiful parts of nature, thus guiding his own creation. The mural The Last Supper, The Battle of Anglia and the portrait Mona Lisa are three masterpieces in his life. These three works are one of the treasures left by Leonardo da Vinci to the world art treasure house and the cornerstone of European art.

The prototype of Mona Lisa is the Duchess of Venice. At that time, the Duke of Venice asked Leonardo da Vinci to paint a portrait of his wife. After the painting was finished, leonardo da vinci packed it overnight because he liked it so much that he ran away with his servant. Mona Lisa's right hand is called "the most beautiful hand in art history".

The Last Supper is painted on the wall of Gracie Monastery Restaurant in Milan. Leonardo da Vinci changed the layout of the Last Supper painted by his predecessors, so that all the characters sat in a row facing the audience, with Jesus Christ sitting in the middle.

Sudden death

Leonardo da Vinci was invited to France by French King Francois I in his later years. Francois I gave him the highest reception, placed him at crookes Manor in Amboise Castle, and consulted him from time to time. 1565438+On April 23rd, 2009, Da Vinci died of illness. It is said that he swallowed his last breath in the arms of Francois I who came here.

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Creative process

The image of Da Vinci that we are familiar with now basically comes from his famous self-portrait, so when we mention Da Vinci, we always think of a wise elder like a philosopher. In fact, Leonardo da Vinci was a famous handsome man in Florence, Italy when he was young (but because he was not interested in women, there were rumors that he was gay)! David's handsome and extraordinary bronze statue was carved by his teacher, Vi Rocchio, which is said to imitate the young Leonardo da Vinci. The most successful period of Leonardo da Vinci's artistic career was in Milan from 1482 to 1499. Da Vinci played the lyre very well. He first appeared in Milan as a musician, not as a painter or inventor. During this period, his paintings were few, but his unparalleled talent was greatly favored by ludovico sforza, the Grand Duke of Milan.

From 65438 to 0499, Leonardo traveled in mantua and Venice and did some scientific research to escape the war.

/kloc-in 0/500, Leonardo da Vinci returned to Florence and began to write the Mona Lisa. After that, Leonardo da Vinci went to Milan and continued to play for the Milan court.

15 13 moved to Rome, which was not a very happy place for Leonardo. He made a short stay there and met Michelangelo and other artists in Rome at that time, but he didn't show any artistic talent. He basically learned some magic there, so that the Romans regarded him as a wizard or something.

15 15, Leonardo moved to France and finally settled in Amboise.

In his later years, he seldom painted, devoted himself to scientific research, and left a lot of notes and manuscripts when he died, covering almost everything from physics, mathematics to biological anatomy. Few paintings have been completed in his life, but they are all immortal. His works have obvious personal style and are good at combining artistic creation with scientific discussion, which is unique in the history of world art. Academics generally divide his creative activities into two stages: early stage and prosperous stage.

Early creation

When he studied art in the studio, he showed extraordinary talent in painting. About 1470 When he assisted verrocchio in drawing a picture of Christ's baptism, although he only drew an angel kneeling beside Christ, his expression, expression and gentle tone obviously surpassed that of verrocchio. It is said that verrocchio stopped painting for this reason. His earliest surviving work, Informing of Pregnancy, was independently completed by Leonardo da Vinci without the guidance of a teacher. Apart from a little free thinking, the scene of this painting was conceived by Leonardo da Vinci following the general perspective painting method. Later, the monastery of St. Bartolomeo in Olivier Peak also ordered this work. Later, he created Guinevere Banchi, which was contrary to the tradition of15th century that art pursued clear lines, and rendered the perspective effect he advocated with the hue of sunset. 148 1 The Doctor Comes to Worship (also translated as Three Kings Comes to Worship) marks the maturity of its artistic style. Although the painting was not finished because he went to Milan, it can be seen from the original manuscript that the artistic innovation in composition and image-building greatly surpassed that of his teachers and colleagues: the stable composition of the triangle composed of the virgin baby and three doctors, and the accurate perspective of the painted architectural relics and galloping horses show that he no longer simply lists the relevant figures from the narrative point of view, but completely transforms the traditional theme. The dark painting method he adopted made the characters stand out from the shadows, broke through the characteristics clearly revealed in traditional painting, and heralded the arrival of the Renaissance.

