What was the area and population of Zhongshan during the Warring States Period?

1, area, the length unit of the territory of Zhongshan during the Warring States Period was 606 Li in the north and south and 454 Li in the east and west, and the total area was consistent with the statement that "the former residence of Zhongshan was 500 Li" in the Warring States Policy and Qin Ce.

2. Population: During the Warring States Period, the total population of China was about 20 million. Sun Yat-sen is a country of thousands of riders, with 25 people, four horses and one car, which means that Sun Yat-sen's army has at least 25,000 people. Being able to raise such a large-scale army means that its total population exceeds 200 thousand.

Zhongshan State (4 14-296) was founded by Zhongshan Wugong, the son of Duke Huan of the Western Zhou Dynasty. This land is embedded between Yan and Zhao. It has experienced three stages of development: Rongdi, Xianyu and Zhongshan. It was regarded as a threat to China by the Central Plains countries, and experienced such events as Xing Rong and Kang Xianyu after Jin Dynasty. After three years of hard struggle, Yang Le and Wuqi, the generals of Wei Wenhou in the State of Jin, occupied Zhongshan in 407 AD. Later, the Duke Huan of Zhongshan was restored, and the national strength was at its peak, with thousands of chariots. Before 296, it was destroyed by Zhao.

be born

Zhongshan Kingdom is a country established by the people of China. It is embedded in Zhao Yan (located at the eastern foot of Taihang Mountain in central Hebei), and is named after the surrounding mountains in the city. Founded by the son of Duke Huan of the Western Zhou Dynasty, it experienced three stages of development: Rong Di, Xian Yu and Zhongshan. At each stage, it was regarded as a threat to China by the Central Plains countries, and it also went through the stages of prospering, resisting sages by the Jin Dynasty, destroying Zhongshan by Wei, and destroying Zhongshan by Zhao.

The predecessor of Sun Yat-sen Kingdom is the Dixianyu tribe in the north, which is Bai Di. First in Suide area of northern Shaanxi, it gradually moved to Taihang Mountain area.

Xianyu, named after Xianyu Water, is a Qingshui River that flows from the southwest of Wutai Mountain to the Hutuo River. This area is the earliest birthplace of Xianyu. Xianyu's name first appeared in the book Mandarin. It is recorded in the book that in eight years (774 BC), when Tai Shigong answered questions, he said that there were 16 countries with the surname of Ji, six vassal countries with different surnames, and countries or tribal groups in the northwest, such as Naman, Dongyi and Rongdi, among which there were some hidden dangers.

Zhongshan culture is mainly distributed in the mountainous areas around Shijiazhuang, Lingshou, Pingshan and Jinzhou, with Lingshou as its capital (near Shangsanji Township, Pingshan County, Hebei Province). Among the unearthed cultural relics are a bronze pot with two ears, a flat square pot, a bronze dagger, a gold wrist ornament with an animal head, and a tiger-shaped plaque inlaid with turquoise, which fully reflects the cultural exchange and influence between the nomadic culture in the north and China countries.

Xing Hou bo Rong

The alliance of Xianyu tribes in the Spring and Autumn Period was composed of Xianyu, Fei, Drum and Qiu tribes, and gradually began to expand its power. At first, it was weak and met with resistance from Guo Xing. Many records in Historical Records show that Xing defeated Rong Di and effectively defended the territories of the Western Zhou Dynasty and the Central Plains countries. At the beginning of the spring and autumn period, prosperity is weak. In the spring of 652 BC, Yu attacked Xing first, conquered Wei the following year, escaped, and Wei Jun was killed. Qi Huangong united the forces of Song, Cao, Xing and Wei, defeated Xian Gan, and Xing and Wei Cai came back from the brink of extinction.

