Historical Background and Content of Sino-Russian Treaty of Love for Xiongnu

Sino-Russian Nebuchadnezzar Chu Treaty1September 7, 689

The Treaty of Nebuchadnezzar Chu is the first border treaty signed between the Qing Empire and Russia, and the first formal treaty signed between China and other countries. 1689 On August 27th, after the military conflict between the two countries in jaxa, the border treaty signed by General Feyodoro, the Russian plenipotentiary, and the plenipotentiary of the Qing Dynasty in Nebuchadnezzar (now Nebuchadnezzar, Russia) was as follows:

From the grbic River, a tributary of Heilongjiang, to the outer Xing 'an Mountains until the sea, Lingnan belongs to China, and Lingbei belongs to Russia;

It has the Ergon River to the west, China to the west and Russia to the east.

Jaxa belonged to China, the city of Jacques was demolished and the Russians moved back to Russia;

Hunters from both countries are not allowed to cross the border without authorization, otherwise they will be arrested and convicted. 15 people collectively cross the border;

If the two countries have tourist tickets (passports), border trade is allowed;

The two countries do not accept fugitives from each other.

Another one:

This Treaty is in Chinese, Russian and Latin versions, and the Chinese, Russian and Latin versions shall prevail. The inscription is carved in Manchu, Chinese, Russian, Mongolian and Latin. According to this treaty, Russia lost the Sea of Okhotsk, but established trade relations with the Daiyu Empire. This treaty divides Russia and China by Xing 'an Mountains and Ergon River, but it does not determine the ownership of the area between Xing 'an Mountains and Wudi River.

Sino-Russian love-fainting treaty1May 28, 858

It is the consistent plan of successive czar governments after the signing of the Treaty of Nebuchadnezzar to occupy the Heilongjiang region of China and seize the seaport leading to the Pacific Ocean. After the Opium War, Russia set up the "Special Committee of Heilongjiang" to step up its aggression against Heilongjiang. 1849 to 1853, Russian naval officer Newels coy led armed men to invade the lower reaches of Heilongjiang and set up an invasion stronghold. Subsequently, under the command of Muraviev, the governor of eastern Siberia, a large number of Russian troops invaded Heilongjiang, occupying the north bank of the middle and upper reaches and the banks of the lower reaches.

1857, 18 On February 29th, the British and French allied forces captured Guangzhou. After the Russian government learned of this situation, it held a meeting of "Special Committee" on 1858 (eighth year of Xianfeng) 65438+10.5 to plot. The meeting adopted Muraviev's opinion on continuing to "immigrate" to Heilongjiang and conducting diplomatic negotiations with the Qing government supported by force. After the meeting, the Russian government informed the Qing government that Muraviev was ordered to negotiate the Sino-Russian border issue. If China wanted to solve the "Heilongjiang issue", he could be consulted. At this time, the situation of the Second Opium War was extremely unfavorable to the Qing government. Muraviev took the opportunity to lead the Russian Cossack army as Aihui at the gates. On May 20th, the British and French allied forces captured Dagu, Tianjin was in an emergency, and Beijing shook. On 22nd, Muraviev was escorted to Aihui by two gunboats, and met with Yi Shan, the general of Heilongjiang in Qing Dynasty. Muraviev said that he came here to "help China defend Britain" and "defend its own territory". "For the benefit of both sides, China and Russia must demarcate along the Heilongjiang and Wusuli rivers." Yi Shan pointed out that the border between the two countries has been "agreed and observed according to the Treaty of Nebuchadnezzar Chu" and has never changed for hundreds of years. If we do what you discussed today, we will never be able to satisfy you. "This negotiation is very controversial. Before the meeting, Muraviev handed the "Draft Treaty" drafted by Russia to Yi Shan and gave him an answer the next day. The essence of this draft is to tear up the Sino-Russian Nebuchadnezzar Chu Treaty and seize the area north of Heilongjiang and east of Wusuli River. In the second negotiation, Chinese representative Ai Shentai flatly rejected Russia's unreasonable request and returned the "Draft Treaty" to Russian representative Petrovsky. Due to the unreasonable troubles of the Russian side, the negotiations ended without results. Muraviev was impatient, and once again went out in person, forcing Yishan to sign the treaty by means of "ultimatum" and "putting forward the final text of the treaty", and threatening that "negotiations with China people cannot be conducted in a peaceful way! "That night, Russian warships fired. Under the threat of Russian military force, Yishan finally gave in and was forced to sign the Peace Treaty with Muraviev on 28th.

Article 3 of the Aihui Treaty. The main contents are as follows: China's territory of more than 600,000 square kilometers north of Heilongjiang and south of Xing 'an Mountains abroad belongs to Russia, and a small area in the southeast of the upper reaches of Gyeonggi Province (now Russia's Jieya River) on the other side of Aihui (hereinafter referred to as Jiangdong Sixty-four Tun) retains China's permanent residence and jurisdiction; The territory of China to the east of Wusuli River is divided into China and Russia; Heilongjiang and Wusuli rivers, originally inland rivers of China, are only allowed to sail by Chinese and Russian ships. At that time, the Qing government didn't ratify the Love Faint Treaty, and punished Yishan and others, but it recognized the Love Faint Treaty when the Sino-Russian Beijing Treaty was concluded in 1860.

China's territory and sovereignty were greatly damaged by the Treaty of Love, while Russia gained huge territorial interests, navigation rights of Heilongjiang and Ussuri rivers, and access to the Pacific Ocean. Tsarist Russia summarized Muraviev's occupation of Heilongjiang Province in China as an aggression formula: "Russia's diplomatic appeal must be supported by the actual occupation of this place." Later, Russia occupied the area east of the Wusuli River in China and a large area in the northwest of China. The signing of the "Love Faint Treaty" set a criminal precedent for Russia to further plunder China's territory.