Prosperous creation

1482, Leonardo da Vinci came to Milan, and at the invitation of St. Francis Church, he painted the altar painting "The Virgin of the Rock". This painting is in the Louvre now. The Last Supper is the most famous work of his period. This wet mural shows the farewell scene of Christ to his disciples before his arrest and is painted on the dining room wall of Gracie Monastery in Milan. Its ingenious composition and unique layout make the hall on the screen closely connected with the building structure of the dining room in life, making the viewer feel that the scene in the painting seems to happen right in front of him. In the layout of characters, Christ is placed in the form of a table, which makes him independent from the center of the picture. Other disciples expressed fear, anger, doubt, repentance and panic through their different expressions and gestures. This description of typical personality highlights the theme of painting and complements the unified effect of composition, which is the most perfect model in the history of art. Leonardo da Vinci returned to Florence in 1500. With the restoration of the Republican system, the cultural atmosphere was once active, and outstanding figures such as Michelangelo and Raphael appeared in the painting world. Leonardo da vinci began to create the Madonna and Saint Anna and Saint John for the main altar of Lanzetta Cathedral. He showed the public a well-conceived sketch of the Virgin Mary and Santa Anna and St. John, which immediately caused a sensation. Its composition principle and painting method have a great influence on the art world, and Michelangelo and Raphael are also inspired by it. 1503, while painting the mural "Battle of Anglia" for the city hall, he also created "Mona Lisa and Notre Dame" and "Santa Anna and St. John" (later became "Notre Dame and Santa Anna"). These two paintings, together with St. John the Baptist, became his cherished works and accompanied him all the time. They moved to France in their later years and stayed in Paris.

In Leonardo da Vinci's artistic heritage, a large number of sketches are also worthy of attention. These sketches, like his official works, have reached a high level and are regarded as models of sketch art, which are characterized by meticulous observation, rigid and flexible lines, and especially good at expressing subtle changes of light and shadow with oblique lines of different densities. Every work of his is based on sketches. His artistic theory is scattered in his more than 6000 pages of manuscripts and unfinished painting theory, which is also a great achievement of theoretical research in the Renaissance.

Leonardo da Vinci's life in crookes Manor is an endless road. The road is littered with unfinished works. Before he died, he said sadly, "I have never finished a job in my life." At the age of 3 1, he wrote a letter to ludovico sforza, the Grand Duke of Milan, in which he listed his various talents. Finally, he also said that he could build a bronze riding statue for the father of the Grand Duke, making it an unprecedented giant statue in the world. Da Vinci completed this masterpiece at the age of 4 1. The rising bronze was later used by the army in war, so the masterpiece was not completed. It was destroyed during the French invasion in 1499, otherwise it would be a great miracle in the world. The Dagong rewarded his genius and efforts not with gold coins, but with jade characters in gold, which made Leonardo da Vinci very uneasy. To comfort him, the Grand Duke asked him to paint a wet mural for the dining room of Gretchen Abbey, which was the last supper. If The Last Supper is the most famous religious painting in the world, the Mona Lisa painted by Leonardo da Vinci when he returned to Florence from Milan at the age of 5/kloc-0 is undoubtedly the most famous and greatest portrait in the world. These two world-famous works make Leonardo da Vinci's name go down in history forever. Leonardo da vinci's unique artistic language is to use light and shadow to create a three-dimensional plane image. He once said: "The greatest miracle of painting is to make a flat painting look uneven." He pioneered the gradient method of light and shade by using the principle of light change of a sphere, that is, the transition from light to dark in the image is continuous, like smoke, without clear boundaries. Mona Lisa is a model of this kind of painting. vasari thinks that this kind of light and shadow painting is a turning point in painting art. Leonardo da Vinci has been exploring the noble temperament of art all his life, and he can only be satisfied with the creation of beauty. However, Leonardo da Vinci's talent was not valued and appreciated in his later years, because he had been devoted to the study of anatomy, which destroyed the basic teachings of Catholicism and angered the Pope at that time. Leonardo da Vinci was very sad because of the Pope's incomprehension and indifference to him. 15 15 When King Francois I of France reoccupied Milan, he invited Leonardo da Vinci to France to apply for him as a court painter. Da Vinci died abroad in 15 19 at the age of 67. His student Francisco Merz (Merz is Leonardo da Vinci's favorite student, he was a noble young man born in Lombardy, Italy, and Leonardo da Vinci entrusted him with all his paintings and a large number of manuscripts before his death) said: "The death of Leonardo da Vinci is everyone's loss, and the creator is unable to reproduce his genius."

"God sometimes endows a person with beauty, elegance and talent, which makes his behavior superior, indicating that his genius comes from God rather than human power. That's what Leonardo did. His elegance and grace are unparalleled, and his wisdom can solve all problems. " This is a compliment from Renaissance biographer vasari.