Jin Jian xian Yu

In the middle and late Spring and Autumn Period, the main enemy of the virtuous and foolish was the state of Jin, and they adopted the strategy of eating the drum, fat, hatred and other countries first, and finally destroying the virtuous and foolish. In 530 BC, Xun Wujin, a general of the State of Jin, entered Xiyang, the drum capital (now Jinxian County, Hebei Province), but did not extinguish the drum. In August of that year, Jin destroyed Fei (in Gaocheng County, Hebei Province), captured Miangao, the monarch, and Fei returned to Jin. The following winter, Duke Zhao of Jin learned that Xian Di's border was empty, and even Xunwu led a great army to attack Xian Di's middleman city (now Qiaoling in the northwest of Tangxian County, Hebei Province). In the autumn of 527 BC, Xunwu led an army to attack the drum, captured the monarch July, and made the drum a vassal state of Jin. Six years later, the drum was completely destroyed.

In the autumn of 507 BC, Xianyu sent troops, Jin defeated the Jin army, captured the Golden Warrior and watched the tiger, and took revenge for killing fertilizer and beating drums to occupy the city.

In 506 BC, Xianyu people were founded in a Wei Cheng (now Sushan, northwest of Tangxian County, Hebei Province). Because there are mountains in China, it is called "Zhongshan". This is the early Sun Yat-sen country, and the name of Sun Yat-sen country began to appear in history books. According to Zuo Zhuan, in the spring of 506 BC, the State of Jin rejected Cai Hou's request to attack Chu and prepared to concentrate on attacking Zhongshan. In 505 and 504 BC, the State of Jin attacked Zhongshan in Xianyu twice to avenge the capture of the tiger. Since then, the country of Sun Yat-sen in Xianyu has been called "Xianyu" and "Zhongshan" in history books.

In 497 BC, after the infighting of the Jin State, Zhongshan got a break from the heavy pressure of the Jin State and began to intervene in disputes among countries.

In 494 BC, Zhongshan joined forces with Qi, Lu and Wei to attack the State of Jin, and obtained the spine of the State of Jin (in present-day Zhao County, Hebei Province), which was included in the territory of Zhongshan. 49 1 years ago, Yin Xun, a doctor of the Jin Dynasty, fled to Zhongshan in Xianyu because of civil strife in the Jin Dynasty. Yin Xun was originally Zhongshan's sworn enemy, but at this time, in order to weaken the state of Jin, Zhongshan accepted Yin to find the newly occupied white people (now west of Longyao County, Hebei Province). In order to retaliate against Zhongshan, in the spring of 489 BC, Zhao Yang, a doctor of the Jin Dynasty, "cut down the virtuous and foolish" and broke Zhongshan. The attack dealt a heavy blow to Sun Yat-sen's country, so that there was no record of Sun Yat-sen's country in the history books for more than 20 years.

Later, the state of Jin pointed the finger at the last enemy of Sun Yat-sen's country. Zhi Bo of the State of Jin (named Xun Yao) was full of tricks. He was afraid that the enemy would find it difficult to walk on the national road, so he cast a new clock and pretended to give it to the enemy's monarch, so that the enemy could "cut the dike and choke the flow" to welcome the clock. Qiu, Xiang Zhangman, saw through the trick of Xun Yao and persuaded the monarch many times, but the monarch was eager for revenge and refused to listen to him. Seven days later, revenge was destroyed.

After the periphery was cleared, the state of Jin began to attack the interior of Zhongshan. From 459 to 457 BC, "Xun Yao cut down Zhongshan and took the hill of poor fish" (in Yixian County, Hebei Province today). In the first 457 years, Jin sent newcomers to cut down Zhongshan, went straight into the hinterland of Zhongshan, occupied Zuoren and (in present-day Tangxian County, Hebei Province), and "two cities in one day" dealt a fatal blow to Zhongshan.

Zhongshan, Miao Wei

In 453 BC, Han, Zhao and Wei were divided into Jin, and the State of Jin existed in name only. In the first 403 years, Zhao, Han and Wei were made princes, forming a situation in which Qin, Qi, Chu, Yan, Zhao, Han and Wei competed for hegemony. In this turbulent era, Sun Yat-sen began to revive.

4 14 years ago, Wu Gong of Zhongshan left the mountainous area and moved to the eastern plain to establish a new capital in Gu (now Dingzhou City, Hebei Province). Duke Wu imitated the etiquette system of Huaxia, established the political and military system of Zhongshan, and initially governed the country. However, soon Wu Gong died and Huan Gong acceded to the throne. Huan Gong was young and ignorant and was attacked by the State of Jin. Wei Wenhou sent Yang Le and Wuqi to command the army. After three years of hard struggle, Zhongshan was occupied in the first 407 years, and Wei Wenhou sent a prince to attack Zhongshan Jun. Three years later, he sent his youngest son, who was appointed Wei. The remnants of Zhongshan State retreated into Taihang Mountain.

Illuminate Zhongshan

After the destruction of Zhongshan, Duke Huan worked hard for more than 20 years and accumulated strength. Finally, around 380 BC, Zhongshan was revived and its capital was Lingshou (now near Shan Zhi, Pingshan, Hebei).

After the revival, Zhongshan State was located in the northeast of Zhao State, which separated the north and south of Zhao State, so it became the confidant of Zhao State. Zhao attacked Zhongshan twice in 377 BC and 376 BC, but both were resisted by Zhongshan and failed. Since then, Zhongshan began to build the Great Wall. Historical Records Zhao records: "In the sixth year of Zhao Chenghou (369 BC), the Great Wall was built in Zhongshan." Archaeologists discovered the Great Wall of Zhongshan in the Warring States Period in Shunping and Tangxian. The Great Wall is about 3 meters high and 0.5-2.5 meters wide. The method is to dig the foundation on both sides, make masonry blocks as side walls, and fill the middle with soil and gravel. According to experts' speculation, the Great Wall of Zhongshan may be in the northwest of Zhongshan, along the Taihang Mountain in the southwest of Tangxian, Quyang, Xingtang, Lingshou, Pingshan and Shijiazhuang, and end in the northwest of Xingtai. In 296 BC, Zhao destroyed Zhongshan State and moved it to pumice. Zhongshan State was founded at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, and it was declared extinct more than 350 years later.

field

During the Spring and Autumn Period, Xianyu Kingdom was roughly in the area from southern Xinjiang to Shijiazhuang, with northern Xinjiang in the southwest of Tangxian County (Xianyuzhong Town), western Jingxing and Yuxian in Taihang Mountain, and eastern territory mainly in Hutuo River alluvial fan belt, which is today's Juancheng and Jinzhou in Hebei Province. From the late Spring and Autumn Period to the early Warring States Period, Zhongshan began to expand its territory. In the mid-Warring States period, after the restoration of Duke Huan of Zhongshan, the territory was further expanded. Sun Yat-sen's heyday included southern Baoding, most of Shijiazhuang, northern Xingtai and western Hengshui. It is about 200 kilometers from north to south, and Jingxing to Fuliu 150 kilometers. According to the length scale indicated in the Map of Zhao Yu unearthed from the tomb of King Zhongshan, during the Warring States Period, the length unit of Zhongshan territory was 606 miles from north to south and 454 miles from east to west, and the total area was consistent with the statement that "the land of Zhongshan was 500 miles in the past" in the Warring States Policy and Qin Ce.

economy

History says that "Zhongshan is vast and sparsely populated." Affected by geographical environment and traditional customs of ancestors, animal husbandry and agricultural production coexist in Zhongshan County. The northern part is dominated by animal husbandry. Agriculture is dominant in the south. The handicraft industry in Zhongshan is very developed, and craftsmen produce a large number of exquisite works of art, such as copper, jade, pottery, gold, silver, bone and stone. It has a high level in quantity, modeling and technological level. Biography of Huo Zhi in Historical Records records that Zhongshan's "husband ... is wonderful and beautiful", which is exactly the craftsmanship and colorful handicrafts of Zhongshan craftsmen.

Zhongshan also minted its own coins. In the early Jin dynasty, the currency was mainly short and sharp, while the currency in Yan state was mainly sharp and sharp. Later, it began to cast its own currency-"Bai Cheng" knife currency. There are also workshops specializing in copying Yanzhao currency in Beijing.

In terms of military strength, there are about 1,000 chariots and tens of thousands of troops.

culture

After the founding of the People's Republic of China, the ancestors gradually merged with Chinese culture in thought, culture and art. Their music and dance art not only had the tradition of nomadic people, but also absorbed the gentle and graceful style of Chinese art. The coexistence of masculinity and femininity formed the unique characteristics of Zhongshan art. In thought, "Zhongshan was devoted to benevolence and benevolence, and valued Confucianism" and accepted Confucian culture. Sun Yat-sen respected the virtuous and valued scholars, played the role of scholars in major political activities and made certain achievements. The inscriptions unearthed in Pingshan talk about destiny, loyalty, filial piety, benevolence, righteousness, courtesy and faith, which have a strong Confucian color.

In terms of language, Sun Yat-sen also accepted the influence of China culture. The long inscription on the triple weapon unearthed from the king's tomb and the characters of the seal script are all Chinese characters, and the fonts are neat and regular.

historical remains

Ruins of Zhongshan State

Located at the foot of the mountain, the capital of Sun Yat-sen, covering an area of 35 square kilometers, it was the capital of Sun Yat-sen during the Warring States Period more than 2,000 years ago. It is a national key cultural relics protection unit. Most of its unearthed cultural relics are rare treasures, which once caused a sensation all over the world. There are more than ten palaces, residential areas, pottery fields, smelting fields and ruins. There are mountains in the east and west of the city, protruding from the plain, and three ancient Buddha halls. There are Manjuji ruins, Yin and Yang cypresses and the tombs of eminent monks in the gorge (there are thirteen at present). Linshanxia Reservoir is surrounded by green willows and mountains and rivers, which can carry out various water activities.

dig

It is understood that the tomb of the "wrong" king in Zhongshan is the largest one among the tombs of Zhongshan State that have been excavated at present. In the tomb of King Zhongshan, the reporter saw that the plane of the tomb was in the shape of a "middle", and there was a pyramid-shaped mound in the north and south, which was 97 meters long and divided into two parts: the ground and the underground. The aboveground part is barrel-shaped; The underground part includes the Chamber, the East Library, the West Library and the Northeast Library. In the back half of the main room, there are six tombs, two chariots and horses pits, a miscellaneous sacrifice pit and a ship burial pit on the front and side respectively. Although the tomb of King Zhongshan has been destroyed many times, there are still a large number of precious cultural relics unearthed, including bronzes, ironware, gold and silver wares, pottery, jade and stone tools, agates, bone horns, wood lacquer and so on.

Grave and capital

In 1970s, after the mausoleum and capital of Sun Yat-sen were excavated in Shan Zhi Township, pingshan county, the glorious Sun Yat-sen Kingdom finally appeared to archaeologists. The majestic city walls and rammed earth with a thickness of more than 50 meters show the glory and prosperity of Zhongshan State. Magnificent "mountain"-shaped tombs, luxurious chariots and horses pits, novel ship burial pits, gorgeous bronzes ... The variety and brilliance of unearthed cultural relics shocked the world. Zhongshan, a country sandwiched between Yanzhou and Zhaozhou, which is just over 500 miles east and west, has created a splendid culture called "the glory of China" although it is only a small country with a history of more than 200 years. For example, the Yamagata ritual vessel with simple conception and grand structure shows the rough lines of Zhongshan culture. Fantastic gold and silver "four dragons and four phoenixes", "tiger eats deer screen seat", "winged beast" and "rhinoceros device seat" all shine with dazzling light of casting technology. The most surprising thing is the "Zhongshan Wang Sanqi"-the big bronze tripod, the Fang Ding tripod and the round tripod, which are engraved with long inscriptions, so that people today can see the regular, long and beautiful Warring States characters, among which the bronze tripod with iron feet is engraved with 469 words, which is the largest inscription in the Warring States period in China.